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1、科普作文指导科普作文指导科普英语复赛的作文题（以往）科普英语复赛的作文题（以往）n初中高年级组：初中高年级组：2007年：年：Internet and Information2008年：年：Modern Transportation and Our Environment 2009年：年：Should Birds Be Protected2010年：年：Why Shall We Live a Low Carbon Life?n初中低年级组：初中低年级组：2007年：年： Internet and Information2008年：年：Protect the Enviroment2009年：年：
2、 Use Mobile Phones Wiselyn作文话题：与生活紧密相关的科普类（互联网、作文话题：与生活紧密相关的科普类（互联网、城市交通、手机、自然环境、动物城市交通、手机、自然环境、动物鸟类）鸟类）n作文形式：作文形式：以以2007年作文题为例年作文题为例:Internet and Information1、有人认为互联网提供了许多有价值的信息；、有人认为互联网提供了许多有价值的信息；2、有人认为信息过剩带来许多问题；、有人认为信息过剩带来许多问题；3、我的观点和理由。、我的观点和理由。如何在短期内迅速提高写作能力如何在短期内迅速提高写作能力 英语写作是一种综合语言能力，它不仅考写英
3、语写作是一种综合语言能力，它不仅考写作者所掌握的语言知识、使用外语的熟练程作者所掌握的语言知识、使用外语的熟练程度，同时还考个人的思维能力和知识面。想度，同时还考个人的思维能力和知识面。想提高英语写作，还是有章可循的：提高英语写作，还是有章可循的：1、增加阅读量、增加阅读量 报刊、杂志、英语读物报刊、杂志、英语读物1）提高阅读能力；）提高阅读能力；2）扩大词汇量，提高语言运）扩大词汇量，提高语言运用能力，避免词穷的窘境；用能力，避免词穷的窘境；3）熟悉热门话题，）熟悉热门话题，开拓思路；开拓思路；4）培养语感及英语思维习惯。）培养语感及英语思维习惯。n精读相关范文精读相关范文1）要理解；）要理
4、解；2）把有用的表达式、观点、框架等为我所）把有用的表达式、观点、框架等为我所用。用。n掌握常用的框架结构掌握常用的框架结构布局谋篇，注意避免个人化的凌乱写作框架布局谋篇，注意避免个人化的凌乱写作框架n熟记常用套句与过渡连接词熟记常用套句与过渡连接词过渡词的熟练运用，可以润色文章，使全文流畅。过渡词的熟练运用，可以润色文章，使全文流畅。n打好坚实的语法基础打好坚实的语法基础n勤动笔写勤动笔写 质量源于数量，写作是运用语言的重要实践活动，一质量源于数量，写作是运用语言的重要实践活动，一定要真正在水中多练。定要真正在水中多练。英语作文范文英语作文范文nFire Prevention on Camp
5、us1.前段时间校园火灾频发，造成生命和财产损失2.分析火灾发生的原因3.作为学生，如何预防校园火灾发生审题概述这是一分析火灾原因和如何预防火灾为中心的文章，撰写这是一分析火灾原因和如何预防火灾为中心的文章，撰写时重点即在于此。开篇综述校园火灾频发情形及造成的生时重点即在于此。开篇综述校园火灾频发情形及造成的生命和财产损失，然后说明火灾原因，最后提出可能的火灾命和财产损失，然后说明火灾原因，最后提出可能的火灾预防措施。第一段，主要概述；第二段，说明原因；第三预防措施。第一段，主要概述；第二段，说明原因；第三段，详细论述措施。段，详细论述措施。【范文】Fire Prevention on Cam
6、pusPeople are alarmed by the succession of campus fires in recent years. In each of these accidents, heavy casualties were reported houses were burned down, students lost their lives, and properties were damaged. Faced with such a chilling fact, people keep asking, “What on earth results in these re
7、peated tragedies?” A brief survey of them reveals that human factors still prove to be the leading causes. For example, three of these fires were caused by the students use of electric water-heaters. As students often leave the heaters unattended, the risks are rather high should the water in the bo
8、ttle boil dry while no one is around to turn off the power. In other cases, fires were also caused by stoves, candles, cigarette butts, etc. Since most of these disasters could have been prevented if proper precautions had been taken, students should be better educated on the importance and measures
9、 of fire control. The following three reminders are of particular importance for us students: First, learn how to use a fire extinguisher. Second, double-check candles, heaters, stoves and other electric appliances, and make sure there are no open flames before leaving rooms. Lastly, do not smoke in
10、 the dorm. (198 words)n第一段思路点评：概述并引入下文第一段思路点评：概述并引入下文语言点提示：语言点提示：（1）此句）此句What on earth results in these repeated tragedies? 常可作为过渡句，引出下文常可作为过渡句，引出下文（2）注意描述有关火灾客观事实，多使用被动语态，如）注意描述有关火灾客观事实，多使用被动语态，如are alarmed by，were reported，were burned down，were damaged，Faced with。n第二段思路点评：论述火灾的主要原因是使用电热水器，还有造第二段思路
11、点评：论述火灾的主要原因是使用电热水器，还有造成火灾的次要原因是实用电炉、蜡烛和乱扔烟蒂成火灾的次要原因是实用电炉、蜡烛和乱扔烟蒂语言点提示：语言点提示：electric water-heaters电热水器电热水器n第三段思路点评：详述预防火灾的三点措施，注意使用连接词语第三段思路点评：详述预防火灾的三点措施，注意使用连接词语first, second, lastly。语言点提示：语言点提示：take precautions采取预防措施采取预防措施fire extinguisher灭火器灭火器nHow Will Our Life Go on without Internet?1. 网络提供给了
12、人们丰富多彩和便捷的生活网络提供给了人们丰富多彩和便捷的生活2. 很多人开始感觉离开网络寸步难行很多人开始感觉离开网络寸步难行3. 你对网络依赖症的看法你对网络依赖症的看法审题概述审题概述本文是一篇论述你对网络与人们生活关系的文章。第本文是一篇论述你对网络与人们生活关系的文章。第一段，侧重简述网络给人们生活的多彩、便利。第二一段，侧重简述网络给人们生活的多彩、便利。第二段，详述网络与人们生活的紧密度。第三段，论述对段，详述网络与人们生活的紧密度。第三段，论述对网络依赖的观点。网络依赖的观点。【范文一范文一】How Will Our Life Go on without Internet?If
13、asked whether the Internet is the greatest discovery of the 20th century, my answer would be yes. The Internet has drawn the world closer together, realized countless incredible dreams, and provided modern people with a great many conveniences and a brilliant life. Today, many people simply feel the
14、y cannot live without the Internet. Governments publish their latest policies and decisions online for worldwide recognition. Political campaigns are often done online to gain wider public support. Companies and enterprises resort to the Internet for more business opportunities and potential custome
