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1、Chapter nineLanguage and literature9.1 introductionn nThe history of styleThe history of stylen nThe definition of stylisticsThe definition of stylisticsn nThe features of stylistics in different periods:The features of stylistics in different periods:n n1960s1960sn n1970s1970sn n1980s1980sn n1990s1
2、990sn nRemarks of Remarks of 申丹：申丹：plural-heads developmentsplural-heads developmentsn nDifferent schools of stylistics compete for Different schools of stylistics compete for development and new schools emerge now and development and new schools emerge now and then.then.9.2 some general features of
3、 the literary languagen nFeatures of literary language are displayed Features of literary language are displayed in the following three aspects:in the following three aspects:n n1. phonology1. phonologyn n2. grammar2. grammarn n3. semantics3. semanticsn nLiteray language differs from non-literary Li
4、teray language differs from non-literary language in that the former is language in that the former is foregrounded in the above three aspects.foregrounded in the above three aspects.The term “foregroundingn nDefinitionn nDeviation of language involves all levels of language: vocabulary, sound, synt
5、ax, meaning, graphology,etc.n nRepetition is also a kind of deviation.n nAlliteration, parallism, and many figures of speech are the examples of foregrounding in literary language.9.2.1 foregrounding and the grammatical formn nIn literary texts, the grammatical system of the language is often exploi
6、ted, experimented with, or in Mukaroskys words, made to “deviate from other, more everyday, forms of language, and as a result creates interesting new patterns in form and in meaning.9.2.2 literal language and figurative languagen nThe definitions of the twoThe definitions of the twon nIs non-litera
7、ry language the same as literal Is non-literary language the same as literal language?language?n nIs literary language the same as figurative Is literary language the same as figurative language?language?n nWhat the difference of the two groups of ideas?What the difference of the two groups of ideas
8、?n nLiterary language Literary language n nNon-literary languageNon-literary languagen nLiteral languageLiteral languagen nFigurative language Figurative language Trope n nIt is another word for the figurative use of language, which refers to language used in a figurative way for a rhetorical purpos
9、e.Some forms of tropen nSimilen nMetaphorn nMetonymyn nSynecdocheWhy people use language in a figurative way?n nThe figurative use of language has the effect of making the concepts under discussion more domestic and acceptable. Readers can9.2.3 the analysis of literay languagen nProcedures we should
10、 follow when we analyze the Procedures we should follow when we analyze the grammatical structure and meaning of a literary grammatical structure and meaning of a literary text.text.n n1.1.n n2.2.n n3.3.n n4.4.n n5.5.n n6.6.n n7.7.n n8.8.The function of the figurative use of languagen nIt might be t
11、o make the abstract seem concrete; to make the mysterious or frightening seem safe, ordinary and domestic, or to make the everyday usage seem wonderful and unusual.9.3 the language in poetry9.3.1 sound patterningn nRhyme is salient feature of poetry.Rhyme is salient feature of poetry.n nEnd rhyme oc
12、curs at the end of a line in a End rhyme occurs at the end of a line in a poem, the pattern is cVC. The last word of poem, the pattern is cVC. The last word of a line has the same final sounds as the a line has the same final sounds as the last word of another line, sometimes last word of another li
13、ne, sometimes immediately above or below, sometimes immediately above or below, sometimes one or more lines away.one or more lines away.n nEnd rhyme is very common in some poetic End rhyme is very common in some poetic styles, and particularly in childrens poetry.styles, and particularly in children
14、s poetry.n nIt is also a feature in plays and songs.It is also a feature in plays and songs.9.3.2 different forms of sound patterning / different rhymesn nInternal rhyme:Internal rhyme:n nAlliteration: the initial consonants are identical in Alliteration: the initial consonants are identical in it (
15、Cvc).it (Cvc).n nAssonance : it describes syllables with a common Assonance : it describes syllables with a common vowel (cVc).vowel (cVc).n nConsonance: it describes syllables with the same Consonance: it describes syllables with the same consonants (cvC). It is also called half-rhyme.consonants (c
