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1、wOmission w减词法、省译法减词法、省译法A COURSE OFTRANSLATIONENTERENTER试译以下句子试译以下句子:1. If winter comes, can spring be far behind?2. There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead.3. We should gradually eliminate the differences between town and country.4. Applicants who have worked at
2、a job will receive preference over those who have not.5. He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders.6. You cannot build a ship, a bridge or a house if you dont know how to make a design or how to read it.1. If winter comes, can spring be far behind?w冬天来了。春天还会远吗？冬天来了。春天还会远吗？2.
3、There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead.w天未下雪，但叶落草枯。天未下雪，但叶落草枯。3. We should gradually eliminate the differences between town and country.w我们应当逐步消灭城乡差别。我们应当逐步消灭城乡差别。4. Applicants who have worked at a job will receive preference over those who have not.w求职者中，有工作经验者将优
4、先录用。求职者中，有工作经验者将优先录用。5. He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders.w他双手插进口袋，然后耸了耸肩。他双手插进口袋，然后耸了耸肩。6. You cannot build a ship, a bridge or a house if you dont know how to make a design or how to read it.w不会制图或看不懂图纸，就不可能造船、架桥或不会制图或看不懂图纸，就不可能造船、架桥或盖房子。盖房子。w省译法省译法/ /减译法是增译法的减译法是增译
5、法的反面反面。w就同一个译例来说就同一个译例来说, 英译汉如果用增译法英译汉如果用增译法, 汉译英则应用省译法，汉译英则应用省译法， 反之亦然。反之亦然。wThe lion is the king of animals.w 狮子是狮子是百百兽之王。兽之王。wIf winter comes, can spring be far behind?w 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？冬天来了，春天还会远吗？wI dont like soft drinks.w 我不爱喝饮料。我不爱喝饮料。w所所谓谓省省译译法法,是是指指不不译译出出原原文文中中的的某某些些词词, 因因为为译译文文中中虽虽无无其其词词已已有有其其
6、义义或或在在译译文文中中是是不不言言而而喻喻的的。这这省省略略一一般般是是出出于于译译文文语语法法和和习习惯惯表表达达法法的的需需要要 。但但是是省省译译决决不不是是删去原文的某些思想内容删去原文的某些思想内容。w1.汉汉语语中中没没有有冠冠词词，代代词词（尤尤其其是是人人称称代代词词、关关系系代代词词）、连连词词、介介词词用用得得也也远远比比英英语语少少。因因此此，英英译译汉汉时时，减减译译自自然然就必不可少了。就必不可少了。w2.汉汉语语里里无无主主语语的的句句子子相相当当多多,而而英英语语则则不同不同,句子一般都需要有主语。句子一般都需要有主语。wI was very glad to h
7、ave received your letter. w非常高兴收到你的来信。非常高兴收到你的来信。w3.汉语很多时候需要靠加词来说明，而英汉语很多时候需要靠加词来说明，而英语则更多靠一个词的内在含义。语则更多靠一个词的内在含义。 w 财政财政赤字赤字 （financial） deficitw 广大广大群众群众 （broad） masses省译法省译法/减译法减译法w1、主语的省译、主语的省译w2、宾语的省译、宾语的省译w3、定语的省译、定语的省译w4、连接词的省译、连接词的省译w5、冠词的省译、冠词的省译w6、介词的省译、介词的省译w7、其他、其他主语的省译w一般来说，句子的主语是要译出来的。
8、一般来说，句子的主语是要译出来的。但有时为了使译文前后句子但有时为了使译文前后句子意思紧凑意思紧凑或或者为了使译文前后句子者为了使译文前后句子主语能清楚表达主语能清楚表达出来出来，就要省译主语。，就要省译主语。wAfter they had entered the school, they went into the library.w他们入校后，就走进了图书馆。他们入校后，就走进了图书馆。wJohn left for London as soon as he received the letter from his mother.w约翰一收到母亲的信就立即启程前往伦约翰一收到母亲的信就立即启
9、程前往伦敦。敦。w一、一、“It”做主语表时间、距离、自然现象，做主语表时间、距离、自然现象，通常省译。通常省译。例：例：wWhat time is it? wIt is half past four.wIt is a long way from here to the zoo. wIts a bit warm today, isnt it?w今天有点暖和，是吗？今天有点暖和，是吗？wIt was just growing dark, as she shut the garden gate.w她关上园门时，已是暮色苍茫。她关上园门时，已是暮色苍茫。w二、二、“It”作形式主语或强调句的作形式主
