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1、按动词是否作谓语可以分为谓语动词和非谓语动词按动词是否作谓语可以分为谓语动词和非谓语动词形形式式意意义义举举例例人称人称数数时态时态语态语态语气语气1、谓语动词、谓语动词(如下如下)与主语在人称一致与主语在人称一致与与主语在人称一致主语在人称一致表示动作发生的表示动作发生的时间时间主语是动作的发主语是动作的发生者或者承受者生者或者承受者说话人表达事实、说话人表达事实、要求、愿望等要求、愿望等Heisastudent.第三人称第三人称Iamreadingnow.第一人称第一人称Hewriteswell.第三人称单数第三人称单数Hewrotealettertomelastmonth.过去时态过去时
2、态WestudyEnglish.主动主动Theroadwasfilledwithrubbish.被被动动HehasflowntoAmerica.事实事实IwishIcouldflytothemoonsomeday.愿望愿望Openthedoortolettheairin.要求要求2、非谓语动词、非谓语动词形式形式形式形式意义意义意义意义用途用途用途用途举例举例举例举例不定式不定式不定式不定式动动动动名词名词名词名词分分分分词词词词现在现在现在现在分词分词分词分词过去过去过去过去分词分词分词分词起形容词和起形容词和名词作用名词作用可作主语、表可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、宾语、定语、状语语、状语I
3、ttakesme20minutestogotoschool起名词作用起名词作用作主作主.宾宾.表表.定语定语Shelikesreading.起形容词、副词作起形容词、副词作用，表主动用，表主动作表语、定语、作表语、定语、状语、宾语补状语、宾语补足语足语Thesteamisseenrisingfromthewetclothes.起形容词、副词起形容词、副词作用，表被动作用，表被动Thecupisbroken.非谓语动词的非谓语动词的逻辑主语逻辑主语：谓语动词需要真正的主语指明动作的发出者，而非谓语谓语动词需要真正的主语指明动作的发出者，而非谓语动词是动词是不用作谓语的动词不用作谓语的动词,所以它
4、没有真正的主语。但是，所以它没有真正的主语。但是，作为动词的一种形式作为动词的一种形式,非谓语动词也应有非谓语动词也应有自己理论上或逻自己理论上或逻辑上的主语辑上的主语,即动作涉及的对象即动作涉及的对象.Itisinterestingformetoreadthisstory.请指出句子中非谓语动词的逻辑主语：请指出句子中非谓语动词的逻辑主语：Ioftenhearhimsingingthissong.Ioftenhearthissongsung.Isawherbeingtakentotheoperatingroom.(1)（主语一致）（主语一致）分词作状语，它的逻辑主语通常应是分词作状语，它的逻
5、辑主语通常应是句子主语，否则会出错。句子主语，否则会出错。Findinghercarstolen,_.A.apolicemanwasaskedtohelpB.theareawassearchedthoroughlyC.itwaslookedforeverywhereD.shehurriedtoapolicemanforhelp（2 2）分词的独立主格结构）分词的独立主格结构A若主语不一致，则应改用其他句型若主语不一致，则应改用其他句型：误：误：Crossingtheroad,acarknockedhimdown.正：正：Crossingtheroad,hewasknockeddownbyaca
6、r.正：正：Whenhewascrossingtheroad,acarknockedhimdown.B主语不一致还可在分词前加一个名词或代词，使之成为主语不一致还可在分词前加一个名词或代词，使之成为分词的逻辑主语，构成分词的逻辑主语，构成分词的独立主格结构分词的独立主格结构.独立主格结构独立主格结构: 1 1“名词名词/ /代词代词+ +分词分词”，通常作状语。，通常作状语。HersonHersonbeingillbeingill, ,sheshehadtostayathomelookinghadtostayathomelookingafterhim.afterhim.Therebeingic
7、eontheroad,Itoldthedrivertoslowdown.Workfinished,helefthome.Thesubjecthavingbeenopened，hehadtogoonwithit.Withhishomeworkfinished,hewenttoseeafilm.Ourschoollooksmorebeautifulwithalltheflowerscomingout.Withtheboyleadingtheway,wehadnodifficultyinfindingMrGreenshouse.Withmuchhomeworktodo,hedecidesnottog
8、ototheparty.2 with/without2 with/without的复合结构的复合结构（3 3）垂悬分词）垂悬分词, ,也叫无依着分词：也叫无依着分词：分词的主语既不与句子主语一致，分词本身又非独立主分词的主语既不与句子主语一致，分词本身又非独立主格结构。格结构。垂悬分词的表达及用途相对固定垂悬分词的表达及用途相对固定,有些垂悬分词词组有些垂悬分词词组已被当作已被当作固定词组固定词组来看待来看待.A说话者用垂悬分词说话者用垂悬分词引出话题引出话题，如：，如：talkingof，gettingbackto，comingto等，意思为等，意思为“谈到谈到，关于关于，回到，回到”等。等
