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1、英语句子类型第1页，共88页。英语句子可分为：简单句并列句复杂/合句 名词性从句状语从句定语从句主语从句 表语从句 宾语从句 同位语从句（时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步等）第2页，共88页。第3页，共88页。简单句的基本词序简单句的基本词序主语主语动词部分动词部分宾语宾语状语状语（谓语）（谓语）(方式方式/地点地点/时间时间)I bought a hat yesterday.The children ran home.We ate our meal in silence.The car stopped suddenly.第4页，共88页。并列句并列句由并列连词把两个或两个以上的
2、简单句连接起来的句子叫并列句。常见分类：1表示同等、平行或承接关系，常用连词有and，both.and.，notonly.butalso.，neither.nor.，aswellas等。Hehelpsmeandhealsohelpsothers.Shenotonlygaveusalotofadvice,butalsohelpedustoovercomedifficulties.2表示转折关系，常用连词有but，however,yet（然而），while（而）等。Heisyoung,butheworkshard.Sheistall,whilehereldersisterisshort.第5页，共
3、88页。并列句3表示选择关系，常见连词有or，not.but（不是而是），either.or.（要么要么）等。Hurryup,orwellbelate.EitheryoucometomyhomeorIgettoyours.4表示因果关系，常见连词有as，for（因为），so等Mikedidntcometoschool,forhewasill.Heworkshard,soheisatopstudentofclass.第6页，共88页。复杂句/复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。名词性从句状语从句定语从句主语从句 表语从句 宾语从句 同位语从句复合句第7页，共88页。状语从句时间:Ever
4、ybodywasassignedajobassoonastheyleftuniversity.地点:Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.方式:YoumustdotheexercisesasIshowyou.原因:Sincethespeakercantcome,wellhavetocancelthemeeting.结果:Hewasveryangry,sothathelefttheroomwithoutsayingaword.目的:Theteachermustspeakclearlysothathisstudentscanunderstandwell.条件:Provided
5、(that)hewinsthesupportoftheminoritygroups,hewillbeabletowintheelection.让步:Richasheis,Mr.Johnsonisbynomeansahappyman.第8页，共88页。定语从句英语中的定语是一个词时，放在被修饰词的前面，a beautiful girl a lovely boy （形容词作定语）定语是两个以上的词组、短语或从句则放在被修饰词的后面，如： She is the girl in red. （介词短语作定语）The lady carried a bag full of money. （形容词短语作定语）
6、 He is the man who you are looking for. （定语从句作定语）放在名词或代词名词或代词后面，由关系代词或关系副词关系代词或关系副词引导的修饰该名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词先行词。第9页，共88页。HarryPorterisaboywhohasmagicpower.先行词先行词关系词关系词定语从句定语从句关系关系代词代词关系关系副词副词that，which,who,whom,whosewhere,when，why第10页，共88页。先行词和关系词的关系先行词和关系词的关系1.Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.2.T
7、heboywhobrokethewindowiscalledTom.3.Theboywhoseparentsaredeadwasbroughtupbyhisgrandfather.4.TheschoolwhereIstudyisfarfrommyhome.a machine = thatthe boy =whothe boys =whosein the school = where关系代词实际上是先行词的复指关系代词实际上是先行词的复指关系词关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格实际上是先行词的所有格关系副词实际上是介词先行词关系副词实际上是介词先行词第11页，共88页。Join the fo
8、llowing sentences into one:A plane is a machine. The machine can fly.关系代词的实质关系代词的实质第12页，共88页。Join the following sentences:A plane is a machine. The machine can fly.A plane is can fly.关系代词的实质关系代词的实质a machinethe machine第13页，共88页。Join the following sentences:A plane is a machine. The machine can fly.A
9、plane is can fly.关系代词的实质关系代词的实质a machinethat /which第14页，共88页。关系代词的实质关系代词的实质Join the following sentences:The girl is Mary. We saw her yesterday. 第15页，共88页。关系代词的实质关系代词的实质Join the following sentences:The girl is Mary. We saw her yesterday. we saw yesterday is Mary.herThe girl第16页，共88页。关系代词的实质关系代词的实质Joi
10、n the following sentences:The girl is Mary. We saw her yesterday. we saw yesterday is Mary.herThe girl第17页，共88页。关系代词的实质关系代词的实质Join the following sentences:The girl is Mary. We saw her yesterday. we saw yesterday is Mary.that/who/whomThe girl第18页，共88页。关系代词的基本用法关系关系代词代词指代指代在定语从句中所充当的在定语从句中所充当的成分成分人人物物