10、语或强调句的“It” ，要，要省译。省译。wIt is not so easy to get iron from its ore. 从铁矿石中提炼铁不是那么容易的。从铁矿石中提炼铁不是那么容易的。 Its no use quarrelling now. w强调句可译成强调句可译成 “ （正（正/就）是就）是 ”It is the U.S. that is distorting and perverting the “Geneva spirit”.w在歪曲颠倒在歪曲颠倒“日内瓦精神日内瓦精神” 正是美国。正是美国。It was the blue car that passed over the
11、bridge. w三、三、“It”一般用法是指人以外的事物，但一般用法是指人以外的事物，但作主语指人时，要省译。作主语指人时，要省译。如：如：-Who is it? -Its me.w -是谁呀？是谁呀？-是我。是我。w-Is it Mr. Wang? -No, it is Dr. Green.w-是王先生吗？是王先生吗？ -不，是格林大夫。不，是格林大夫。w四、人称代词作主语，四、人称代词作主语，有时有时要省译：要省译：1）汉语的习惯是前面有主语，后句仍为）汉语的习惯是前面有主语，后句仍为同一主语，就不必重复出现。而英语中同一主语，就不必重复出现。而英语中通常每句都有主语，因此人称代词作主通
12、常每句都有主语，因此人称代词作主语往往多次出现，这种人称代词汉译时语往往多次出现，这种人称代词汉译时常常可以省略；常常可以省略；2）泛指的泛指的英语人称代词做主语时，即使英语人称代词做主语时，即使是作第一个主语，译文中往往也可以省是作第一个主语，译文中往往也可以省略。略。e was tired and weary and he looked miserable. 他疲惫不堪，看上去一副可怜相。他疲惫不堪，看上去一副可怜相。 But its the way I am, and try as I might, I havent been able to change it. 不过我就是这个脾气，虽
13、然想改，终未能改掉。不过我就是这个脾气，虽然想改，终未能改掉。 We live and learn. 活到老，学到老。活到老，学到老。We eat to live, but not live to eat. (我们我们)为生存而吃饭，而不应该为吃饭而生存。为生存而吃饭，而不应该为吃饭而生存。宾语的省译宾语的省译 1）“it” 作形式宾语要省译：作形式宾语要省译： Jack thought it no use writing this. 杰克认为写这个东西是无济于事的。杰克认为写这个东西是无济于事的。 2）英语中人称代词作宾语，如果汉译后显）英语中人称代词作宾语，如果汉译后显出它在句中是个多余的
14、词，可以省译。出它在句中是个多余的词，可以省译。 如：如：Please excuse me， but I have to. 请原谅（请原谅（我我），不过我不得不这样做。），不过我不得不这样做。 The industrial waste gases are harmful to us and we should by all means remove them. 工业废气对我们是有害的，应尽力排除。工业废气对我们是有害的，应尽力排除。 He has received your letter and read it with delight. 他收到了你的信，很高兴地读了。他收到了你的信，很高兴地
15、读了。试译下列句子：试译下列句子：1)One must make painstaking effort before one could succeed in mastering a foreign language.2)Everywhere you can find new types of men and objects in New China.3)Its your pen,I found it on the playground.4)He is playing football now,we all see him.5)Each teacher is given a dictionar
16、y, have you got it?1)One must make painstaking effort before one could succeed in mastering a foreign language. 要掌握好一门外语，非下苦功不可。要掌握好一门外语，非下苦功不可。2)Everywhere you can find new types of men and objects in New China. 新中国处处可以看到新人、新事物。新中国处处可以看到新人、新事物。3)Its your pen, I found it on the playground. 这是你的钢笔，我在
17、操场上找到的。这是你的钢笔，我在操场上找到的。4)He is playing football now,we all see him. 他在踢足球，我们都看见了。他在踢足球，我们都看见了。5)Each teacher is given a dictionary, have you got it? 每个教师都发了一本字典，你拿到了吗每个教师都发了一本字典，你拿到了吗?定语的省译定语的省译w在在英英语语里里凡凡是是说说到到一一个个人人的的器器官官和和归归他他所所有有的的或或与与他他有有关关的的事事物物时时，总总要要在在前前面面加加上上物物主主代代词词。而而这这些些物物主主代代词词从从汉汉语的角度来
18、看通常是多余的。语的角度来看通常是多余的。例如例如: He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head but said nothing. 他耸了耸肩他耸了耸肩, 摇了摇头摇了摇头, 一句话也没说。一句话也没说。 I have just completed my fiftieth year. 我刚满五十岁。我刚满五十岁。 再如再如: He glanced at his watch; it was 9:00. 他一看表，他一看表，9点了。点了。 He put on his coat and hat and went to a chemists shop. 他穿上