9、。Gettingbacktoourstory，theprincesswaskilledComingtothisquestion，Isayno B.垂悬分词表明说话者的垂悬分词表明说话者的说话方式说话方式，如：，如：franklyspeaking，generallyspeaking，roughlyspeaking,brieflyspeakingGenerallyspeaking，dogsaremorefaithfultomenthancatsC有些垂悬分词或词组表明说话的有些垂悬分词或词组表明说话的依据或视角依据或视角，如：，如：judgingfrom，accordingto，consideri
10、ng,takingtakingintoconsiderationintoconsideration, concerning，regarding，given,owingto等等Consideringthelowprice，thecarisworthbuyingGiventhesefacts,whyareartistsareaskedtoD有些垂悬分词或词组表示有些垂悬分词或词组表示条件条件，如：，如：providing（that），），provided（that），），supposing，意思为意思为“if或或with”。例如：。例如：Providedthatafilmentertains，fe
11、wpeoplecareaboutitsothermeritsSupposingthistobetrue，heiscertainlythemurdererE.不定式不定式不定式不定式作独立成份（状语或插入语）作独立成份（状语或插入语）作独立成份（状语或插入语）作独立成份（状语或插入语）totellthetruthtobehonest/frank/exacttobegin/startwithtobebrieftobebrief(brieflyspeaking)tomakematters/thingsworsetodohimjustice(todohimjustice(说句对他公道的话）说句对他公道
12、的话）说句对他公道的话）说句对他公道的话）非谓语动词的复合结构非谓语动词的复合结构 一不定式的复合结构一不定式的复合结构for/ofsbtodosth1Itseasyforustorememberafewnewwords.2IfinditimpossibleforTomtopasstheexam.3Theboxistooheavyformetotake.4Thisisforyoutodecide.5Thereisnoneedforyoutoworry.6Itskindofyoutohelpus.非谓语动词的复合结构非谓语动词的复合结构二、二、二、二、- -inging的复合结构的复合结构的复合
13、结构的复合结构( (逻辑主语是有生命的名词时逻辑主语是有生命的名词时)1 作主语作主语: MaryscomingMaryscominglatemadeherteacherangry.latemadeherteacherangry.ItsnouseItsnouseyourtellingyourtellingmenottoworry.menottoworry.22作宾语作宾语作宾语作宾语: : MotherinsistedonMotherinsistedonmybrothersgoingmybrothersgoingtocollege.tocollege.(mybrother(mybrotherg
14、oing)going)WouldyoumindWouldyoumindmyopeningmyopeningthedoor?thedoor?(meopening)meopening)33作表语作表语作表语作表语: :WhatWhat isis troublingtroubling usus isis theirtheir notnot havinghaving enoughenoughmoney.money.V-ing的复合结构的复合结构2逻辑主语是逻辑主语是无生命名词无生命名词时，只用名词时，只用名词普通格普通格。Isthereanyhopeofourteamwinningthematch?3
15、.逻辑主语是逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词指示代词或不定代词时，只用时，只用普通格普通格。Shewasdisturbedbysomebodyshoutingoutside.不定不定不定不定 式表结果常与下列结构连用式表结果常与下列结构连用式表结果常与下列结构连用式表结果常与下列结构连用: :A,so+A,so+adjadj/adv+as(not)todo/adv+as(not)todo(如此如此如此如此以至于以至于以至于以至于( (没）没）没）没）)Imnotsostupidastodothat.Imnotsostupidastodothat.B,such+(B,such+(adjadj)n+a
16、s(not)todo)n+as(not)todo(如此如此如此如此以至于以至于以至于以至于( (不不不不)Imnotsuchafoolastobelievethat.Imnotsuchafoolastobelievethat.C,enough+n+todo(C,enough+n+todo(足够足够足够足够)Idonthaveenoughmoneytobuyacar.Idonthaveenoughmoneytobuyacar.D,D,adjadj/adv+enough+todo(/adv+enough+todo(足已到足已到足已到足已到/ /能能能能)Thegirlisoldenoughtogo
