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1、Modesty Maxim Modesty Maxim and Agreement Maximand Agreement Maximin Praisein Praise赞扬中的赞扬中的一致准则和谦逊准则一致准则和谦逊准则Review of The Maxims of PolitenessReview of The Maxims of PolitenessIntroduction of Chinese Maxims of PolitenessIntroduction of Chinese Maxims of PolitenessEnglish MM and AgM in PraiseEnglis
2、h MM and AgM in PraiseChinese MM and AgM in PraiseChinese MM and AgM in PraiseComparison between Chinese and EnglishComparison between Chinese and EnglishSpecial situationSpecial situationThe maxim of the PP tend to go in pair as follows:The maxim of the PP tend to go in pair as follows:I. Tact Maxi
3、mTact Maxim a. Minimize cost to other b. Maximize benefit to otherII. Generosity MaximGenerosity Maxim a. Minimize benefit to self b. Maximize cost to selfIII. Approbation MaximApprobation Maxim a. Minimize dispraise of other b. Maximize praise of otherIV. Modesty MaximModesty Maxim a. Minimize prai
4、se of self b. Maximize dispraise of selfV. Agreement MaximAgreement Maxim a. Minimize disagreement between self and other b. Maximize agreement between self and otherVI. Sympathy MaximSympathy Maxim a. Minimize antipathy between self and other b. Maximize sympathy between self and other中国式的礼貌准则:中国式的
5、礼貌准则:1992 年,顾曰国教授对礼貌准则问题作进一步的探讨,总结了与汉语言文化有关的礼貌准则共五条: 一、贬已尊人(自谦尊人)准则一、贬已尊人(自谦尊人)准则:说自己或与自己相关的事物时要“贬”,要“谦”;指谓听者或与听者有关联的事物时要“抬”,要“尊”。二、称呼准则二、称呼准则:用适当的称呼问候对方。在相互称呼时仍按“上下、贵贱、长幼”有别的传统来体现人际交往中的社会关系。三、是文雅准则三、是文雅准则:“选用雅言,禁用秽语;多用委婉,少用直言”。四、求同准则四、求同准则:双方尽量减少不同之处,尽量和谐一致,满足对方的要求,赞同对方。五、德、言、行准则五、德、言、行准则:在行为动机上尽量减
6、少他人付出的代价,尽量增大他人的益处;在言辞上尽量夸大别人给自己的好处,尽量说小自己付出的代价。A: The coat she is wearing is beautiful, dont you think?B: a. Yes, absolutely. b. Yes, I couldnt agree with you more. c. Yes, I think it is quite nice.A: What a bright boy you are! You always get full marks.B: a. Thank you. I have very good teachers. b
7、. Thank you. The exam questions are not that hard. c. Thank you, but I am not the only one in the class that gets full marks.在英美文化谦虚准则中, 人们较常采取转移或降低对方的赞美而不是直言否定对方。英美文化的一致准则体现了有话直说的文化观念。说自己或与自己相关的事物时要“贬”,要“谦”;指谓听者或与听者有关联的事物时要“抬”,要“尊”。表现:自谦词和尊词;对赞美的回应A: 你文章写的真好!B: 别开玩笑了,好什么呀? 我都不好意思拿出来。自谦词自谦词尊词尊词鄙人阁下犬
8、子令郎寒舍府上拙作大作交际双方尽量减少不同之处,满足对方的要求,赞同对方。A: 他真是个聪明的孩子。B: 他的确是个聪明的孩子,不知为什么就是不好好学习。美国人和中国人对赞扬的回答是不同的:美国人一般表示接受赞扬,中国人则一般表示受之有愧。两种文化都认为应尽最大限度地考虑对方的“面子”,但两种文化使用的方式及表现形式存在着一些差异。汉语文化交际者通常通过贬低自己来赞扬别人;听到对自己的赞美后往往贬低自己。英美文化交际者人在赞扬他人时,并不贬低自己;听到对自己的赞美后,往往会说“Thank you!”表示接受以示尊敬,而后采取转移或降低对方的赞美而不是直言否定对方的方式。因此,中国人认为英美人过
9、于自信,毫不谦虚;英美人则认为中国人缺乏自信,虚伪做作。Note:Indirect or directIm sorry to have wasted your time.indirectThank you, I appreciate your time.direct交际中,“谦逊准则”和“一致准则”因不能两全其美而发生了冲突,冲突的结果就是“取一舍一”,取舍的结果则因文化的不同而不同。“取”“舍”A. 汉语:谦逊准则一致准则B. 英语:一致准则谦逊准则So, under different cultural background, different choices result in dif
10、ferent answers.A. 不,不/哪里,哪里。 B. Thank you!冯乐山冯乐山: 嗯,嗯,我就爱它一片潇洒,一片灵气,一种神清骨寒的气象,不见一点肉,而温柔尽致,绝代销魂!高老太爷高老太爷: 评价太高了,评价太高了!家Max : A singing group all in one family. Youll never guess, George.Captain : A charming idea !( The Sound of Music)Sometimes, in communication, English speakers also use agreements t
11、o show their disagreement.E.g.:A: I think J is a nice people.B: Yes. She is very nice. I like her very much.In fact, B bears a resentment or displeasure against J, but considering the Agreement Maxim, she follows A and overstates to show her implied meaning.虽然自谦(贬己)具有中国特色,但是在汉语文化交际中也不是绝对的。“自谦”只是一个相对
12、的概念,如果其他条件下发生变化,自谦的情况也会有所变化。例如:例如:女儿:爸爸,你烧的菜真好吃! 父亲:哪里哪里,差远了。女儿称赞父亲烧的菜好吃,父亲却自谦一番,显得不伦不类。常见回答:常见回答:女儿:爸爸,你烧的菜真好吃。父亲:a. 好吃啊?好吃就好。 b. 哦,好吃就多吃点。 c. 那当然啦!也不看看是谁烧的!顾曰国,礼貌,语用与文化,外语教学与研究出版社熊学亮,简明语用学教程,复旦大学出版社戈玲玲,教学语用学,国防科技大学出版社王海东王欢,“中英礼貌准则的异同”,1994-2009 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House.Thank you!Thank you!Thank you!Thank you!