19、外衣，戴上帽子，到药店去了。他穿上外衣，戴上帽子，到药店去了。 The driver suddenly got into a panic and stopped his car. 这位司机突然受了惊吓，把车停了下来。这位司机突然受了惊吓，把车停了下来。 连接词的省译连接词的省译w汉语重意合，词语之间连接词用的不多，汉语重意合，词语之间连接词用的不多，其上下逻辑关系常常是暗含的，由词语其上下逻辑关系常常是暗含的，由词语的次序来表示。英语重形合，连接词用的次序来表示。英语重形合，连接词用的比较多。因此，英译汉时在很多情况的比较多。因此，英译汉时在很多情况下可不必把连接词译出来。下可不必把连接词译出
20、来。（一）省略表（一）省略表并列的连接词并列的连接词。例：。例： The sun is bright, and the sky is clear.w 阳光灿烂，晴空万里。阳光灿烂，晴空万里。 Mr. Bingley is good-looking and gentleman-like. w宾利先生风度翩翩，彬彬有礼。宾利先生风度翩翩，彬彬有礼。（二）省略表示原因的连词；二）省略表示原因的连词； 英语因果句一般用连接词表示原因，而英语因果句一般用连接词表示原因，而汉语则往往通过词序先后来表示因果关汉语则往往通过词序先后来表示因果关系，系，“因因”在前，在前，“果果”在后。因此，汉译在后。因此，汉
21、译时常可以把原文中连接词省掉不译。例时常可以把原文中连接词省掉不译。例如：如： We stayed at home as the weather was too cold outside.w天气太冷了，我们呆在家里。天气太冷了，我们呆在家里。 He didnt come to the class as he still run a fever.w他发烧了，没有来上课。他发烧了，没有来上课。（三）省略表条件的连接词；（三）省略表条件的连接词； 表示条件的连接词表示条件的连接词“if”，一般译为，一般译为“假如假如”、“如果如果”等，但在日常口语体或文言文结等，但在日常口语体或文言文结构中，可以省
22、略不译。构中，可以省略不译。 例如：例如： If winter comes, can spring be far behind?w 冬天来了。春天还会远吗？冬天来了。春天还会远吗？ If I had known it,I would not have joined it.w 早知如此，我就不参加了。早知如此，我就不参加了。 If it rains tomorrow,I will stay at home.w 明天下雨我就呆在家里了。明天下雨我就呆在家里了。（四）省略表时间的连接词。（四）省略表时间的连接词。w表表示示时时间间关关系系的的when和和as等等，汉汉译译时时一一般般用用“当当时时”
23、，或或仅仅用用“时时”。但但如如汉汉语语时时间间先先后后次次序序明明显显，为为了了简简略略起起见见，“当当时时”或或“时时”往往可以省略。往往可以省略。例：例： We are busy with our studies after the summer vacation. 暑暑假假结结束束，我我们们又又投投入入到到紧紧张张的的学学习习之之中。中。 When it is dark in the east, it is light in the west;when things are dark in the south there is still light in the north. 东方不
24、亮西方亮，黑了南方有北方。东方不亮西方亮，黑了南方有北方。冠词的省译w 英语有冠词，汉语没有冠词，因此，英语有冠词，汉语没有冠词，因此， 英译汉时往往可将冠词省略。例：英译汉时往往可将冠词省略。例： A book is useful.w（一本）书（是）有用（的）。（一本）书（是）有用（的）。 A teacher should be patient.w 教师必须有耐心。教师必须有耐心。 A wise man will not make such mistake.w 聪明的人不会犯这样的错误。聪明的人不会犯这样的错误。 The earth goes around the sun.w 地球围绕太阳转
25、。地球围绕太阳转。w但如果冠词在句中特指但如果冠词在句中特指“一一”“每一每一”“这这”“那那”时不能省略。时不能省略。例：例： He left without saying a word.w他一句话不说就走了。他一句话不说就走了。 We would do it a unit a week.w我们将每周学习一个单元。我们将每周学习一个单元。 He caught the fish.w这这条鱼是他抓住的。条鱼是他抓住的。介词的省译介词的省译w表时间和地点的介词，译成汉语如出现表时间和地点的介词，译成汉语如出现在句首大都可以省略，出现在句尾一般在句首大都可以省略，出现在句尾一般不省略。不省略。例：例
26、： The Peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949. 一九四九年中华人民共和国成立。一九四九年中华人民共和国成立。w中华人民共和国成立中华人民共和国成立于于一九四九年。一九四九年。 On Sundays we have no school.w星期天我们不上学。星期天我们不上学。Smoking is not allowed in public places.w公共场所不准吸烟。公共场所不准吸烟。 w但是表地点的介词放动词后一般不能省但是表地点的介词放动词后一般不能省略。略。例：例： He stood by the platform.w 他站他站
27、在在讲台旁。讲台旁。 She hid behind the door.w 她躲她躲在在门背后。门背后。其他其他w英语句子中有些短语重复出现，为了简练，英语句子中有些短语重复出现，为了简练，可根据汉语的习惯省译一些可有可无的词。可根据汉语的习惯省译一些可有可无的词。例：例： At that time, he was not the only person who looked down upon me, many others looked upon me.w 那个时候，看不起我的不只是他一个人，那个时候，看不起我的不只是他一个人，还有许多其他人（还有许多其他人（也看不起我也看不起我）。）。 T
