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1、ChapterThirteen:InternationalLandandIntermodalTransportationInternationalLogistics：TheManagementofInternationalTradeOperations1Content21 TruckTransportation2 RailTransportation3 IntermodalTransportation4 FreightForwarders5 ProjectCargo6 AlternativeMeansofTransportation1TruckTransportationTruckTransp
2、ortation4Inmanypartsoftheworld,truckingisavitalwayofshippinginternationally.Insomeareasoftheworld,itrepresents100percentoftheinternationaltraffic.Inothers,itisalowerpercentage,buttruckingisstillasignificantpartoftheinternationaltrafficvolume.Importantly,though,truckingisalmostalwaysthemodeoftranspor
3、tationforthe“firstmile”andthe“lastmile”ofashipmentsitinerary.TruckTransportation5Thecriticalissuesforashipperusingtrucktransportationarethemanydifferentnationalrulesandregulationsthatgoverntrucktransportation.Theserulesinfluence:TheweightthatcanbeplacedinthetruckThehoursthatthetruckcanoperateThesize
4、oftheequipmentthatcanbeusedThenumberofhoursadrivermayworkThetrainingthatadrivermusthaveThesedifferencesmakeforverydifferenttruckingpracticesfromcountrytocountry.TruckTransportation6Semi-Truckshavedifferentconfigurations(size,numberofaxles,length)indifferentcountries.Semi-Truckshavedifferentweightlim
5、its.1Semi-TrucksTruckTransportation7ATypicalEuropeanSemi-TruckTruckTransportation8AEuropeantruckislimitedtoanoveralllength.Thetractoriscompacttoallowformaximumtrailersize.TruckTransportation9ItsNorth-AmericanCounterpartTruckTransportation10NorthAmericantrucksarelimitedbythesizeofthetrailer,withnocon
6、straintsonthesizeofthetractor.TruckTransportation11Atechniquethatconsistsofplacingtrucktrailersonspecially-designedrailroadcars,sothatthetrailerscanbecarriedoverlongdistancesmoreeconomicallyInSwitzerland,trucksmustpiggy-backiftheyarecrossingthecountry.IntheUnitedStatesandCanada,thisisanincreasinglyc
7、ommonwayofmovingtrailersforlongdistances.2Piggy-backTruckTransportation12TheSwiss“RollingHighway”TruckTransportation13AUnitedStatesPiggy-BackTrainTruckTransportation14InIndia,congestedroadsencouragetruckerstousepiggy-backtrainsonsomeroutes.TruckTransportation15AnAustraliantruckingtechnique,consistin
8、gofhavingonetractorpullingmultipletrailersRoadtrainsaretheconceptualequivalentoftrains,butoperatingonaroad.Roadtrainshavebetweenthreeandseventrailers.3RoadTrainsTruckTransportation16ARoadTraininAustraliaAustraliantruckshavefewerlimitationsonthenumberoftrailers,leadingtotheconceptof“road-trains.”Truc
9、kTransportation17OverloadedTrucksInmanyinstances,itiscommontoseetruckscarryingcargoofagreaterweightorgreatervolumethantheyaredesignedtocarry.Aphenomenonnotlimitedtotrucks.Itisalsocommonfortrains.TwoOverloadedTrucksinSudanTruckTransportation18Inmanydevelopingcountries,themaximumweightcapacitiesoftruc
10、ksareroutinelyexceeded.2RailTransportationRailTransportation20Railtransportationisalsoanimportantmodeoftransportationforinternationalshipments,althoughitismostlyadomesticmodefortheUnitedStates.Nevertheless,asignificantamountofcargomovesbyrailintheU.S.In2012,morethan40percentofallton-milesshippedlong
11、-distanceintheU.S.wasshippedbyrail.Railtransporthasanapproximate18percentmarketshareforinternationalcargomovementsintheEuropeanUnionwhenmeasuredinFTKs.RailTransportation21Railtransportationisdominatedbythreeissues:Theownershipoftherailroad,whichcanbeprivate(theUnitedStates)orpublic(mostoftheremainde
12、roftheworld).Theinfrastructure,suchasissuesofgauge(widthofthetracks),electrification,curves,maintenance,andsoon,whichdictatesthetypesofgoodsshippedandthespeedatwhichtheyaredelivered.Therelationshipbetweenpassengertrafficandmerchandisetraffic,andwhichhaspriorityovertheother.IntheU.S.,merchandisetraff