15、rs home and abroad. Universities and researchers turn to the Internet if theyd seek international cooperation or funding. Common folks like us also rely on the cyber world in various ways, for communication, entertainment, banking and shopping. True, the power of the Internet is all pervasive and it
16、s many negative effects are already visible. For example, Internet addicts tend to withdraw to their own fantasy world rather than communicate with a real person. Children are exposed to online pornography and violence. Internet frauds are an everyday occurrence. In view of all this, you are advised
17、 to use the Internet with wisdom. Keep it at a safe distance and never lose yourself. (200 words)n第一段思路点评：综述网络给人们生活带来的多彩和便捷。两个长第一段思路点评：综述网络给人们生活带来的多彩和便捷。两个长句足矣。第一句用句足矣。第一句用if引导的条件句引出引导的条件句引出“网络网络”话题，第二句概述网话题，第二句概述网络带给多彩和便捷的生活。络带给多彩和便捷的生活。语言点提示：语言点提示：has drawn, realized, and provided此为谓语连动式的运用。此为谓语连动
18、式的运用。n第二段思路点评：详述网络与人们生活的紧密关系，先总述，后分第二段思路点评：详述网络与人们生活的紧密关系，先总述，后分述。述。语言点提示：语言点提示：resort to借助、诉诸、求助于借助、诉诸、求助于n第三段思路点评：先陈述人们对网络的依赖，再谈对此的看法。第三段思路点评：先陈述人们对网络的依赖，再谈对此的看法。语言点提示：语言点提示：（1）negative effects副作用、反面作用副作用、反面作用（2）addicts成瘾者、依恋者成瘾者、依恋者（3）fantasy world虚拟世界、虚幻世界虚拟世界、虚幻世界（4）pornography色情表演、色情作品色情表演、色情作
19、品（5）fraud欺骗、诈骗欺骗、诈骗【范文二范文二】 As a primary source of information as well as an efficient means of communication, the Internet offers people a colorful and convenient life. Just by clicking the mouse, we can enjoy a brilliant and easy life that could not be achieved ever before: shopping, making friend
20、s, contacting relatives, looking for jobs, downloading music and movies, conducting business deals, and freely airing our opinions. For its convenience, the Internet has attracted people like magnets and some people even claim that it is indispensable. To them, life cant go on without it. Every day
21、millions of people spend hours on end surfing the Internet. They are obsessed with it so much so that they forget many other important matters. As for me, I dont approve of unrestrained Internet reliance. Although the Internet is a gift of the technological revolution and a blessing of this informat
22、ion age, we should never let it control our life. The Internet absolutely doesnt mean the whole world to us. Instead, we should guard against its negative effects. To those Internet addicts, I would add: “Self-control can make or break your life. With proper use, the Internet serves you; otherwise,
23、it kills you.” nIs it Necessary to Attend Training Classes?1. 现在社会上有各种各样的培训班现在社会上有各种各样的培训班2. 有些人认为有必要参加课外培训班，有些人有些人认为有必要参加课外培训班，有些人则认为没有必要则认为没有必要3. 你的观点你的观点审题概述审题概述这是一篇主要论述人们和你对社会上各类培训班看法这是一篇主要论述人们和你对社会上各类培训班看法的文章。第一段，概述各种各样培训班的状况。第二的文章。第一段，概述各种各样培训班的状况。第二段，论述人们对参加课外培训班的不同看法。第三段，段，论述人们对参加课外培训班的不同看法。
24、第三段，重点阐述你对此的看法。重点阐述你对此的看法。【范文范文】Is it Necessary to Attend Training Classes? All across the country a great diversity of custom-made classes are mushrooming, in which special training is provided concerning computer skills, arts, sports, and other extracurricular specialties like maths and writing. A
25、mong them language crash courses for various tests, such as CET, BEC, TOFEL, IELTS, GRE and so forth, are especially noticeable for its wide range and high attendance rate. Some consider it advisable to attend such classes while others believe it unnecessary. The former argues that its far more effe
26、ctive to command these special skills with the help of an experienced trainer than to work at them on their own. They are convinced that these training classes can make up for what is not taught in school, hence, more competitive edge over their peers. The latter group of people, nonetheless, critic
27、ize it as a sheer waste of resources. They warn that the quality of most training courses is questionable, as they are marketed to get money out of our pocket rather than get knowledge into our head. As far as I am concerned, a little bit of such special training does us no harm, but too much of it
