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1、Interrelationship between Chinese fuju 汉语复句句内关系汉语复句句内关系1 1汉语汉语复句复句Chinese Fuju is made up of two or more simple sentences which are related to each other in meaning. Precisely speaking, a Chinese fuju is mostly characterized by that the two Fenju should be connected in meaning and one of them can no
2、t be one sentence member of the other or vice versa.2 2培养儿童具有健康体魄，是我们的重要目标。培养儿童具有健康体魄，是我们的重要目标。培养儿童具有健康体魄，是我们的重要目标。培养儿童具有健康体魄，是我们的重要目标。 我们谁都知道，他工作积极，学习努力。我们谁都知道，他工作积极，学习努力。我们谁都知道，他工作积极，学习努力。我们谁都知道，他工作积极，学习努力。知识来源于实践已为无数事实所证明。知识来源于实践已为无数事实所证明。知识来源于实践已为无数事实所证明。知识来源于实践已为无数事实所证明。讲你好话的人不一定都是你的好朋友。讲你好话的人不
3、一定都是你的好朋友。讲你好话的人不一定都是你的好朋友。讲你好话的人不一定都是你的好朋友。 他告诉我，他前两天收到一封信。他告诉我，他前两天收到一封信。他告诉我，他前两天收到一封信。他告诉我，他前两天收到一封信。他学习努力，而且进步很快。他学习努力，而且进步很快。他学习努力，而且进步很快。他学习努力，而且进步很快。 走进饭厅，他看见母亲围着一件白围裙。走进饭厅，他看见母亲围着一件白围裙。走进饭厅，他看见母亲围着一件白围裙。走进饭厅，他看见母亲围着一件白围裙。 他说了，而且做了。他说了，而且做了。他说了，而且做了。他说了，而且做了。 我受了伤，为什么不给治？我受了伤，为什么不给治？我受了伤，为什么
4、不给治？我受了伤，为什么不给治？ 他说了而且做了。他说了而且做了。他说了而且做了。他说了而且做了。 我受了伤为什么不给治？我受了伤为什么不给治？我受了伤为什么不给治？我受了伤为什么不给治？3 3缩合复句（缩合复句（Condensed sentences）雨越下越猛，像瓢泼一样。雨越下越猛，像瓢泼一样。 狐狸再狡猾也斗不过好猎手。狐狸再狡猾也斗不过好猎手。你有意见就说。你有意见就说。 不到黄河心不死。不到黄河心不死。人多力量大。人多力量大。不见不散！不见不散！人云亦云人云亦云 远交近攻远交近攻不进则退不进则退4 4汉语复句种类汉语复句种类A.联合复句联合复句 并列并列Parallelism 连贯
5、连贯Continuity 递进递进Progressiveness 选择选择Choice B.偏正复句偏正复句 转折转折Conversion 假设假设Supposition 条件条件Condition 因果因果Cause and Effect 目的目的 Purpose 5 5意合与形合意合与形合Parataxis & Hypotaxis汉语：汉语：词语或词语或语句间的连接语句间的连接主要凭借语义主要凭借语义或语句间的逻或语句间的逻辑关系来实现。辑关系来实现。英语：词语或英语：词语或语句间的连接语句间的连接主要依仗连接主要依仗连接词或语言形态词或语言形态手段来实现。手段来实现。 6 6“板块板块”
6、式结构与式结构与“多枝共干多枝共干”结结构构汉语的汉语的汉语的汉语的“ “板块板块板块板块” ”式结式结式结式结构（构（构（构（“ “竹节竹节竹节竹节” ”式结构）式结构）式结构）式结构）：汉语的：汉语的：汉语的：汉语的“ “意合意合意合意合” ”特特特特点使句子的内部成分点使句子的内部成分点使句子的内部成分点使句子的内部成分常常一一罗列，呈现常常一一罗列，呈现常常一一罗列，呈现常常一一罗列，呈现并排式结构，外形上并排式结构，外形上并排式结构，外形上并排式结构，外形上没有主从之分，层面没有主从之分，层面没有主从之分，层面没有主从之分，层面之间没有明显的逻辑之间没有明显的逻辑之间没有明显的逻辑之
7、间没有明显的逻辑标记。标记。标记。标记。英语的英语的英语的英语的“ “多枝共干多枝共干多枝共干多枝共干” ”型：英语句子的型：英语句子的型：英语句子的型：英语句子的“ “主主主主谓结构谓结构谓结构谓结构” ”为句子主干，为句子主干，为句子主干，为句子主干，其他成分则通过各种其他成分则通过各种其他成分则通过各种其他成分则通过各种连带附加关系附着在连带附加关系附着在连带附加关系附着在连带附加关系附着在这条主干上，犹如树这条主干上，犹如树这条主干上，犹如树这条主干上，犹如树枝与树干的关系。枝与树干的关系。枝与树干的关系。枝与树干的关系。7 7“左分支左分支”结构与结构与“右分支右分支”结构结构中国人
8、的思维模式中国人的思维模式基本上是首先考虑基本上是首先考虑事物的环境和外围事物的环境和外围因素，然后考虑具因素，然后考虑具体事物或中心事件。体事物或中心事件。西方人的思维模西方人的思维模式正相反，首先式正相反，首先考虑中心事物，考虑中心事物，然后才加上外围然后才加上外围因素。因素。8 8复句与复合、复杂句复句与复合、复杂句汉语复句：汉语复句：连词连词连词连词用得不多用得不多用得不多用得不多分句分句分句分句逻辑关系逻辑关系逻辑关系逻辑关系处于处于处于处于隐含隐含隐含隐含状态，通过状态，通过状态，通过状态，通过词词词词序、语序序、语序序、语序序、语序确定确定确定确定从句通常在从句通常在从句通常在从
9、句通常在主句前主句前主句前主句前英语复合、复杂句：英语复合、复杂句：必须必须必须必须使用使用使用使用连词连词连词连词 从句既可以放在主句从句既可以放在主句从句既可以放在主句从句既可以放在主句之后之后之后之后，也可放在主句，也可放在主句，也可放在主句，也可放在主句之前之前之前之前，有时还可置于，有时还可置于，有时还可置于，有时还可置于句子句子句子句子之中之中之中之中9 9翻译思路翻译思路译成简单句译成简单句动词短语动词短语动词短语动词短语介词短语介词短语介词短语介词短语译成复句译成复句各种形式从句各种形式从句各种形式从句各种形式从句1010并列复句之一：并列关系并列复句之一：并列关系肯定并列：肯