13、ichaspriority,inmanyothercountries,itspassengertrafficthathaspriority.RailTransportation22Traditionalrailcarstendtobespecialized.Generalmerchandiseistransportedinboxcars.RailTransportation23Europeantrainscarrycontainersinsinglestackbecauseoftheoverheadelectriclines.RailTransportation24North-American
14、trainscarrycontainersindoublestacks.3IntermodalTransportationIntermodal TransportationDefinitionAshipmentthattakesseveraldifferentmeansoftransportation-road,rail,ocean,air-fromitspointofdeparture(seller/exporter)toitspointofdestination(buyer/importer)Alsocalledmulti-modalTheterm“intermodal”isstrongl
15、yassociatedwithsea-goingcontainers.Internationalintermodaltransportationisstronglylinkedtothecreationofthecontainer,whichisideallysuitedtobeshippedbytruck,train,orship,andcanbeeasilytransferredfromonemodeoftransportationtoanother.P347Intermodal TransportationTypes of Seagoing ContainersMostcontainer
16、sare“standard”types:Twenty-andforty-footunitsEightfeetwide,eightfeettallFullyenclosedinsteelwithdoubledooratoneendIntermodal Transportation20footcontainers40footcontainers40foothighcubescontainersRefrigeratedOpentopsTankersFlatrackP349Types of Seagoing Containers2007Thomson,apartoftheThomsonCorporat
17、ion.Thomson,theStarlogo,andAtomicDogaretrademarksusedhereinunderlicense.Allrightsreserved.The most common container is the 20-foot container, designed to hold goods loaded through its two doors.2007Thomson,apartoftheThomsonCorporation.Thomson,theStarlogo,andAtomicDogaretrademarksusedhereinunderlicen
18、se.Allrightsreserved.Oversize goods can be shipped in an extended-length container (45-foot long in this case).2007Thomson,apartoftheThomsonCorporation.Thomson,theStarlogo,andAtomicDogaretrademarksusedhereinunderlicense.Allrightsreserved.Goods that need a controlled-temperature environment are shipp
19、ed in refrigerated containers, or “reefers.”Intermodal TransportationAnOpen-TopContainer2007Thomson,apartoftheThomsonCorporation.Thomson,theStarlogo,andAtomicDogaretrademarksusedhereinunderlicense.Allrightsreserved.Goods that cannot fit through the doors of a traditional container are shipped in an
20、“open-top” container, that is eventually covered with a tarpaulin.P3522007Thomson,apartoftheThomsonCorporation.Thomson,theStarlogo,andAtomicDogaretrademarksusedhereinunderlicense.Allrightsreserved.Liquids travel in liquid-bulk containers.Intermodal TransportationAFlatRackContainer2007Thomson,apartof
21、theThomsonCorporation.Thomson,theStarlogo,andAtomicDogaretrademarksusedhereinunderlicense.Allrightsreserved.Oversize cargo is shipped on a “flat rack” container.2007Thomson,apartoftheThomsonCorporation.Thomson,theStarlogo,andAtomicDogaretrademarksusedhereinunderlicense.Allrightsreserved.Under deck,
22、containers are loaded into holds, and held in place with the help of slides.Intermodal TransportationLand BridgesCargotravelsacrossocean,istransloadedtotrainwhichtakesitacrosslandtoanotherportwhereitisloadeduntoanothershipformoreoceantravelTypicallandbridgeisacrosstheUnitedStatesfromtheFarEasttoEuro
23、pe.BytakingthecontainerizedgoodstoaWestCoastport,loadingthemontotrains,transportingthemacrosstheUnitedStates,andloadingthemagainonashipfromanEastCoastport,shippersavoidthecostsanddelaysofcrossingthePanamaCanal.P3542007Thomson,apartoftheThomsonCorporation.Thomson,theStarlogo,andAtomicDogaretrademarks
24、usedhereinunderlicense.Allrightsreserved.An intermodal yard transfers containers from trucks to trains, or vice-versa. Here, a container stacker performs that task.Intermodal TransportationLand BridgesLandbridgeusageisincreasing:OceantripthroughPanamaCanaltakeslongerthantimespenttransloadingcargoatb