28、can only prove to be counter-productive. Anyhow, the deprived free time can be better invested in recreation at weekends, talking to an old friend, or simply enjoying a long-overdue vacation.n第一段思路点评：第一句综述社会上提供知识、技能服务的各第一段思路点评：第一句综述社会上提供知识、技能服务的各类培训班雨后春笋般兴起，第二句例举语言速成课程特别火爆。类培训班雨后春笋般兴起，第二句例举语言速成课程特别火
29、爆。语言点提示：语言点提示：（1）a great diversity of各种各样的各种各样的（2）mushrooming迅速扩散、增加迅速扩散、增加（3）language crash courses语言速成课程语言速成课程n第二段思路点评：先用一句对比式地摆出两种不同的观点，再第二段思路点评：先用一句对比式地摆出两种不同的观点，再分别详述他们的看法。分别详述他们的看法。语言点提示：注意连接词语语言点提示：注意连接词语while，The former，They，The latter group of people等的使用，强化了上下文之间的连贯性。等的使用，强化了上下文之间的连贯性。n第三段思
30、路点评：辩证地论述你对参加各类培训班的看法。第三段思路点评：辩证地论述你对参加各类培训班的看法。语言点提示：语言点提示：（1）as far as I am concerned我认为，就我而言我认为，就我而言（2）counter-productive适得其反的、事与愿违的适得其反的、事与愿违的nThe Rise of Shanzhai Culture1. 最近兴起了一股最近兴起了一股“山寨热山寨热”2. 你如何看待山寨现象你如何看待山寨现象审题概述审题概述本文是一篇论述山寨现象以及人们和你对此看法的文章。本文是一篇论述山寨现象以及人们和你对此看法的文章。第一段，概述方兴未艾的山寨热。第二段，阐述
31、山寨产品第一段，概述方兴未艾的山寨热。第二段，阐述山寨产品的优势以及给人们带来的好处。第三段，论述人们和你对的优势以及给人们带来的好处。第三段，论述人们和你对山寨现象的反对立场和观点，即山寨产品的非法性。山寨现象的反对立场和观点，即山寨产品的非法性。【范文范文】The Rise of Shanzhai Culture The vast array of knockoff name-brand products, such as cell phones, DVDs, MP3 players, have made “shanzhai” the hottest word of the year. N
32、ow we wear shanzhai watches, talk through shanzhai cell phones, play shanzhai video games, use shanzhai computers, even watch shanzhai TV shows. Once a term used before some electronic products to suggest a copycat version of inferior quality, shanzhai now suggests to many Chinese creativity and tre
33、ndiness. With the media all over the rise of shanzhai culture, public opinions are clearly divided. Advocates invariably associate it with innovation, stylishness, the DIY spirit, open-mindedness and practicality, as shanzhai products often mix imitation with innovation a similar skin but a differen
34、t heart. The end products are usually more functional and much cheaper than the original. Besides, they respond to the market more swiftly and they are more considerate in design. Thanks to them, more people at the grassroots level can enjoy the benefit of modern technology. However, other people, i
35、ncluding myself, hold more reserved attitudes towards the shanzhai fever. For all the popularity it has won, a copycat is a copycat. The mockery of the prestige products not only steals their profits but also upsets market competition. Moreover, shanzhai products thrive on the current legal loophole
36、s. Under the disguise of anti-dominance slogans, they make illegal profits by violating intellectual property rights and evading taxes. And to top it off, the so-called innovation is only senseless talk as true innovation always faces huge costs and potential failures, while plagiarism simply builds
37、 success on other peoples risks. (256 words)写作技法和策略写作技法和策略 n1 对应法对应法 多数写作都是提纲式写作，有时，我们可以采用多数写作都是提纲式写作，有时，我们可以采用对应法按照中文提纲分别写成三段。对应法按照中文提纲分别写成三段。如：提纲：如：提纲：1） 有人认为淡水是取之不尽的。（雨水、河水、有人认为淡水是取之不尽的。（雨水、河水、井水井水） 2） 实际上淡水是非常紧缺的。（人口增加、工实际上淡水是非常紧缺的。（人口增加、工业用水增加）业用水增加） 3） 我们应该怎么办？我们应该怎么办？ Global Shortage of Fresh
38、 Water Generally, people think that fresh water is inexhaustible. Every year there is enough rain. And there is plenty of fresh water in the rivers and lakes. Whats more, we have a lot of underground water. Actually, fresh water is in a short supply. Due to the rapid population increase, fresh water
39、 consumption remains great. Besides, with the development of industry, more water is needed. Moreover, a lot of our rivers and lakes have been so polluted that water from them is undrinkable. We must take some measures to solve the problem of water shortage. First, population growth should be slowed
40、 down to reduce fresh water demand. Second, pollution should be controlled to purify fresh water in the rivers and lakes. What is most important, we should cherish every drip of water in our daily life. （135 words）n再如提纲：再如提纲：1） 有人认为钱是幸福之本（有人认为钱是幸福之本（source of happiness） 2） 有人认为金钱是万恶之源有人认为金钱是万恶之源(roo
41、t of evil) 3） 我的看法。我的看法。 Some think that money is the source of happiness. Once they have money, they will enjoy everything. They can use the money they have to buy, a beautiful house or even a wife. Some others think that money is the root of all evil. Due to the greed for money, people will do var