10、定并列：and否否定定并并列列： “既既不不也也不不”neither norneither或或 nor的倒装句式的倒装句式 1111这两种文明产生于不同地区，它们的这两种文明产生于不同地区，它们的发展并行不悖，互不影响。发展并行不悖，互不影响。 These two civilizations were created in different areas and developed without interinfluence.她不知道发生了什么，也不在乎。她不知道发生了什么，也不在乎。She neither knows nor cares what has happened. 1212早期的
11、电影是无声的，你早期的电影是无声的，你既既听听 不到演员的对话，不到演员的对话，也也听不听不 到动作所发出的响声到动作所发出的响声 .Early films were silent: you could Early films were silent: you could neitherneither hear the dialogues between characters, hear the dialogues between characters, nornor the sounds and noises made by the sounds and noises made by act
12、ions. actions. Early films were silent: you could not hear Early films were silent: you could not hear the dialogues between characters, the dialogues between characters, nornor could you hear the sounds and noises could you hear the sounds and noises made by actions.made by actions. 1313并列复句之二：连贯关系
13、并列复句之二：连贯关系 and或或and then表达表达“一一就就”：as soon ashardly/scarcelywhenno soonerthan其它句法关系其它句法关系1414计算机刚一启动，就发现有病毒。计算机刚一启动，就发现有病毒。计算机刚一启动，就发现有病毒。计算机刚一启动，就发现有病毒。 HardlyHardly had the computer started up had the computer started up whenwhen viruses were found.viruses were found.杨小姐郑重地递给我一张名片表示希望和我杨小姐郑重地递给我一
14、张名片表示希望和我杨小姐郑重地递给我一张名片表示希望和我杨小姐郑重地递给我一张名片表示希望和我交个朋友，于是便开始和我低声交谈。交个朋友，于是便开始和我低声交谈。交个朋友，于是便开始和我低声交谈。交个朋友，于是便开始和我低声交谈。Miss Yang, Miss Yang, whowho had presented a business card had presented a business card to me in hopes of making friends with me, to me in hopes of making friends with me, began to con
15、verse with me in a gentle began to converse with me in a gentle voice.voice.1515并列复句之三：递进关系并列复句之三：递进关系 not only but (also)as well1616新建的住宅小区新建的住宅小区新建的住宅小区新建的住宅小区不仅不仅不仅不仅有商业网点、供电供水、有商业网点、供电供水、有商业网点、供电供水、有商业网点、供电供水、垃圾转运等齐全的设备，垃圾转运等齐全的设备，垃圾转运等齐全的设备，垃圾转运等齐全的设备，还还还还有学校、幼儿有学校、幼儿有学校、幼儿有学校、幼儿园、派出所和医疗站。园、派出所
16、和医疗站。园、派出所和医疗站。园、派出所和医疗站。 In the new residential area there are In the new residential area there are not onlynot only commercial networks, water and electricity commercial networks, water and electricity supply systems and garbage removal supply systems and garbage removal service, service, but als
17、obut also schools, kindergartens, schools, kindergartens, police stations and health-care centers.police stations and health-care centers. 1717并列复句之四：选择关系并列复句之四：选择关系 or, eitherorwould rather thanrather thanbetterthan 动词搭配动词搭配 1818不是他没有讲清楚，不是他没有讲清楚， 就是我没有听明白。就是我没有听明白。 Either he did not speak distinct
18、ly or I did not hear well. 我们宁可克服种种困难把这项实验进我们宁可克服种种困难把这项实验进行下去，也不愿放弃不做。行下去，也不愿放弃不做。 We would rather go on with the experiment in adversity than give it up. 1919 主从复句之一：转折让步关系主从复句之一：转折让步关系 只用一个连词或者副词只用一个连词或者副词butthoughalthougheven ifas2020尽管尽管尽管尽管钢铁的性能极好，钢铁的性能极好，钢铁的性能极好，钢铁的性能极好，但是但是但是但是在力的作用下在力的作用下在力
