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1、Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the starsHow Life Began on the EarthPeriod 1Science SubjectsPhysicsChemistryBiologyGeology MathematicsMedicineBiochemistryGeophysicsAstronomyAstronomy is the scientific study of the universe and the heaven bodies (such as the sun, the moon, and stars), gas, and dust
2、within it. astronomerThe Big Bang The Solar system eight planets many comets other objects Water Air LifeWater is the headspring of life.?A cloud of dustCombine into a solid ballExplodewith fire & rock(produce H2O, CO2,O2, N2, other gases) atmosphereCool downwater appeared dissolve harmful gases int
3、o Life beganLife developedThe development of lifeA cloud of dust a solid ball presence of water on the water shellfish & other fish plants begin to grow on dry land insects and amphibians appear retiles appear dinosaurs appear mammals appearThe development of lifesmall plants growon the water appear
4、shellfish & other fishplants begin to grow on drylandinsects and amphibians appearretiles appeardinosaurs appearmammals appear Good morning/afternoon, I am Dr. Im greatly honored to be here to give you a speech about the development of life. What problems have been caused by humans to the earth? How
5、 to protect the earth and make it a better place to live on?Design an activity on Earth Dayl What the activity is about l Why the activity is designedl When and where to do the activity l Who takes part in the activityl What to be done in the activityl Homework1. Search the Internet for the informat
6、ion of the development of life.2. Read and learn good words, phrases or structures from Reading. Period 2 Using Language & Reading Taskthe natural force that causes an object to move toward the centre of the earth. GravityIsaac NewtonAlbert EinsteinStephen HawkingGravity1. I heard about how three me
7、n made mistakes when they tried to describe gravity.2. I heard about how three men wanted to find out about the beginning of the universe.3. I heard about how the idea of gravity has developed over a long period of time.4. I heard about three scientists and their work. Main ideaNewtonEinsteinHawking
8、DatesIdeaOther info.1642-17271879-19551942-Everything is affected by a force called gravityGravity is connected to time and space“Black holes” “eat” objects but also “spit” them out.It was only about the earth.It was about the universe.It was about things found in the universe called “black holes”.A
9、 visit to the moonOn the moonThe change of gravityIn spaceVery strongVery heavyDisappeared Floated weightlessly Very light The mass will be lessLeave the earthLast month I visited the moon with my friend. Before we left, I was told the force of g_ would change three times on our journey. Then we too
10、k off. As we left the earth, I became very h_. Gradually the weight l_. When I was in space, it d_. We f_ weightlessly in the cabin and I c_ _. When I was on the moon, I was surprised to find out even walking needs lots of practice n_ _ gravity changed. The returning of the earth was very f_. We wer
11、e amazed to watch fire b_ _ on the outside of the ship. gravityheavylesseneddisappearedfloatedcheered upnow thatfrighteningbreak outA black hole About usAbout the black holeAbout othersCircle of lightsLarge starsLike a mouthIn shock and amazementLight went out Computers stopped workingFeel sickMy mo
12、uth dryClose my eyesSpaceship not moveI was bumped and bangedable to lookSpit objects outPull us into its mouthJumped again,increase its speed as fast as light,like a birdJump and went fasterMy watch slowerexcitingComputer began to work againturn awayHomework1.Search for more about the black hole.2.