11、句子句子主语主语宾语宾语定语定语whowhomwhichthatwhose第19页，共88页。关系副词的基本用法关系副词关系副词指代指代所充当的句子成分所充当的句子成分whenwherewhytimeplacereason时间状语时间状语地点状语地点状语原因状语原因状语第20页，共88页。主语宾语定语宾语指出关系代词在定语从句中的成份：指出关系代词在定语从句中的成份：1.The man who came to our school is Mr. Wang. ( )2.The girl (whom) I met is Lucy. ( )3.A child whose parents are de
12、ad is called Tom. ( )4.I like the book (which) you bought yesterday. ( ) 第21页，共88页。定定语语从从句句限制性定语从句限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句第22页，共88页。区别限制性定语从句：不用逗号与主句隔开，是先行词不可缺少的定语，删去后原句句意不完整。非限制性定语从句：用逗号与主句隔开，对先行词进行补充说明，删去后原句句意仍然完整。对比以下两句话：Hissisterwhoisnowadoctoralwaysencourageshimtogotocollege.Hissister,whoisnowad
13、octor,alwaysencourageshimtogotocollege.第23页，共88页。(1)(1)which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略作宾语时，可省略。Thesearethetreeswhichwereplantedlastyear.Thisrecorder（which）heisusingismadeinJapan.which关系词的具体用法关系词的具体用法第24页，共88页。Heistheman(that)Itoldyouabout.(2)(2)that指人或物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。指人或物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作
14、宾语时，可省略作宾语时，可省略。Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.that注意：当关系代词前有介词时，不能用注意：当关系代词前有介词时，不能用thatThisistheschoolaboutwhich wearetalking.第25页，共88页。（3）who 和和whom 的用法举例：的用法举例：Who, whom只能指人只能指人做主语：用做主语：用who或或thatTheteacherwhogotsicklastweekhascomebacktoschool.注意：注意：注意：注意：有介词在关有介词在关有介词在关有介词在关系代词前时，只能系代词前时，只能系代词前时，只能
15、系代词前时，只能用用用用whomwhom做宾语：可用做宾语：可用who,whom,that或省略或省略Theman(who/whom/that)youmetyesterdayisanactor.Thetallman(who/whom/that)youjusttalkedtoismyuncle.Thetallmantowhomyoujusttalkedismyuncle.第26页，共88页。(4)Whose(4)Whose的用法的用法关系代词whose表示“的”，是关系代词who、which的所有格，因此既可指人，也可指物。在从句中，whose作定语修饰名词，被修饰词可以是从句的主语、宾语或介词
16、宾语。They cleaned the house whose windows face south. He is the boy whose pen I borrowed yesterday. The gentleman, with whose daughter I worked, looked down upon women. 第27页，共88页。The house whose window is broken is mine. whose=the houses (window)The house is mine.the window of which is brokenof which
17、the window is brokenWhoseWhose与与whichwhich的换用的换用: :结论：结论：结论：结论：WhoseWhose指物时，指物时，指物时，指物时，“ “whose+whose+名词名词名词名词” ”相当于相当于相当于相当于“ “限定词限定词限定词限定词+ +名词名词名词名词+of+which”+of+which”或或或或“ “of+which+of+which+限定词限定词限定词限定词+ +名词名词名词名词” ”第28页，共88页。When表时间Do you remember the day when we left you in charge?I rememb
18、er the time when Eric won the speech competition.（5）when的用法举例：的用法举例：第29页，共88页。Icanneverforgettheyearof2003whenIgotmypostgraduatedegree.试比较：试比较：Icanneverforgettheyearof2003(that/which)Ispentinasmallvillage.注意：要对从句注意：要对从句注意：要对从句注意：要对从句做成分分析！做成分分析！做成分分析！做成分分析！结论：如果从句中缺少主语或宾语，则用结论：如果从句中缺少主语或宾语，则用结论：如果从句
19、中缺少主语或宾语，则用结论：如果从句中缺少主语或宾语，则用which/thatwhich/that。如果从句中不缺主语或宾语，则用如果从句中不缺主语或宾语，则用如果从句中不缺主语或宾语，则用如果从句中不缺主语或宾语，则用when.when.第30页，共88页。Where表地点Shanghai is the city where he was born.This is not a family where bad behavior goes unpunished.（6）where的用法举例：的用法举例：第31页，共88页。Thesmallhousewhereshegavebirthtoherso
20、nwasburntdownyesterday.试比较：试比较：Thesmallhousewhichwasleftbyherfatherwasburntdownyesterday.注意：要对从句注意：要对从句注意：要对从句注意：要对从句做成分分析！做成分分析！做成分分析！做成分分析！结论：如果从句中缺少主语或宾语，则用结论：如果从句中缺少主语或宾语，则用结论：如果从句中缺少主语或宾语，则用结论：如果从句中缺少主语或宾语，则用which/thatwhich/that。如果从句中不缺主语或宾语，则用如果从句中不缺主语或宾语，则用如果从句中不缺主语或宾语，则用如果从句中不缺主语或宾语，则用where.