42、ious kinds of evil things, such as stealing, robbing or even murder. Money can easily change a kind, honest man into a cruel, cunning woe. In my opinion, both of the above-mentioned viewpoints go to an extreme. Money itself is neither good nor evil. It all depends on how we look at it. We can not de
43、ny the importance of money in the modern society. Meanwhile, we should not ignore the fact that something can not be bought by money, such as friendship, true love and so on. （141 words ）这两例都是采用了对应写作方式，将提示中的三句分别扩展成三段，三这两例都是采用了对应写作方式，将提示中的三句分别扩展成三段，三段之间相互衔接，构成一个完整的篇章。段之间相互衔接，构成一个完整的篇章。 n2调整法调整法 尽管是提纲
44、式写作，提纲所提示的只是文尽管是提纲式写作，提纲所提示的只是文章所要包括的主要内容，却不是文章的结构模章所要包括的主要内容，却不是文章的结构模式，一般情况下，应根据英式，一般情况下，应根据英语文语文章的类型，重章的类型，重新安排文章。如上面有关新安排文章。如上面有关钱钱的一个写作，按的一个写作，按照照英语英语的表达习惯，最好是加上一个引子。的表达习惯，最好是加上一个引子。 What is money? To this question, different people hold differently. Some thing money is the source of happiness,
45、 while some regard it as the root of all evils. As far as I am concerned, they both have their reasons Those who consider money as the source of happiness argue that money means massive house, beautiful clothes, or luxurious cars, and can enable them and their families live comfortably. They even be
46、lieve that money can bring power, friendship, and love. But due to the temptation of money, there are many people who become thieves, robbers, or murderers. It is also out of the greed for money that some officials forget their duty and cause enormous losses to the country, so some people think that
47、 money is the root of all evil and suggest that we keep away from money. In fact, money is merely a medium of exchange. It may bring you happiness; it may lead you to a life of crime. Whether it is good or bad depends on how it is used. 二、二、 首段和尾段的写作首段和尾段的写作 前面介绍了段落的扩展模式，也就是说，我们已前面介绍了段落的扩展模式，也就是说，我们
48、已经了解了文章中间一部分的叙述模式。一般首经了解了文章中间一部分的叙述模式。一般首段和尾段都要自己补上，那么怎么才能写好首段和尾段都要自己补上，那么怎么才能写好首尾段呢，下面介绍一下，首尾段的写作方式。尾段呢，下面介绍一下，首尾段的写作方式。 n1首段的写作首段的写作 首段的写作方式一般为：首段的写作方式一般为： 1）运用事实性）运用事实性信息信息、调查或故事等引出话题、调查或故事等引出话题 2）导入主题，然后提出自己的观点，也就是）导入主题，然后提出自己的观点，也就是文章的论点文章的论点 。n首段开篇的方式常见的有：首段开篇的方式常见的有： 1） 谚语法谚语法 由于谚语一般已经被大家所接受，
49、用谚语提出自己的观点也容由于谚语一般已经被大家所接受，用谚语提出自己的观点也容易被读者所接受。易被读者所接受。 As the saying goes, Money makes the mare go, but there are many things we cant buy with money, such as time and true love. 2） 定义法定义法 定义法是通过对文章中的关键词做一些简单或正面或反面的解定义法是通过对文章中的关键词做一些简单或正面或反面的解释，限定其范围，这样比较有利于引出主题。释，限定其范围，这样比较有利于引出主题。 Practice makes p
50、erfect is an old saying. It tells us that it does not matter if we are clumsy at doing something. As long as we keep on trying and practicing, we will do a good job in the end. 3） 提问法提问法 通过提问一个或一连串的问题，可以激发读者的兴趣，从而引通过提问一个或一连串的问题，可以激发读者的兴趣，从而引出主题。出主题。 a. Do you have many friends? Are they similar to y
51、ou or different from you? Which kind of friends do you prefer? b. What is a good student? Different people may have different answers to this question. 4） 概括法概括法 概括法指先概括法指先总结总结文章内容所涉及的现状，然后引出主题。文章内容所涉及的现状，然后引出主题。 In recent years, with the development of science and technology, the Internet has come
52、into more and more homes and is playing a more and more important role in our work and daily life. It has become a must to us, but at the same time, Internet has also brought with it a lot of problems. 5） 故事法故事法 故事法指用简单有趣的故事激发读者的兴趣，从而提出自己故事法指用简单有趣的故事激发读者的兴趣，从而提出自己的观点。如下面的观点。如下面Is Stress a Bad Thing?
53、 6） 引语法引语法 Just as eating without liking harms the health, learning without interest harms the memory and cant be retained. From Vincis words we can see how important it is to motivate the students in language learning. 7） 调查法调查法 为了得到读者的认可，文章的开始可以引出调查数据等，借为了得到读者的认可，文章的开始可以引出调查数据等，借以提出主题，如下面以提出主题，如下面
54、Is Stress a Bad Thing?的的1）和）和Can Schoolchildren Start Using the Internet?的的4）。）。 8） 假设法假设法 假设法是指通过假设提出一种选择，交代文章要涉及的问题，假设法是指通过假设提出一种选择，交代文章要涉及的问题，从而提出文章的主题。从而提出文章的主题。 Suppose you were offered two jobs, one is highly-paid but rather demanding, the other is less demanding, but poorly-paid, which would
55、you prefer? 9） 综合法综合法 具体写作时，具体写作时，同学同学们没有必要拘泥于一种方式，可以将上述们没有必要拘泥于一种方式，可以将上述方法总和起来。方法总和起来。 首段示例：首段示例： 标题：标题：Can Schoolchildren Start Using the Internet? 提纲：提纲： 1）随着科技的发展，网络越来越普及；）随着科技的发展，网络越来越普及； 2）网络有其优点但也）网络有其优点但也有缺点；有缺点； 3）我的观点）我的观点 根据上面的提示，首段可有下列几种方式：根据上面的提示，首段可有下列几种方式： 1) Nowadays, using the Inte