19、的作用下在力的作用下 还是会变形的。还是会变形的。还是会变形的。还是会变形的。 Rigid Rigid asas they are, iron and steel will deform they are, iron and steel will deform under the action of forces. under the action of forces. 中国有几百种地方戏曲，且中国有几百种地方戏曲，且中国有几百种地方戏曲，且中国有几百种地方戏曲，且每一种每一种每一种每一种戏曲在曲调、戏曲在曲调、戏曲在曲调、戏曲在曲调、音乐和方言上均不相同，音乐和方言上均不相同，音乐和方言上均
20、不相同，音乐和方言上均不相同，但但但但在表演形式方在表演形式方在表演形式方在表演形式方面，大多数中国传统戏曲却有很多共同之面，大多数中国传统戏曲却有很多共同之面，大多数中国传统戏曲却有很多共同之面，大多数中国传统戏曲却有很多共同之处。处。处。处。 In China there are hundreds of kinds of local In China there are hundreds of kinds of local operas . operas . Although Although they differ in tone, style they differ in tone,
21、style of music and dialect, they have a lot in of music and dialect, they have a lot in common in the style of acting,.common in the style of acting,. 2121燕燕燕燕子子子子去去去去了了了了，有有有有再再再再来来来来的的的的时时时时候候候候；杨杨杨杨柳柳柳柳枯枯枯枯了了了了，有有有有再再再再青青青青的的的的时时时时候候候候；桃桃桃桃花花花花谢谢谢谢了了了了，有有有有再再再再开开开开的的的的时时时时候候候候。但但但但是是是是，聪聪聪聪明明明明的的
22、的的你你你你，告告告告诉诉诉诉我我我我，我我我我们们们们的的的的日日日日子子子子为为为为什什什什么么么么一一一一去不复返呢？去不复返呢？去不复返呢？去不复返呢？ Swallows Swallows may may have have gone, gone, butbut theres theres a a time time of of coming back; coming back; willow willow trees trees may may have have died, died, butbut theres theres a a time time of returning
23、green; of returning green; peach peach blossoms blossoms may may have have fallen, fallen, butbut theres theres a a time of blooming again. time of blooming again. Now, Now, you, you, the the wise, wise, tell tell me, me, whywhy should should our our days leave us, never to return?days leave us, nev
24、er to return? 2222主从复句之二：假设关系主从复句之二：假设关系 顺承的假设关系顺承的假设关系if逆接的假设关系逆接的假设关系even if2323如果如果没有宇宙飞船，人类就没有宇宙飞船，人类就 不可能飞向太空。不可能飞向太空。 If there had been no spaceships, it would have been impossible for human beings to go to space. 即使即使哥伦布没有发现美州大陆，别人也哥伦布没有发现美州大陆，别人也会发现。会发现。 Even if Columbus had not discovered t
25、he continent of America, somebody else might have. 2424主从复句之三：条件关系主从复句之三：条件关系 onlyif, unless, as/ so long as, if only 或句中某种搭配或句中某种搭配无条件句无条件句no matter howno matter howhowever however / / whatever whatever / / whenever whenever / / whoever whoever 或或或或其其其其它它它它搭搭搭搭配配配配2525只有只有播种，播种，才才有收获。有收获。 One can n
26、ot reap unless he sows.One must sow before he can reap. 他下定决心，他下定决心，不管不管碰到什么碰到什么 困难都要坚持走下去。困难都要坚持走下去。He was determined to hold on whatever difficulties he might run into.2626主从复句之四：因果关系主从复句之四：因果关系 不不成成对对使使用用关关联联词词，根根据据关关联联词语的不同意义，分为两种词语的不同意义，分为两种表原因为主表原因为主because, as, for, sincebecause, as, for, sin
27、ce表结果为主表结果为主so, so, and and therefore, therefore, hence, hence, so so that, that, thus, thus, sothat, sothat, such such thatthat2727复杂的计算我们可以用计算机进行，复杂的计算我们可以用计算机进行，复杂的计算我们可以用计算机进行，复杂的计算我们可以用计算机进行，因为因为因为因为它能它能它能它能迅速地求出准确的解答。迅速地求出准确的解答。迅速地求出准确的解答。迅速地求出准确的解答。 For complicated calculations we can use a F