13、Read these two passages again to find out how to organize a story.Period3 Listening task, talking, listening and writing C. To make the Hubble telescope work again. Why did Li Yanping have his first space walk? A. To collect data for his research on gravity. B. To test the function of the new spaces
14、uit. C. To make the Hubble telescope work again. How to cool youHow to breatheProblemsWhat to eatWhat to dress1.Oxygen can2.Water system3.Gravity boots4. Left engine5.Right engine6.Tool kitPlease look at/ listen to Please check that You needPlease pay attention to Dont forget to Youd betterMake sure
15、 you Watch out for You must(nt)The manned spacecrafts Shenzhou 5 & 6Shenzhou 5Shenzhou 6WhenWhoHow longOct. 15, 2003 Oct. 12, 2005 Yang Liwei21 hours and 23 minutes5 daysvideovideoFei Junlong Nei HaishengInterviewMr. Renault1. Yang Liwei became an astronaut by chance. 2. Nobody over 170cm can be an
16、astronaut. 3. Yang Liwei trained for 10 years to become a pilot. 4. If Yang Liwei had problems in space, there were ways to save him. 5. China is the third country to send people into space just like Russia and the USA. 6. Yang Liwei thinks he was lucky to be Chinas first man in space. TTrue OR Fals
17、eFFTTTInfo. on Yang Liwei, the astronautThe exams he passedExperiencePhysical qualitiesPersonal qualitiesExcellent degree and 10 years trainingPilot for the air force of the PLASmaller than 170 cm; less than 70 kgCalm, mature, hard-workingl What have you learnt from the great scientist?l What qualit
18、ies should a scientist have?What should you do now in preparation for becoming an astronaut or scientist? Brainstorming for writing What will we meet on the moon?when wherewhatwho problemsSolutionHow to write an outline?Outline (main idea)The first paragraph(introduction)Body (your own ideas on the
19、item)Conclusion (summing up)headingHomework1. Search more information on Shenzhou 5 & 6.2. Read and learn important words or phrases learnt in class. Grammar:Period 4Subject clauseCan you find the following sentence in the reading passage?In this sentence, a noun clause is used as the subject.What i
20、t was to become was a mystery until the dust began to slowly combine into a ball moving around the sun.Please pick out three more sentences with subject clauses from the reading passage.1. because it was not clear whether the solid shape was to last or not.2. What scientists think is that the earth
21、was different because of 3. Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on P64 USING STRUCTUREDo you know where we come from? How did the universe begin? Read the passage and try to understand how Stephen Hawking solved the problems?1.What has attracted Stephen
22、Hawking all his life?2.Does he think it simple to answer the questions? Whats his opinion? 3.What have we discovered about the universe, past and present?4.How can we have a complete picture of the universe?What the universe is like has attracted him.No. The answers have always well beyond our reach
23、.Milky Way galaxy; billions of galaxies, in a universe that is infinite and expanding; big bang; black hole; a dark matter; a possible Big Crunch.Learning to understand what we see.1._ the universe is like has attracted Stephen Hawking all his life. 2._ is clear and simple about the universe has alw
24、ays seemed too difficult for us to answer.3._ the universe exists the way it does is a major question to all those who have looked at stars like Hawking.4._ has developed over two thousand years of observation has to be greatly revised.5._ in the universe we live is not the centre, but one of the mi
25、ne planets orbiting the sun, which is just one of millions of stars in our own Milky Way galaxy.WhatWhatWhy What where6. _ we understand the universe is the time when we human beings will have answered all the questions.7. _ we can have a complete picture of the universe depends on learning to under
26、stand what we see.8. _ Hawking wants to tell us in this text is that we should study the universe, and understand it.When HowWhat做主语用的名词性从句，因其在复合句中做主做主语用的名词性从句，因其在复合句中做主语，又称主语从句，引导主语从句的有从属连语，又称主语从句，引导主语从句的有从属连词词that, whether， 连接代词连接代词who, what, which， 连接副词连接副词when, where, how, why等。等。 1.连接词：连接词：1）从属
27、连词：）从属连词：that， whether等等.that 引导主语从句只起引导作用，本身无实引导主语从句只起引导作用，本身无实际意义，在主语从句中不充当任何成分，但际意义，在主语从句中不充当任何成分，但不能省略。不能省略。 That she left him cut him to the heart.That he will come is certain.2)连接代词连接代词who ，what ，which, whatever, whichever, whoever What seems easy to some people seems difficult to others.Which
28、 side will win is not clear.由由whether及其他连词引导的主语从句及其他连词引导的主语从句放在句首，句后都可。放在句首，句后都可。 Whether it will please them is not easy to say.Whether shes coming or not doesnt matter too much.3)连接副词连接副词when，where， how， why等。等。Why he did it remains a mystery.When they will start is not known yet.How he became a g
29、reat scientist is known to us all.2.位置：位置： 主语从句可以前置，也可以后置。主语从句可以前置，也可以后置。用用it做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末，做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末，常用下面几种句型。常用下面几种句型。1）It + be + 表语表语 +主语从句主语从句表语：（名词，表语：（名词， 形容词，过去分词）形容词，过去分词）It is certain that she will do well in her exam.It is true that I told her everything.It is a pity that we cant