56、rnet has become a fashion. Many parents begin to teach their children to use the Internet. However, there are diverse opinions on this. Some think it wise, but I dont agree with them. 2) Today, the Internet is becoming more and more common. It begins to play a more and more important role in our soc
57、iety and life. Its so useful that most adults are learning how to use it. What about children? Of course they can start using it. 3) Today, with the development of science and technology, the Internet is beginning to play a more and more important role in our life. More and more people are starting
58、to use the Internet, including schoolchildren. However, I think schoolchildren are too young to start using the Internet. 4) According to a recent survey, Internet users are becoming younger and younger, and Internet bars have become a resort for schoolchildren who log in to chat or play games. Face
59、d with this phenomenon, many people argue for measures to prevent schoolchildren from using the Internet, and I think they have their reasons. 2 结论段的写作结论段的写作 结论一般采用归纳概括、主题重述或提建议等方式。结论一般采用归纳概括、主题重述或提建议等方式。 常见的方式有：常见的方式有： 1） 重述或重述或总结总结主题主题 重述主题指于结论处以另外一种表达方式重申主题，与首段照应。重述主题指于结论处以另外一种表达方式重申主题，与首段照应。 Fam
60、ilies offer us warmth and care. Friends give us strength and horizon. They both help us understand the world as it is. Both of them are the dearest parts in our life. 2） 提出建议提出建议 Since postcards do us more harm and good, since we have many other ways to convey our feelings and promote our friendship
61、, I hope everyone will take actions now to stop using postcards. 3） 概括概括总结总结 As we can see from the above, living in the suburb we can stay away from pollution, lead an easy leisure time, and neednt invest too much money, so I prefer living in the suburb to living in the city. 4） 引用名人名言引用名人名言 In par
62、ticular, I enjoy what Francis Bacon said Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability. 5)综合法综合法 与首段一样，结论段也可以是多种方法的综合。与首段一样，结论段也可以是多种方法的综合。一般说来，一般说来，总结总结加建议的比较多。加建议的比较多。 n尾段示例尾段示例1： 如如“网络网络”的结论段可以如下所示：的结论段可以如下所示： 1） As we all know, the next century will become one of the Internet. Internet
63、 will become more and more important in both our daily life and our work. So I suggest that schoolchildren should start using the Internet. 2） So I think schoolchildren not only can start using the Internet, but also should start using it They are sure to benefit a lot from the internet. 3） Internet
64、 can help our children know the world, get useful information and enrich their knowledge. So I think schoolchildren can start using the Internet. 4） In a word (In conclusion/ In summary/ To sum up / In short), the Internet is playing a more and more important role in our life and it is helpful for c
65、hildrens growth both physically and mentally. It is better for them to start using the Internet as early as possible. 3转承语的使用转承语的使用 根据不同的段落要求，选择适当的转承语根据不同的段落要求，选择适当的转承语 1) 比较对照比较对照 比较：比较：like A, B Just as A, B A, similarly/correspondingly, likewise/in the same way, B 对照：对照： Unlike/ Contrary to/ As o
66、pposed to A, B A , however/on the other hand/in contrast, B . A , B, however/on the other hand/in contrast, 2)列举列举 First/ Second (Next) / Third (Then)/ Last (Finally), The fist/ The second/ The third/ The last (The final) Firstly/Secondly/Thirdly/Last(Finally) One/Another/Still another/The last The
67、most essential/most important/primary/chief is 3) 因果因果 as a result, consequently, therefore, hence, so, because of this, for these reasons, due to the fact that 4 起承转合常用语起承转合常用语 1）“起起”的常用语的常用语 nWhen asked about/ When it comes to/ Faced with , some people claim/think/argue/believe that , but/while ot
68、hers (differently) nNowadays there is much/general discussion as to . nWith the development/improvement/growth of , nNow, it is commonly/widely/increasingly believed/thought/held/acknowledge that ,nAccording to a recent survey/investigation/poll, nHave you ever thought/wondered ? nSuppose nAs the sa
69、ying goes, 2) 承的常用语 Those who hold . It is true that To be sure . First/Firstly The main/leading/underlying/root/ primary/chief/essential . 承接上文承接上文的方式与文章的段落结构有关，比较的与列举的不同，的方式与文章的段落结构有关，比较的与列举的不同，与举例的也不同。与举例的也不同。同学同学们应根据具体的情况选择适当的承接语。们应根据具体的情况选择适当的承接语。 n3）转转的常用语的常用语 It sounds like a good(attractive)