21、where.第32页，共88页。（7）why的用法举例：的用法举例：Why表原因I dont know the reason why the house is so dirty.I wont listen to the reason why you didnt do your homework.第33页，共88页。ThisisthereasonwhyIwaslate.试比较：试比较：Thisisthereason(that/which)yougavetome.注意：要对从句做注意：要对从句做注意：要对从句做注意：要对从句做成分分析！成分分析！成分分析！成分分析！结论：结论：结论：结论：whyw
22、hy的先行词一定是的先行词一定是的先行词一定是的先行词一定是 thereason,thereason,但但但但thereasonthereason的关系词不一定是的关系词不一定是的关系词不一定是的关系词不一定是 whywhy。第34页，共88页。关系代词的用法注意点关系代词的用法注意点一、一、that和和which都可以指物，都可以指物，that和和who都能指都能指人，但以下人，但以下6种情况种情况只能用只能用that不能用不能用which/who。(1)当先行词中当先行词中有人又有物有人又有物时。如：时。如：Doyouknowthethingsandpersonsthattheyareta
23、lkingabout?2.关系代词用法注意点(1)只能用that不能用which的5种情况第35页，共88页。(2)当先行词为当先行词为anything,everything,nothing,something,few,all,none,little或者是由或者是由any,every,some,all,no,little,few,much修饰时。如：修饰时。如：ThisisallthatIwantfromtheschool.(3)当先行词被当先行词被theonly,thevery,thelast,thenext等修饰时。如：等修饰时。如：ThisistheverybookthatIamlook
24、ingforthesedays.Heistheonlymanthat I want to see beforeIdie.第36页，共88页。(4)当先行词被当先行词被最高级最高级修饰时。如：修饰时。如：TheTVtoweristhehighestbuildingthathasbeenbuiltinthiscity.(5)当先行词被当先行词被序数词序数词修饰时。如：修饰时。如：ThefirstlessonthatIlearnedwillneverbeforgotten.(6)当先行词前面有当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词等疑问代词时。如：时。如：whoisthemanthatissta
25、ndingthere?Whichisthehotelthatwasrecommended?第37页，共88页。关系代词的用法注意点关系代词的用法注意点二、二、that和和which都可以指物，但以下都可以指物，但以下2种情况种情况只只能用能用which不能用不能用that:(1)在在非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句中。如：中。如：English,whichisbecomingverypopularinourcountry,islearnedbymoreandmorepeople.2.关系代词用法注意点(1)只能用that不能用which的5种情况第38页，共88页。(2)当关系代词前面有当关系
26、代词前面有介词介词时，如：时，如：Azooisaparkinwhichmaykindsofanimalsarekeptforexhibition.ThisistheroominwhichIlivedwhenIwasyoung.第39页，共88页。关系代词与关系副词When,where,why可被“介词+which”替换Doyourememberthedaywhenweleftyouincharge?Doyourememberthedayonwhichweleftyouincharge?Shanghaiisthecitywherehewasborn.Shanghaiisthecityinwhic
27、hhewasborn.Idontknowthereasonwhythehouseissodirty.Idontknowthereasonfor whichthehouseissodirty.第40页，共88页。先行词为way或time的定语从句先行词是way（方式、方法），且关系词在从句中作状语时，关系词用that,inwhich或省略：Idontliketheway(that/inwhich)helaughsather.先行词是time，若表示“次数”则用that引导定语从句：ItisthefirsttimethatthePresidenthasvisitedourcountry.第41页，
28、共88页。一、一、as引导限制性定语从句引导限制性定语从句主要固定结构有：主要固定结构有：thesameassuchasasassoas主句中出现主句中出现thesame,as,such,so修饰先行词，需选择修饰先行词，需选择as做关系代词在定做关系代词在定语从句中做主语或宾语。语从句中做主语或宾语。特殊的关系代词特殊的关系代词asas的用法的用法1.Itsthesamebookaswewantedtofindyesterday.这和我们昨天要找的那本书是一样的。这和我们昨天要找的那本书是一样的。2.SuchgirlsasheknowsaregoodatEnglish.他所认识的女孩都擅长英
29、语。他所认识的女孩都擅长英语。3.Doyouhavesuchbooksaswelike?你有我们喜欢的那种书吗？你有我们喜欢的那种书吗？4.Thereissowarmahouseaswewanttolivein.这里有如此暖和的房子，我们都想住在里面。这里有如此暖和的房子，我们都想住在里面。5.Hehassodifficultaproblem,asnoneofuscansolve.他有如此难的一个问题，我们没有人能解决。他有如此难的一个问题，我们没有人能解决。第42页，共88页。二、引导非限制性定语从句二、引导非限制性定语从句as引导非限制性定语从句，意为引导非限制性定语从句，意为“正如正如”