25、othportsandshippingtimebetweenportsThecostsarelowerIncreasednumberofshipsthatcannotgothroughPanamaCanal(post-Panamaxships)P354Intermodal TransportationAircraft Containers Aircraftcontainersaremostoftenusedtoaggregatesmallindividualpackagesratherthanusedtoformawholeshipment.Mostaircraftcontainersared
26、esignedtofitaspecificaircraftcannotbeusedonotheraircraft;cargomayhavetobeunpackedandre-packedfromairplanetoairplane.Becauseaircraftcontainersaremadeoflightweightmaterials,theydonotadequatelyprotectcargo.Aircraftcontainersarenotintendedtobeintermodaltheyarejustforuseonaircraft.P357Intermodal Transpor
27、tationAnAirCargoContainer2007Thomson,apartoftheThomsonCorporation.Thomson,theStarlogo,andAtomicDogaretrademarksusedhereinunderlicense.Allrightsreserved.Air cargo containers are less standardized and are not meant to be used in intermodal transport.International Land and Intermodal TransportationTruc
28、kTransportationRailTransportationIntermodalTransportationFreightForwardersProjectCargoAlternativeMeansofTransportationFreight ForwardersAcompanythatspecializesinshippingcargoonbehalfofshippers(exportersorimporters)Itisa“travelagent”forfreight,findingthemostappropriateitineraryandcarriergiventheshipp
29、ersobjectives.Freightforwardersarehighlyfragmented.P359International Land and Intermodal TransportationTruckTransportationRailTransportationIntermodalTransportationFreightForwardersProjectCargoAlternativeMeansofTransportationProject CargoAtypeofcargowhichrequiresmoreadvanceplanningbecauseofitssize,w
30、eight,orvolumeProjectcargogenerallymovesthroughunconventionalmeans.OftenconsistsofmachineryorequipmentforamajorprojectlikeadamorpowerplantNeedsspecialplanningtoreachdestinationProjectcargotendstomoveveryslowly.P3592007Thomson,apartoftheThomsonCorporation.Thomson,theStarlogo,andAtomicDogaretrademarks
31、usedhereinunderlicense.Allrightsreserved.Because of their length and unusual shape, wind turbine blades are “project cargo,” necessitating careful transportation planning.P3592007Thomson,apartoftheThomsonCorporation.Thomson,theStarlogo,andAtomicDogaretrademarksusedhereinunderlicense.Allrightsreserve
32、d.Project cargo can be unusually large, necessitating specialized ships, called heavy-lift ships.P359International Land and Intermodal TransportationTruckTransportationRailTransportationIntermodalTransportationFreightForwardersProjectCargoAlternativeMeansofTransportationAlternative Means of Transpor
33、tationPipelineAmodeoftransportationconsistingofalongseriesofpipes,connectedend-to-endUsedforthetransportofsomeliquidcargo(oil,refinedpetroleumproducts,waterandnaturalgas)P360Alternative Means of TransportationTheTrans-AlaskanpipelineAlternative Means of TransportationBargesFlat-bottomedboatsdesigned
34、tocarrycargoonriversandcanals,andthataredesignedtobepushedorpulledSomeofthebargesusedontheriversandcanalsofEuropeareself-propelled.Mostoftenusedfordry-bulkorwet-bulkcargo,butincreasinglyusedformulti-modalshipmentsinEurope,fromtheoceanporttoaninlandportP3612007Thomson,apartoftheThomsonCorporation.Tho
35、mson,theStarlogo,andAtomicDogaretrademarksusedhereinunderlicense.Allrightsreserved.In the United States, barges are often moved in groups, pushed by a tugboat and carry bulk commodities. 2007Thomson,apartoftheThomsonCorporation.Thomson,theStarlogo,andAtomicDogaretrademarksusedhereinunderlicense.Allrightsreserved.In Europe, barges are generally self-propelled and can also carry general cargo or containers. 56END