16、vC). It is also called half-rhyme.n nReverse rhyme: syllables sharing the vowel and Reverse rhyme: syllables sharing the vowel and initial consonant, CVc, rather than the vowel and initial consonant, CVc, rather than the vowel and the final consonant as is the case in end rhyme, the final consonant
17、as is the case in end rhyme, Cvc.Cvc.n nPararhyme: two syllables having the same initial Pararhyme: two syllables having the same initial and final consonants, but different vowels (CvC), and final consonants, but different vowels (CvC), they pararhyme.they pararhyme.n nRepetition: two exactly same
18、syllables.Repetition: two exactly same syllables.9.3.3 stress and metrical patterningn nStressed syllable Stressed syllable n nUnstressed syllableUnstressed syllablen nWhich syllable is stressed is decided by two Which syllable is stressed is decided by two elements:elements:n n1.1.n n2.2.n nRhyme:
19、the repetition of a sound or sound Rhyme: the repetition of a sound or sound combination. (combination. (韵韵n nRhythms Rhythms 节奏节奏come out of the arrangment of come out of the arrangment of stressed and unstressed syllables.stressed and unstressed syllables.n nWhen stress is organized to form regula
20、r When stress is organized to form regular rhythms, the term used for it is meter. (rhythms, the term used for it is meter. ( 韵律韵律n nUnits of meter are called feet. (Units of meter are called feet. (音步音步The types of feetn nIamb: n nTrochee:n nAnapest :n nDactyl:n nSpondee:n nPyrrhic:Lines with diffe
21、rent numbers of feetn nDimeter: a line with two feet.n nTrimeter:n nTetrameter: n nPentameter:n nHexameter:n nHeptameter:n nOctameter:9.3.4 conventional forms of meter and soundn nCoupletn nQuatrainsn nBlank versen nSonnetn nFree versen nLimericksn n? What is the difference of blank verse and free v
22、erse?The poetic functions of sound and metren nWhy do poets use sound and metrical patterning in their poetry?n n1.n n2.n n3.n n4.n n5.n n6.9.3.6 how to analyse poetry?n nAreas of discussion should be covered Areas of discussion should be covered when we analyse poetry?when we analyse poetry?n n1.1.
23、n n2.2.n n-a-an n-b-bn n-c-cn n-d-dn n-e-en n-f-f9.4 the language in fictionn nThree levels of discourse to account for the language of fictional prose( i.e. a novel or short story)n n1.n n2.n n3.n nAt least there are six viewpoints to analyse the discourse structure of a fictional prose.I-narrators
24、/ the first person narrationn n表达者以“我的口吻说话，并且他本人就是小说中的一个人物。如：The Catcher in the Rye, Wuthering Heights, Moby Dick.n nStrong points of it n nWeak points of itThird-person narrationn n表达者是故事的局外人，他谈到作品本身的人物时，只呼其名或以“他、“她、“他们来称呼。如Tom Jones by Henry FieldingSchema-oriented languageGiven and new informatio
25、ndeixis9.4.2 speech and thought presentationn n(1) speech can be presented in five ways:n n1)n n2)n n3)n n4)n n5) free indirect speechn nexamplesThought presentationn n(2) thought can be presented also in five ways.n nAs the effects associated with NRT, NRTA or IT are roughly the same as those assoc
26、iated with speech presentation, attention will be focused on the discussion of DT and FIT.Direct thoughtn nThe usage of it n nThe difference of direct thought and soliloquy.Free indirect thoughtn nThe typical effect of itn nThe marked difference of FIS and FITstream of consciousness writingn nLimite
27、d point of view of the third-person narrationThe features of stream of consciousness writingn nThe most free version of DTn nHighly elliptical sentence structuren nProse stylen nAuthorial stylen nText style9.4.4 how to analyse the language of fictionn n1.n n2.n n3.n n4.n n5.n n6.9.5 the language in
28、draman nA play exists in two ways- on the page, and on the stage.n nThe different features of the two types of play9.5.1 how should we analyse drama?n nDrama as poetryn nDrama as fictionn nDrama as conversation9.5.2 analyze the dramatic languagen n1. turn quantity and lengthn n2. exchange sequencen
29、n3. production errorsn n4. the cooperative principlen n5. status marked through languagen n6. registern n7. speech silence9.5.3 how to analyze dramatic texts?n n1.n n2.n n3.9.6 the cognitive approach to literature9.6.1 theoretical backgroundn nThree cognitive tools n nFigure and groundn nImage schematan nCognitive metaphor9.6.2 an example of cognitive analysis