30、“就像就像”“据据”ashasbeensaidabove如上所说如上所说asanybodycansee正像每个人所看到的那样正像每个人所看到的那样aswehadexpected正如我们所预料的那样正如我们所预料的那样第43页，共88页。as引导非限制性定语从句引导非限制性定语从句指代整个主句内容指代整个主句内容，从句可置于句，从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，但首，句中或句尾，但由由which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句后句后。1.Aseveryoneknows,Chinaisabeautifulcountrywithalonghistory.每个人都知道，中国
31、是一个有着悠久历史的美丽国家。每个人都知道，中国是一个有着悠久历史的美丽国家。2.Theearth,asweknow,movesroundthesun.我们都知道，地球围着太阳转。我们都知道，地球围着太阳转。3.Tomworkshardandiswillingtohelpothers,as/whichweallknow.汤母工作努力，并且乐于助人，这一点我们都知道汤母工作努力，并且乐于助人，这一点我们都知道第44页，共88页。as引导定语从句引导定语从句不是指代主句的整句话不是指代主句的整句话时，如果运时，如果运用的是用的是被动语态被动语态，be动词可省略动词可省略，即，即“as+过去分词过去
32、分词”，但但which没有这种用法。没有这种用法。Herepeatsthatheistellingthestoryasseenbyhimselfatthetime.Ihopealltheprecautionsagainstairpollution,assuggestedbythelocalgovernment,willbeseriouslyconsideredhere.第45页，共88页。特殊的关系代词but的用法but可被看作关系代词，引导定语从句，在句中作主语，在意义上相当于who/which/thatnot，即用在否定词或具有否定意义的词后，构成双重否定。1.Thereisnomothe
33、rbutlovesherchildren=Thereisnomotherwhodoesntloveherchildren.没有不爱自己孩子的母亲。2.ThereisnoruleinEnglishbuthasexceptions.=ThereisnoruleinEnglishthatdoesnothaveexceptions.英语中没有无例外的规则。第46页，共88页。特殊的关系代词than的用法than作关系代词时，一般用在形式为比较级的复合句中，其结构为形容词比较级than从句，than在从句中作主语或宾语，相当于that，代表它前面的先行词。在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词单复数形式与先行
34、词保持一致。1.Weoftenadvisehimnottodrinkmorewinethanisgoodforhishealth.(than在从句中作主语）我们经常劝他为了身体健康不要喝过量的酒。2.Hesmokedmorecigarettesthanhebought. (than在从句中作宾语）他吸的香烟比他买的要多。3.Hesmokedfewercigarettesthanwerenormallyavailable.(than在从句中作主语）他吸的香烟比他弄到的要少。第47页，共88页。名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses）名词从句的功能相当于名词词组
35、, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等第48页，共88页。Point out the function of each noun in the following sentences: 1.The world loves nature. 2.Knowledge is power .3.We Chinese are peace-loving.subjectobjectpredicativesubjectsubjectsubjectappositionpredicative第49页，共88页。名名词性从句在功能上相当于名性从句在功能上相当于名词主语主语 Hisjobisimportant
36、.Whathedoesisimportant.表语表语Thisishisjob.Thisiswhathedoeseveryday. 第50页，共88页。宾语宾语 Idontlikehisjob.Idontlikewhathedoeseveryday.同位语同位语 Idontknowabouttheman,Mr.White.Idontknowaboutthefactthatheisateacher.第51页，共88页。 名词性从句 noun clause 主语从句subject clause 宾语从句object clause 表语从句predicative clause 同位语从句apposi
37、tive clause根据从句在主句中语法功能的不同分为根据从句在主句中语法功能的不同分为：第52页，共88页。引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：连接词：连接词：that,whether,if（不充当从句的任何成分，that只在宾语从句中的某些情况下可省略，在其他从句中都不可省略）连接代词：连接代词：what,who,whom,whose,which连接副词：连接副词：when,where,how,why以及由它们加ever构成的词如：whatever,whomever,whenever,however还有所有带how的词组如：howoften,howmany