70、 idea (suggestion), but they fail to understand (see, notice There is probably an element of truth in the arguments (ideas), but they ignore a more important (basic) fact Closer examination (analysis), however, suggests (shows) that this argument (claim, idea) may not be borne of (supported) by the
71、following evidence (facts, examples, statistics). They may be right about , but they seem to neglect /fail to mention/take into account It is true that/ Admittedly, but it is unlikely/doesnt follow/doesnt mean that In many cases, however, As far as . is concerned, n4) 合合的常用语的常用语 Experience/Evidence/
72、All the facts suggest/show/demonstrate/ indicate that From what has been discussed above/Taking into account all these factors, we may safely draw/reach/come to/arrive/ the conclusion that In conclusion/To sum up/In summary/In short/To conclude . It is important/necessary/essential that effective/pr
73、oper/powerful actions/measure/remedies should be taken to 三、三、作文作文的谋篇布局的谋篇布局 n谋篇布局谋篇布局(1) - 将提示的第一句作为文章的第一句将提示的第一句作为文章的第一句 - 将提示的第三句作为第一段的最后一句将提示的第三句作为第一段的最后一句 - 将提示的第二句展开成文章的中心段落将提示的第二句展开成文章的中心段落 - 结论段归纳概括，提出建议。结论段归纳概括，提出建议。 例：标题：例：标题：City Life and Suburban Life City Life and Suburban Life 提纲：提纲：1)
74、 1) 最近几年越来越多的人迁往近郊居住最近几年越来越多的人迁往近郊居住 2 2）城市生活和近郊生活各有特点）城市生活和近郊生活各有特点 3 3） 比较起来，我喜欢的是比较起来，我喜欢的是 In recent years more and more homes are being pushed outwards as the activities of business, government and pleasure tend to be concentrated in the centers of the cities. Although most people are reluctant
75、 to move to the outskirts of the cities, I feel like living in the suburbs. It is true that the city can provide much convenience and entertainment, the very reason why people cant bear to part with city life. But the cost for the privilege of living in the city is also high. Whats more, there is mo
76、re gas and noise pollution in the city, which is full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the roar of buses and taxies, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds. In contrast, living near the countryside one can enjoy the clean atmosphere, the closeness to nature and the quiet, peaceful surround
77、ings - the essentials of a healthy life. Although living in the suburbs one may suffer a little discomfort brought about by the necessity of traveling miles to work every day, it means nearly nothing when thinking of the high cost and heavily polluted environment of the city. The new suburban life i
78、s fast becoming a predominant pattern of living in most cities; and with the improvement of traffic and the perfection of services, it will prove to hold great superiority over city life. n谋篇布局（谋篇布局（2） - 根据话题加引段，于段尾提出自己的观点（也就是提根据话题加引段，于段尾提出自己的观点（也就是提示中的第三句要求内容）示中的第三句要求内容） - 将提示的第一句和第二句写成文章的中心段落将提示的第
79、一句和第二句写成文章的中心段落 - 根据文章的叙述重点，根据文章的叙述重点，总结总结全文，提出方法等。全文，提出方法等。 例：例： 标题：标题： My View on College Students Part-My View on College Students Part-time Jobtime Job提纲：提纲：1 1）有人认为大）有人认为大学生学生做兼职工作很有好做兼职工作很有好处；处； 2 2）然而，有人认为大）然而，有人认为大学生学生做兼职工作弊多利少；做兼职工作弊多利少； 3 3）我的看法）我的看法 Nowadays, an increasing number of colle
80、ge students are doing part-time jobs. People hold different opinions on that. Some people think that there are many advantages for college students to have part-time jobs. Firstly, part-time jobs offer them opportunities to apply what they have learned in school and demonstrate their abilities. Seco
81、ndly, it enables them to be more independent of their family and builds up their self-confidence. Thirdly, part-time experiences may be of great help to their future careers. Finally, part-time jobs can broaden their college lives and help them know more of themselves and society. However, some othe
82、r people hold that doing part-time jobs has more disadvantages. The main job of college students is to study, not to work. If they have part-time jobs, they may have to reduce their time for sleep, rest, study and activities. Working several hours a day consumes a lot of time and energy and may affe