17、toschool.Thegirlisoldenoughtogotoschool.E,too+E,too+adjadj/adv+todo(/adv+todo(太太太太以至于不能以至于不能以至于不能以至于不能)Imtootiredtogoanyfurther.Imtootiredtogoanyfurther.省省省省totototo不定式的固定句型不定式的固定句型不定式的固定句型不定式的固定句型 1,hadbetter(not)1,hadbetter(not)dodo2,wouldrather2,wouldratherdodo.thandothando3,prefertodo.3,preferto
18、do.ratherthandoratherthando4,cannotbutdo4,cannotbutdo不得不不得不不得不不得不必然必然必然必然5,cannothelpbutdo.5,cannothelpbutdo.不得不不得不不得不不得不Eg:IEg:IcouldnothelpbutrealizethatIwaswrongcouldnothelpbutrealizethatIwaswrong6,donothingbutdo.nothingtodobut/exceptdo6,donothingbutdo.nothingtodobut/exceptdo只能只能只能只能 ，只有，只有，只有，只有
19、Eg:IEg:Ihadnothingtodobutwaitthere.hadnothingtodobutwaitthere. 省省省省totototo不定式的固定句型不定式的固定句型不定式的固定句型不定式的固定句型7,why(not)do.7,why(not)do.8,8,当主语部分有当主语部分有当主语部分有当主语部分有dodo，则表语可省则表语可省则表语可省则表语可省toto EgEg:WhatIwanttodois(to)runaschool:WhatIwanttodois(to)runaschool=Hiswishistorunaschool=Hiswishistorunaschool9
20、,9,当两个或更多相同的不定式并列使用时，除第一个当两个或更多相同的不定式并列使用时，除第一个当两个或更多相同的不定式并列使用时，除第一个当两个或更多相同的不定式并列使用时，除第一个不定式带不定式带不定式带不定式带toto外外外外, ,其余的不加。其余的不加。其余的不加。其余的不加。 ShetoldthechildtostaythereandwaittillsheShetoldthechildtostaythereandwaittillshecameback.cameback.注意平行结构：注意平行结构：注意平行结构：注意平行结构： Totryandfailisbetterthannottot
21、ryatall.Totryandfailisbetterthannottotryatall.Toseeistobelieve.Toseeistobelieve.（非）谓语动词的做题步骤（非）谓语动词的做题步骤1.判断该判断该用谓动还是非谓动用谓动还是非谓动.方法：看看句子中是否已有了谓语动词了。方法：看看句子中是否已有了谓语动词了。(回忆动词作谓语的形式）回忆动词作谓语的形式）2、如是谓语动词就考虑如是谓语动词就考虑时态和语态时态和语态3、如是非谓语动词：、如是非谓语动词：1）找非谓语动词的）找非谓语动词的逻辑主语逻辑主语。方法：非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般跟句子的主语一致。方法：非谓语动词的逻辑
22、主语一般跟句子的主语一致。（不一致，考虑独立主格结构、垂悬分词）（不一致，考虑独立主格结构、垂悬分词）2）判断）判断主被动主被动关系关系。方法：非谓语动词与其逻辑主语是主动还是被动关系。方法：非谓语动词与其逻辑主语是主动还是被动关系。3）判断）判断时间时间关系关系。方法：分析句子，看看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生方法：分析句子，看看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时。在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时。4）固定句型固定句型或短语确定非谓语动词的或短语确定非谓语动词的形式形式注意非注意非谓语动词的一般式及的一般式及变化体化体make主动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态一般式一般式进行式进
23、行式完成式完成式一般一般式式完成式完成式TodotomaketobemakingtohavemadetobemadetohavebeenmadeingmakingHavingmadeBeingmadeHavingbeenmadeedmade非谓语动词形式非谓语动词形式动词不定式的时态动词不定式的时态I opened the door to enter the room. . 一般式一般式( to do ).不定式的一般式所不定式的一般式所表示的动作（状态）表示的动作（状态）与谓语动词之后发与谓语动词之后发生。生。.进行式进行式( to be doing)1. I pretended to be
24、 reading when mother came in.如果谓语表示的动作如果谓语表示的动作（情况）发生时，不（情况）发生时，不定式所表示的动作正定式所表示的动作正在进行。在进行。动词不定式的时态动词不定式的时态不定式的进行时态常用在不定式的进行时态常用在appear,happen,pretend,seem等动等动词后。词后。动词不定式的时态动词不定式的时态 完成式（完成式（to have done)如果不定式表示的动作如果不定式表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前。发生在谓语动作之前。Charles is generally considered to have invented the firs