38、,howfar,howmuch第53页，共88页。主主语从句从句在复合句中作主句的主在复合句中作主句的主语.引引导词有有连词that (that不可不可省省),whether; 代代词有有who, what ,which;副副词 when ,where, how, why 等等.如如:1.That he is a famous singer is known to us.2.When he will go to America is not yet fixed.第54页，共88页。It It 作形式主语作形式主语为了避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语
39、，但主语从句的连接词没有变化。That he is a famous singer is known to us.(It is known to us that he is a famous singer.)When he will go to America is not yet fixed.(It is not yet fixed when he will go to America.)第55页，共88页。1.It + be + 形容词 that从句It is necessary / important/ obvious thate.g.: It is certain that she w
40、ill come here tomorrow.2.It + be + -ed分词 that从句It is reported that 据报道It is known to us all that . 众所周知It has been decided that 已经决定e.g.: It is said that Mr. Bill has arrived in Shanghai.it作形式主语的常见结构注意：以下结构中谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should)+do”：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that It is sugges
41、ted (requested, proposed, desired, ordered, etc.) thate.g.:Itisnecessarythatwe(should)getupearly.Itisrequestedthatwe(should)bequietinthehospital.第56页，共88页。3.It + be + 名词 that从句It is common knowledge that 是常识It is a surprise that . 令人惊奇的是It is a fact that 事实是It is no wonder that 难怪.e.g.: It is a pity
42、 that we cant go to Beijing with you.4.It + 不及物动词 that从句It seems/appears that 似乎It happens that . 碰巧It occurred to me that 我突然想起e.g.: It happened that I was out that day.第57页，共88页。1).主语从句一律用陈述句语序主语从句一律用陈述句语序,即主语在前即主语在前,谓语在后谓语在后.例例:误误:Whenwillhecomeisnotknown.2).连接词连接词that在主语从句中无实际意义在主语从句中无实际意义,但不能省略
43、但不能省略.例例:误误:Hewillnotcometothemeetingthiseveningistrue.正正:Whenhewillcomeisnotknown.正正:Thathewillnotcometothemeetingthiseveningistrue. 主语从句中语序与主语从句中语序与that的省略：的省略：注意注意第58页，共88页。 主语从句中的主语从句中的“主谓一致主谓一致”：3).主语从句通常被看作一个整体主语从句通常被看作一个整体,主句的谓语动词用单数形式主句的谓语动词用单数形式.That they will come _certain.4).What引导主语从句时引导
44、主语从句时,主句谓语动词的单复数由表语的单主句谓语动词的单复数由表语的单复数决定复数决定.What he wants _these books.What he wants _some water.注意注意isareis第59页，共88页。We believe (that) he is honest.We told him why we came back.Everyone knew what happened and that she was worried. 宾语从句宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语在复合句中作主句的宾语.引导词有连词引导词有连词that(that 常可常可省略省略),whet
45、her,if;代词有代词有who,what,which;副词副词when,where,how,why等等.如如:第60页，共88页。一、连接词（引导词）一、连接词（引导词）1.当宾语从句是陈述句时（包括肯定句和否定句），连接词由that引导，因为that在从句中不作任何成分，也没有任何具体意思，因此在口语或非正式文体中常省略vLinTaofeels(that)hisownteamisevenbetter.vShesays(that)shewonttakepartinthesportsmeetingnextSunday.vJimthought(that)thetrainwaslikeabigmo
46、vingparty.第61页，共88页。宾语从句中的从句中的连接接词that在以下三种情况下不能省略：在以下三种情况下不能省略：（1）当）当that 从句与另一名从句与另一名词性从句并列作性从句并列作宾语时，第，第2个个that不能省；不能省；He said (that)he would go there the next day and that his family wouldnt go there.（2）当）当that作介作介词宾语时，that不可省掉不可省掉The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do.（3）用）