83、ct their studies. As a result, they may find it hard to adjust to what the college expects of them as well as their employers expect, and finally, they may fall behind or fail in their studies. In my opinion, students can choose to take up a part-time job according to their own situation. The most i
84、mportant thing for them is to keep a good balance between part-time jobs and his study. n谋篇布局（谋篇布局（3） - 将提示的第一句和第二句合为第一段，于段将提示的第一句和第二句合为第一段，于段尾提出自己的观点；尾提出自己的观点； - 说明自己的理由；说明自己的理由； - 结论段结论段总结总结全文全文 例：例： 标题：标题：How to Achieve Success How to Achieve Success 提纲：提纲：1 1）有人说成功主要）有人说成功主要* * 运气；运气； 2 2）有人则认为成
85、功主要）有人则认为成功主要* * 勤奋，与运气毫无勤奋，与运气毫无关系关系; ; 3 3）我的观点）我的观点 Some people say the key to success is the luck, while others claim it is hard work. As far as I am concerned, there are many factors contributing to success and the three fundamental ones are diligence, devotion and perseverance. Diligence is th
86、e first key factor to success. Diligence helps us remove ignorance, overcome difficulties, and enlighten our minds. It makes a fool wise, and a poor man rich. Devotion is another factor to success. Whatever we do, we must love it and do it whole-heartedly. Only when we set our minds on the job, can
87、we do it well. Furthermore, perseverance, or a strong will, is the last key to success. Without a strong will, we are likely to give up when we meet some difficulties, let alone perform wonderful deeds. To conclude, all great men achieve success through diligence, devotion and perseverance. Just as
88、the famous saying goes, No pains, no gains, Where there is a will, there is a way. n谋篇布局（谋篇布局（4） 将提示中的第一句做为第一段主题句，然后拓展将提示中的第一句做为第一段主题句，然后拓展开开 将提示的第二句做为第二段的主题句，拓展说明将提示的第二句做为第二段的主题句，拓展说明 将提示的第三句拓展成第三段，但注意与上面两将提示的第三句拓展成第三段，但注意与上面两段的照应，使其有总揽全文的作用段的照应，使其有总揽全文的作用 例：标题：例：标题：On Housing Reform On Housing Ref
89、orm 提示：提示：1 1）旧房屋政策的弊端；）旧房屋政策的弊端； 2 2）房改带来的好处；）房改带来的好处； 3 3）我怎么办？）我怎么办？ The old house-allotting policy had at least two disadvantages. First, the government spent a lot of money building some houses , but these houses were allotted to people free of charge. Thus, the government would have no money t
90、o build more houses for people who badly needed them. Second, the persons who were in power could get more houses than those who were powerless. This was quite unfair. On the contrary, the new system of house allotment may bring about many new things. For example, the government will have more money
91、 which can be used in house construction. So, the housing industry can develop more quickly. Besides, because houses will be sold to people, the chances they get will be equal. When I enter the society, I would get a loan from the bank to buy my own house. Then, I would try to pay back the loan in t
92、he shortest time possible. After that, I would proudly claim: Now, I am the master of that house. n谋篇布局（谋篇布局（5） 将提示中的第一句作为文章的第一段，并提主题；将提示中的第一句作为文章的第一段，并提主题； 举例说明自己的观点；举例说明自己的观点； 结论重述主题结论重述主题 例：标题：例：标题：On Punctuality On Punctuality 提示：提示： 1 1） 准时在现代生活中仍然很重要；准时在现代生活中仍然很重要； 2 2） 试举例说明试举例说明 In our moder
93、n life, punctuality is one of the most important qualities that any person should possess. Punctuality demonstrates that you are reliable and can be trusted with responsibilities. Besides, it can make a person a good man. And if you are not punctual, you may injure others. We should practice punctua
94、lity for the sake of others, as well as ourselves. He who is punctual will accomplish far more in a day than he who is not so. Washington was remarkable for this virtue. His mother had taught him, when a boy, or have certain hours for every employment, and to do everything at the appointed time. Thi
95、s habit helped, in his later life, to make him a good man. Without it, he could never have made such success. Neglect of punctuality may injure both to others and to oneself. An applicant may be turned away just for the sake of being late for the interview. Students coming late for class will undoub
96、tedly interrupt the teacher. Therefore, we ought never to say It is only once - I will not do so again to excuse ourselves; otherwise we will be tardier and we will fail in our society. In a word, if we form the habit of punctuality at school, it will be of great advantage to us in our future life.