28、here was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead.w 天未下雪，但叶落草枯。天未下雪，但叶落草枯。 再如：再如： Applicants who have worked at a job will receive preference over those who have not.w求职者中，有工作经验者将优先录用。求职者中，有工作经验者将优先录用。 The population of Guangdong Province is even larger than that of the U.K.w
29、广东省的人口比英国广东省的人口比英国(的人口的人口)多。多。 The climate in Xiamen is almost the same as that in Shantou.w厦门的气候与汕头（厦门的气候与汕头（的气候的气候）基本相同。）基本相同。w练一练：练一练：1.A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.2. James Watt invented the steam engine.3. He studied in the college for two years,and then he went to joi
30、n the army.4. I can finish the work so long as you give me time.5. There must be some people in the room, for I heard a voice.1. A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life. 外语是人生斗争的工具。外语是人生斗争的工具。2. James Watt invented the steam engine. 詹姆斯詹姆斯. 瓦特发明了蒸汽机。瓦特发明了蒸汽机。3. He studied in the colle
31、ge for two years,and then he went to join the army. 他上了两年大学他上了两年大学,后来去参军了。后来去参军了。4. I can finish the work so long as you give me time. 你给我时间，我能完成这工作。你给我时间，我能完成这工作。5. There must be some people in the room, for I heard a voice. 我听有声音，房间里一定有人。我听有声音，房间里一定有人。w练一练：练一练：6. She covered her face with her hand
32、, as if to protect her eyes.7. Everywhere you can see advertising in this city today.8. Its very charming in an Autumns night.9. It was he who won 100 meters dash at the sports meet.10. A teacher should be patient and dutiful.w6. She covered her face with her hand, as if to protect her eyes. 她用手蒙住脸，
33、好像是为保护眼睛。她用手蒙住脸，好像是为保护眼睛。7.Everywhere you can see advertising in this city today. 今天这个城市处处可见广告。今天这个城市处处可见广告。8. Its very charming in an Autumns night. 秋天的夜晚是极其迷人的。秋天的夜晚是极其迷人的。9. It was he who won 100 meters dash at the sports meet. 是他在运动会上取得是他在运动会上取得100米冠军。米冠军。10. A teacher should be patient and duti
34、ful. 教师应当有耐心和责任心。教师应当有耐心和责任心。w练一练：练一练：11. Nearly all substances expand when heated and contract when cooled.12. On May 12, 2008, a big earthquake took place in Wenchuan.13. If I had known he was ill, I would not have asked him to come.14. Everyone knows that it is colder in the north than in the sou
35、th in winter.15. If you dont bring the map, youll get lost.11. Nearly all substances expand when heated and contract when cooled. 几乎所有物质热胀冷缩。几乎所有物质热胀冷缩。12. On May 12, 2008, a big earthquake took place in Wenchuan. 2008年年5月月12日汶川发生了大地震。日汶川发生了大地震。13. If I had known he was ill, I would not have asked him to come. 早知到他有病早知到他有病,我就不会叫他来。我就不会叫他来。14. Everyone knows that it is colder in the north than in the south in winter. 众所周知冬天北方比南方冷。众所周知冬天北方比南方冷。 15. If you dont bring the map, youll get lost. 不带地图是会迷路的。不带地图是会迷路的。