47、用it做形式做形式宾语的的宾语从句从句I think it necessary that you should read English aloud.第62页，共88页。在主句为动词be加某些形容词（如sorry, sure, afraid, glad等）作表语时，后面所跟的省略that的从句也可算是宾语从句vIm sorry (that) I dont know .vWere sure (that) our team will win .vIm afraid (that) he wont pass the exam .第63页，共88页。2. 当宾语从句是一般疑问句时，由连词whether或
48、if引导（口语中常用if），因为if/whether翻译成：“是否”，具有一定的意义，所以不能省略vLily wanted to know if /whether her grandma liked the handbag .vLets see if /whether we can find out some information about that city .vShe asked me if /whether she could borrow these books .第64页，共88页。whether与与if的辨用的辨用表“是否”时，在下列情况下用whether。1.主语从句、表语从
49、句中e.g.: Whether she will come is still a question. The question is whether she will come.2. Whether置于句首，不能换成if:e.g.: Whether this is true, I cant say.3. 介词后的宾语从句:e.g.:IworryaboutwhetherIhurtherfeeling.第65页，共88页。whether与与if的辨用的辨用4. 在不定式前用whether:e.g.: He hasnt decided whether to go by bus or by train
50、.5. whether or not 连在一起引导宾语从句时不用if: e.g.: IdontknowwhetherornotIwillstay.6.若用if会引起歧义时，则用whether：e.g.：Pleaseletmeknowifyoulikethebook.此句可理解为：(1)Pleaseletmeknowwhetheryoulikethebook.(2)Ifyoulikethebook,pleaseletmeknow.第66页，共88页。3.当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时，由连接代词（what, who, whom, which, whose）或连接副词（when, where, how,
51、 why）引导，因为连接代词或连接副词在从句中担任一定的句子成分，具有一定的意义，所以不可以省略vDoyouknowwhathesaidjustnow?vIdontrememberwhenwearrived.vIaskedhimwhereIcouldgetsomuchmoney.vPleasetellmewho(whom)wehavetosee.vDoyouknowwhattimetheplaneleaves?第67页，共88页。二、时态二、时态1. 1. 1. 1. 如果主句是现在的时态如果主句是现在的时态如果主句是现在的时态如果主句是现在的时态 （包括一般现在时（包括一般现在时（包括一般现
52、在时（包括一般现在时 ， 现在进行时，现在完成时），从句的时态可根现在进行时，现在完成时），从句的时态可根现在进行时，现在完成时），从句的时态可根现在进行时，现在完成时），从句的时态可根 据实际情况而定，（包括一般现在时，一般过据实际情况而定，（包括一般现在时，一般过据实际情况而定，（包括一般现在时，一般过据实际情况而定，（包括一般现在时，一般过 去时，一般将来时，现在完成时等）去时，一般将来时，现在完成时等）去时，一般将来时，现在完成时等）去时，一般将来时，现在完成时等）I know (that) he studies English every day. I know (that) he
53、studied English last term. I know (that) he will study English next year. I know (that) he has studied English since 1998. 第68页，共88页。2.2.如如如如果果果果主主主主句句句句是是是是过过过过去去去去的的的的时时时时态态态态（包包包包括括括括一一一一般般般般过过过过去去去去时时时时，过过过过去去去去进进进进行行行行时时时时），那那那那么么么么从从从从句句句句的的的的时时时时态态态态一一一一定定定定要要要要用用用用相相相相对对对对应应应应的的的的过过过过去去去去的的的
54、的某某某某种种种种时时时时态态态态（包包包包括括括括一一一一般般般般过过过过去去去去时时时时，过过过过去去去去进进进进行行行行时时时时，过去将来时，过去将来时，过去将来时，过去将来时， 过去完成时）过去完成时）过去完成时）过去完成时）vvI knew who lived here. I knew who lived here. vvI saw she was talking with her mother. I saw she was talking with her mother. vvHe asked whether his father would come backHe asked w
55、hether his father would come back tomorrow. tomorrow. vvHe said that he had seen it .He said that he had seen it .第69页，共88页。3.3.3.3.当从句是客观真理，定义，公理，定理当从句是客观真理，定义，公理，定理当从句是客观真理，定义，公理，定理当从句是客观真理，定义，公理，定理 时用一般现在时。时用一般现在时。vThe teacher said that the earth travels around the sun . around the sun .第70页，共88页