28、or complicated calculations we can use a computer, computer, becausebecause it quickly gives us an it quickly gives us an exact solution. exact solution. 中国拥有丰富的物质财富和精神财富，中国拥有丰富的物质财富和精神财富，中国拥有丰富的物质财富和精神财富，中国拥有丰富的物质财富和精神财富，因而因而因而因而注注注注定要在国际事物中发挥决定性作用。定要在国际事物中发挥决定性作用。定要在国际事物中发挥决定性作用。定要在国际事物中发挥决定性作用。 C
29、hina abounds in material and spiritual China abounds in material and spiritual resources; therefore it is destined to play a resources; therefore it is destined to play a decisive role in international affairs. decisive role in international affairs. 2828那对年轻夫妇当时非常穷，买那对年轻夫妇当时非常穷，买 不起价钱如此昂贵的沙发。不起价钱如此
30、昂贵的沙发。 The young couple were so poor that they could not afford such an expensive sofa.这附近有许多大的工厂，这附近有许多大的工厂，所以所以空气受到空气受到烟尘的严重污染。烟尘的严重污染。 There stand so many big factories nearby that air is seriously polluted by smoke. 2929主从复句之五：目的关系主从复句之五：目的关系 so that, in order that, to the end that, in case, les
31、t动动词词不不定定式式短短语语和和介介词词短短语语：so as (not) to, in order (not) to, with the aim of 其它从句关系其它从句关系3030卫星必须加速，卫星必须加速，卫星必须加速，卫星必须加速，以便以便以便以便在它开始绕地球运行时在它开始绕地球运行时在它开始绕地球运行时在它开始绕地球运行时可以获得足够快的速度来抵消地球的引可以获得足够快的速度来抵消地球的引可以获得足够快的速度来抵消地球的引可以获得足够快的速度来抵消地球的引力。力。力。力。 A satellite must accelerate A satellite must accelerat
32、e so thatso that it may go it may go fast enough to balance the force of fast enough to balance the force of gravity when it starts going around the gravity when it starts going around the earth.earth.他每天去上班之前总是仔细地检查车胎，他每天去上班之前总是仔细地检查车胎，他每天去上班之前总是仔细地检查车胎，他每天去上班之前总是仔细地检查车胎，以以以以防防防防路上漏气。路上漏气。路上漏气。路上漏气
33、。 He always examines the tires carefully before He always examines the tires carefully before going to work every day going to work every day lestlest they should they should go flat on the way.go flat on the way. 3131车要放在存放处，车要放在存放处，以免以免影响交通。影响交通。 Cars should be left at parking lots so as not to bl
34、ock the traffic. 他计划组织一次讲座，他计划组织一次讲座，好好让我们对美国让我们对美国的金融市场体系有个大概的了解。的金融市场体系有个大概的了解。 He is planning to organize a lecture that will provide us with a general understanding of the US financial market system. 3232Practice 他不去我去。他不去我去。他不去我去。他不去我去。I would like to go if he doesnt go.I would like to go if he
35、 doesnt go.他不去我才去。他不去我才去。他不去我才去。他不去我才去。Id go there only if he doesnt.Id go there only if he doesnt.他不去我也不去。他不去我也不去。他不去我也不去。他不去我也不去。I would not like to go unless he goes.I would not like to go unless he goes.他不去我也去。他不去我也去。他不去我也去。他不去我也去。Id go there even if he doesnt go with Id go there even if he does
36、nt go with me.me.他去不去我都去。他去不去我都去。他去不去我都去。他去不去我都去。Id go whether or not he goes.Id go whether or not he goes.3333人穷志短。人穷志短。When a man is poor his ambition is not far-reaching.人穷志不短。人穷志不短。Though one is poor, he has high aspirations.人不犯我，我不犯人。人不犯我，我不犯人。We will not attack unless we are attacked.人若犯我，我必犯人