25、t computer.He seems to have bought the book.不定式的完成式常用在不定式的完成式常用在appear,consider,believe,said,hope,seem等表示看法与想法的动词后。等表示看法与想法的动词后。动词不定式的被动式动词不定式的被动式The problems remains to be solved.She is said to have been sent to Europe on business不定式的逻辑主语是执行者，不定式用主动。不定式的逻辑主语是执行者，不定式用主动。不定式的逻辑主语不是执行者，不定式用被动。不定式的逻辑主语
26、不是执行者，不定式用被动。1_thathewasingreatdanger,Ericwalkeddeeperintotheforest.(2008浙江卷浙江卷)A.NotrealizedB.NottorealizeC.NotrealizingD.Nottohaverealized2_toreachthemonthephone,wesentanemailinstead.(2008重庆卷重庆卷)A.FailB.FailedC.TofailD.Havingfailed3_manytimes,hefinallyunderstoodit.(2009四川卷四川卷)1.ToldB.TellingC.Havi
27、ngtoldD.Havingbeentold4_twice,thepostmanrefusedtodeliverourlettersunlesswechainedourdog.(2009北京卷北京卷)A.BeingbittenB.BittenC.HavingbittenD.Tobebitten-ing形式形式:1一般式一般式doing表示的动作和谓语的动作同时发生。表示的动作和谓语的动作同时发生。Usingthebook,Ifindituseful.2完成式完成式having+done表示的动作在谓语动词所表示表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。的动作之前发生。Nothavingrece
28、ivedareply,hedecidedtowriteagain.3一般式被动一般式被动Beingsurroundedbyacrowdoffans,hecantmoveastepfurther.4完成被动式完成被动式Havingbeencriticizedbytheteacher,LiMinggaveupsmoking。注意注意：being done的用法的用法1.状语状语2. 后置定语Themeeting beingheld isimportant.3.宾语宾语We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.Do you mi
29、nd Janes being left alone at home?I hate being criticized for nothing.固定搭配固定搭配 ：必须用：必须用-ed做状语做状语be located in be fixed on be buried in be locked be lost in thought be dressed inbe caught in the rain be separated frombe satisfied withbe seated be engaged in be armed withLost in thought, he almost ran
30、 into the car in front of him.1. The next morning she found the man _ in bed, dead.A. lying B. lieC. lay D. laying2. I can hardly imagine Peter _ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.A. sail B. sailingC. to sail D. to have sailedAB3. _ a reply, he decided to write again.A. Not receiving B. Receivi
31、ng notC. Not having received D. Having not received4. The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with his talks, _ that he had enjoyed his stay here.A. having added B. to addC. adding D. addedCC5. _ his head high, the manager walked into the room to attend the meeting _ then.A. Holding; being held B. Held; holdingC. Having held; held D. Held; to be held6. _, but he still could not understand it.A. Told many timesB. Having been told many timesC. He has been told many timesD. Though he had been told many timesACbut