56、。三、语序三、语序宾语从句的语序用陈述语序：宾语从句的语序用陈述语序：连接词连接词+ +主语主语+ +谓语谓语+ +其他成分其他成分1.Whenwillhegotothelibrary?Hisbrotheraskswhenhewillgotothelibrary.Hisbrotheraskswhenwillhegotothelibrary.2.Whatdoeshewanttobuy?Idontknowwhathewantstobuy.Idontknowwhatdoeshewanttobuy. 第71页，共88页。四、否定四、否定转移移think, believe, imagine, suppo
57、se等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。我们认为你不在这。We dont think you are here.我相信他不会这样做。I dont believe he will do so. 第72页，共88页。五、五、it it 作形式作形式宾语it常可以放在动词think, find, consider, believe, feel, make等后作为形式宾语:vWethoughtitgoodnewsthatthefoghadfinallygone.vWethinkitourdutythatweshouldhelpothers.v
58、Ifinditimpossiblethathecanfinishthework第73页，共88页。表语从句表语从句在复合句中作主句的表语在复合句中作主句的表语.引导词有连词引导词有连词that(that 不可省不可省),whether;代词有代词有who,what,which;副词副词when,where,how,why等等.如如:The problem is that we didnt get in touch with him.This is how Henry solved the problem. His suggestion is that we (should) finish th
59、e work at once.如果句子的主语是如果句子的主语是suggestion,advice.order等表示命令、建议等意思等表示命令、建议等意思名词时名词时,后面引导的表语从句用后面引导的表语从句用(should)+动词原形动词原形.第74页，共88页。注意：1.除了上述词外，连词because, as if/as though等也可以引导表语从句：It looked as if it was going to snow.It seems as though he didnt know the answer.Thats because we never thought of it.2.
60、 主语reason常用的表语从句引导词为that，而不是because:The reason why he was late is that he had a traffic accident.第75页，共88页。同位语从句同位语从句在句中起同位语的作用在句中起同位语的作用.一般放在名词一般放在名词fact,news,idea,promise,thought,suggestion等之后等之后,用以说明或解释用以说明或解释前面的名词前面的名词.引导词有引导词有that,whether及及how,when,where等等（if和和which不能引导不能引导）1.Thethoughtthatwemi
61、ghtsucceedexcitedus.2.Theproblemwhetherheshouldcontinueisunsolved.3.Ihavenoideawhenhewillcomeback.4.Thesuggestionthattheplan(should)bedelayedwillbediscussedtomorrow.名词名词suggestion,advice.order等词后的同位语从句的谓语动词等词后的同位语从句的谓语动词要用要用(should)+动词原形动词原形.第76页，共88页。注注:1.1.同 位语从句多用that 引导2. 2. 在在have no idea 之后常用之
62、后常用wh-引导同位语从句引导同位语从句.I have no idea where he has gone.I have no idea when he did it.I have no idea what he did.第77页，共88页。1.Two thirds of all girls in Britain are on a diet./ The fact worries their parents and teachers a lot.2.The Queen of England was on a three-day visit in China./ We heard the news
63、 last night._ Thefact that twothirdsofallgirlsareonadiet worries their parents and teachers a lot._We heard thenews last night that theQueenofEnglandwasonathree-dayvisitinChina.第78页，共88页。4.Time travel is possible./ There is no scientific proof for the idea.5.Chinese students should be given more fre
64、e time./ The suggestion is welcomed by many people, especially kids in school.3.Teenagers should not spend too much time online./ Many British parents hold the view._Many British parents hold theview that teenagersshouldntspendtoomuchtimeonline._There is no scientific proof for theidea that timetrav
65、elispossible._Thesuggestion that Chinesestudents(should)begivenmorefreetime is welcomed by many people, especially kids in school.第79页，共88页。同位语从句与定语从句的相似之处1、两种从句都可以译成定语、两种从句都可以译成定语e.g.The news that our team has won the final matchis encouraging. （同位语从句）我们队取得决赛胜利的我们队取得决赛胜利的消息令人鼓舞。消息令人鼓舞。The news that