37、。人若犯我，我必犯人。We will counterattack once we are attacked.3434有时候，在工作中重要的倒是能否处理有时候，在工作中重要的倒是能否处理好人际关系而不是有多大的才能。好人际关系而不是有多大的才能。Sometimes it is interpersonal skills rather than professional skills that really counts in your career.这就是为什么许多平平庸庸的公司雇员这就是为什么许多平平庸庸的公司雇员在大调整中保住了位置，而有才能的人在大调整中保住了位置，而有才能的人反而下岗。反而
38、下岗。That is why many mediocre employees survive violent corporate upheavals while people of great talent are being laid off.3535人人人人际际际际关关关关系系系系就就就就是是是是一一一一种种种种善善善善于于于于听听听听取取取取别别别别人人人人意意意意见见见见，体体体体察察察察别别别别人人人人的的的的需需需需要要要要，虚虚虚虚心心心心接接接接受受受受批批批批评评评评的的的的能能能能力力力力。善善善善于于于于处处处处理理理理人人人人际际际际关关关关系系系系的的的的人人人人敢敢
39、敢敢于于于于承承承承认认认认错错错错误误误误，敢敢敢敢于于于于承承承承担担担担自自自自己己己己的的的的责责责责任任任任，这这这这是是是是对对对对待待待待错错错错误误误误的的的的一一一一种种种种成成成成熟熟熟熟和和和和负负负负责责责责任任任任的的的的态态态态度度度度。这这这这就就就就是是是是为为为为什什什什么么么么许许许许多多多多平平平平平平平平庸庸庸庸庸庸庸庸的的的的公公公公司司司司雇雇雇雇员员员员在在在在大大大大调调调调整整整整中中中中保保保保住住住住了了了了位位位位置置置置，而而而而有有有有才才才才能能能能的的的的人人人人反反反反而而而而下下下下岗岗岗岗。因因因因为为为为他他他他们们们们很
40、很很很注注注注意意意意处处处处理理理理各各各各方方方方面面面面的的的的关关关关系系系系，所所所所以以以以八八八八面面面面玲玲玲玲珑珑珑珑，到到到到处处处处有有有有缘缘缘缘。而而而而人人人人际际际际关关关关系系系系差差差差的的的的人人人人往往往往往往往往不不不不能能能能处处处处理理理理好好好好批批批批评评评评。碰碰碰碰到到到到错错错错误误误误，他他他他们们们们首首首首先先先先想想想想到到到到自自自自己己己己，拒拒拒拒不不不不承承承承认认认认自自自自己己己己有有有有错错错错，或或或或情情情情绪绪绪绪低低低低落落落落或或或或大大大大发发发发雷雷雷雷霆霆霆霆，成成成成为为为为有有有有刺刺刺刺的的的的人
41、人人人，难难难难以以以以相处。相处。相处。相处。3636Interpersonal skills are nothing but the ability to Interpersonal skills are nothing but the ability to be good listener, to be sensitive toward others be good listener, to be sensitive toward others needs, to take criticism well. People with skill in needs, to take criti
42、cism well. People with skill in social relations admit their mistakes, and take social relations admit their mistakes, and take their share of blame, which is a mature and their share of blame, which is a mature and responsible way to handle an error. That is why responsible way to handle an error.
43、That is why many mediocre employees survive violent many mediocre employees survive violent corporate upheavals while people of great talent corporate upheavals while people of great talent are being laid off. Sensitive in their dealing with are being laid off. Sensitive in their dealing with others
44、, they are well liked everywhere. People others, they are well liked everywhere. People with poor interpersonal skills have trouble with poor interpersonal skills have trouble taking criticism. When confronted with a taking criticism. When confronted with a mistake, they let their ego get in the way. They mistake, they let their ego get in the way. They deny responsibility and became moody or angry. deny responsibility and became moody or angry. They mark themselves as “prickly”.They mark themselves as “prickly”.3737吃饭啦！3838