97、nHow to Solve the Energy Problem a. 有人认为解决能源危机的方式是厉行节约有人认为解决能源危机的方式是厉行节约 b. 有人则认为开发新的能源是最好的办法有人则认为开发新的能源是最好的办法 c. 我的看法我的看法 When asked about one of the biggest problems today, many people say that an energy crisis is approaching and is threatening mankinds survival. They are afraid that the world is
98、likely to run out of oil and metals and to run short of food in the near future. To this problem, most countries respond with the demand for more rigid conservation of our natural resources. Indeed, this is urgently needed, for the present waste of energy in industrial and personal consumption is so
99、 serious that it has become habitual and traditional. If the natural resources are used economically, we can certainly slow down the present drain on the limited energy supply. However, conservation alone is not the answer. It is obvious that even if we can save much energy, we can only delay the en
100、ergy crisis, but cannot solve the problem completely. However abundant certain natural resources may be, they cannot reproduce themselves and are bound to be used up ultimately. So in the long run, we must develop new sources of energy instead of merely conserving the known, limited supplies. Man is
101、 highly adaptable and creative, and since he is able to tap such resources as oil and metal, why cant he develop and harness solar energy, nuclear energy and other unknown energy resources? nThe Internet a. 什么是英特网什么是英特网 b.英特网的作用英特网的作用 c. 英特网对社会的影响英特网对社会的影响 The Internet The later part of the 1990s fi
102、nds the worlds the Internet become fashionable in peoples daily life. The Internet is a network of thousands of networks, linking schools, universities, businesses, government agencies, libraries and millions of individuals. Something like information superhighways, the internet can bring many conve
103、niences into the school, home and office. College students can check the card catalogue of Library of Congress in the United States to finish their papers. Housewives can do shopping and pay bills without leaving their homes. Businessmen can sign a contract and land an order through electronic media
104、. Patients can reach the worlds leading authorities and experts on the disease they may suffer from .men and women can have a conversation with people all over the world by sending and receiving electronic mail. With a basic computer and modem any individual can call up information about almost anyt
105、hing from almost anywhere and almost anytime. The Internet exerts such a profound effect on our life that it revolutionizes the way of peoples living and thinking. n Advantages and Disadvantages of Home Computers a. 家用电脑的普及家用电脑的普及 b家用电脑的好处家用电脑的好处 c家用电脑带来的问题家用电脑带来的问题 Just a few years ago, the idea of
106、 having a computer in ones home seemed far-fetched for most Chinese. Now, however, with the advent and popularity of the home computer, its advantages and disadvantages have been a subject of discussion. There is no doubt that like TV, computers benefit people hugely. With the computer, the home wil
107、l become a library, a school, an office and an entertainment center. All transactions, from banking to shopping, will be performed electronically and all information, form train schedules to discount price goods, will be as close as the press of a key. In addition to providing us many of the facilit
108、ies and services we now must travel to obtain, with the Internet, the computer will even let us communicate directly with other homes and with information sources worldwide. Despite the increase in efficiency and convenience generated by the computer, the changes it brings could very well lead to po
109、tentially adverse consequences. For example, as nearly all activities could be conducted in the comfort of our homes, we could all become hermitlike, never feeling any need to leave the house. This would be unfortunate because our children especially will become so addicted to computers that they might never be exposed to either peer pressure or social interaction. Unquestionably, the challenge of the home computer means we all should consider how we can control it, so that it wont control us.