66、 you told us is really encouraging.（定语从句）你告诉我们的你告诉我们的消息真的令人鼓舞。消息真的令人鼓舞。第80页，共88页。 2、两种从句都可以用、两种从句都可以用that引导引导e.g.Thesuggestion that students should learn something practical isworthconsidering. （同位语从句）（同位语从句）学生应该学些实用的东西的学生应该学些实用的东西的建议值得考虑。建议值得考虑。The suggestion that is worth considering is that the s
67、tudents should learn something practical.（定语从句）（定语从句）值得考虑的值得考虑的建议是学生应该学些实用的东西。建议是学生应该学些实用的东西。第81页，共88页。同位语从句与定语从句的不同之处1 1、从句的作用不同：同位语从句用来进一步、从句的作用不同：同位语从句用来进一步 说明前面名词的内容；定语从句用来修饰、说明前面名词的内容；定语从句用来修饰、 限定前面的名词。限定前面的名词。 e.g. The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging. （从句说明（从句说明“消息消息”
68、的内容：的内容：我们队取得我们队取得了决赛胜利。了决赛胜利。）The news that you told us is really encouraging.（从句对（从句对“消息消息”加以限定：是加以限定：是你告诉我们的你告诉我们的，而非来自而非来自其他渠道。但消息是何内容却不得而知。）其他渠道。但消息是何内容却不得而知。）第82页，共88页。 2 2、引导从句的关联词、引导从句的关联词that的功能不同：的功能不同：that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，不充当引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，不充当任何成分，任何成分，不可以省略不可以省略；that引导定语从句时引导定语从句时是关系代词，既指代
69、先行词又是关系代词，既指代先行词又须在从句中充当成分须在从句中充当成分，做从句宾语时可以省略做从句宾语时可以省略。e.g.1) Dad made a promise that he would buy me CD player if I passed the English test. （that不充当任何成分）不充当任何成分） 2) Dad made a promise that excited all his children.（that指代指代promise，又在从句中充当主语。），又在从句中充当主语。）第83页，共88页。Practice:判断下列各句是同位语从句还是定语从句1.The
70、y expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again.2. The hope that she expressed is that they would come to visit China again. 3.The fact that she works hard is well known to us all. 4. I cant stand the terrible noise that she is making. 同位语从句同位语从句定语从句定语从句第84页，共88页。5.We expressed the ho
71、pe that they had expressed6.We expressed the hope that they would come to China again.7.The information has been announced that more middle school graduates will be admitted into university.8.The information that he revealed at the meeting is of great value.同位语从句定语从句定语从句同位语从句第85页，共88页。引引导词句型转换1.They
72、aregooddoctors.Hetoldus.2.Hehadntsaidanythingatthemeeting.Thefactsurprisedus.Hetoldusthattheyweregooddoctors.Thefactthathehadntsaidanythingatthemeetingsurprisedus.总结：当从句原来是陈述句时，变成总结：当从句原来是陈述句时，变成名词性从句用名词性从句用that引导。引导。第86页，共88页。3.Doesyoursistergetupearly?Doyouknow?4.Doanimalshavethesamesensesashumans
73、?Ioftenwonder.Doyouknowif/whetheryoursistergetsupearly?Ioftenwonderif/whetheranimalshavethesamesensesashumans.总结：当从句原来是一般疑问句时，总结：当从句原来是一般疑问句时，变成名词性从句用变成名词性从句用if或或whether引导。引导。第87页，共88页。5.Whendidhebuythisnewbike?Couldyoutellme?6.Myquestionisthis:wherewillthelecturebegiven?Couldyoutellmewhenheboughtthisnewbike?Myquestioniswherethelecturewillbegiven.总结：当从句原来是特殊疑问句时，变总结：当从句原来是特殊疑问句时，变成名词性从句还用原来的特殊疑问词来成名词性从句还用原来的特殊疑问词来引导。引导。第88页，共88页。