30、go.It is no surprise that our team should have won the game.It is an honour that I was invited to attend the meeting.It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing.It is reported that China has sent another manmade earth satellite into orbit.2）It+不及物动词或短语不及物动词或短语+主语从句主语从句It seemed (happened, doesn
31、t matter, has turned out) that It happens that they were absent.It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.It doesnt matter whether she will come or not.It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.3) It +及物动词（被动语态）及物动词（被动语态）+主语从句主语从句It has been decided that the exhibition will
32、not open on Sundays.注意注意:1）主语从句在句首时，必须由连接词引）主语从句在句首时，必须由连接词引导，不能省略这些连接词；但是如果用导，不能省略这些连接词；但是如果用it做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，从属连词从属连词that可以省略。可以省略。误：误：They should like each other is natural.正：正：That they should like each other is natural.正：正：It is natural that they should like each other.2)如果
33、主语从句放在句首，不能用如果主语从句放在句首，不能用if引引导，但是如果用导，但是如果用it 做形式主语，而把主做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，也可以用语从句放在句末时，也可以用if引导引导.误：误：If Mary really heard him is really doubtful.正：正：It was doubtful if Mary really heard him.1.I have always been honest and straightforward, and it doesnt matter _that Im talking to.A. who is it B. who
34、 it is C. it is who D. it is whom 2. It is pretty well understood _ controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today. A. that B. when C. what D. how 3. _ made the school proud was_ more than 90 of the students had been admitted to key universities. A. What; because B. What ; thatC
35、. That ; what D. That ; because4. _ we will go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where5. _ that they can pass the written exam this time. A. That is hoped B. It is hoped C. It hopes D. That hopes6. It was doubtful _ Mary really heard him. A. that B. if C. whether D
36、. whatReading comprehension: Put the following sentences into Chinese: 1.What it was to become was a mystery until the dust began to slowly combine into a ball moving around the sun. 2. 随后它会变成什么曾经是一个谜，直到最后这团尘埃开始慢慢地合成一个环绕太阳运转的球状物。3.2. The problem was that the earth became violent because it was not c
37、lear whether the solid shape was to last or not. 4. 问题是地球（开始）变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。3. It allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases, which had become part of the earths atmosphere, into the oceans and seas.它使得地球得以把曾经存在于大气层中的有害气体，溶解在海洋里。4. Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of
38、years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.在未来的千百万年中，生命能否在地球上延续将取决于这个问题能否得到解决。HomeworkReview the subjective clause.Finish the exercise on the workbook.Language pointsPeriod 51. What it was to become was a mystery until the dust began to slowly combine into a ball moving around t
39、he sun. 1._ （使大家吃惊的是）is that 2.he didnt come to the meeting. What surprised everybody 2. _（他所做的） added to our difficulty. What he did _ we cant get seems better than _ we have. A.What; what B. What; that C. That; that D. That;whatB._ made the school proud was _ more than 90%C. of the students had be
40、en admitted to key universities. D.A.What;because B. What;that;C. That;what D.That;becauseAB2.The problem was that the earth became violent because it was not clear whether the solid shape was to last or not.问题是地球开始变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继问题是地球开始变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续下去。续下去。n. n. 固体固体 solid, liquid, gas
41、adj. 固体的；实心的固体的；实心的,无空隙的；结实的，坚固的无空隙的；结实的，坚固的 solid fuels solid food a solid sphere solid furniturea man of solid build1) Matter has three states: solid, liquid and gas. 2) When water freezes, it becomes solid and we call it ice. be to (do): (something) will definitely happen, or it must happen 不可避免要
42、发生或必须发生不可避免要发生或必须发生 e.g.They said goodbye, little knowing that they were never to meet again. She is to be honoured for this great work. Mr. Clark said to his daughter, “You are to be home by 10 oclock at the latest.” 3.It exploded loudly with fire and rock, which were in time to produce the water v
43、apour, 1). （使某物）炸开，爆炸使某物）炸开，爆炸 2). （指感情）激发（指感情）激发 3). （指人口）突然或迅速增加（指人口）突然或迅速增加 The firework exploded in his hand and he was hurt seriously. I was frightened when she exploded into loud laughter. Now it is not easy to find jobs with the exploding population. explosion n. 爆炸（声）爆炸（声） explosive adj.爆炸性的
44、，易爆炸的爆炸性的，易爆炸的 n.n.炸药，爆炸物炸药，爆炸物 in time (for sth/to do sth): not late 及时；不迟及时；不迟She will be back in time to prepare dinner. 她来得及回来准备晚饭。她来得及回来准备晚饭。in time: sooner or later; eventually 迟早；最后迟早；最后Ill see him in time. 总有一天我会遇见他。总有一天我会遇见他。in/out of time: in/not in the correct time 合合/不合节拍不合节拍The audience
45、 clapped in time to the music.观众合着音乐的节拍拍手。观众合着音乐的节拍拍手。4. As the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface. 随着地球的冷却随着地球的冷却, 地球的表面就开始地球的表面就开始出现出现了水。了水。cool adj.adj.凉快；冷静；冷淡凉快；冷静；冷淡 v. （使）变冷；冷静下来使）变冷；冷静下来 1) Lets sit in the shade and get cool. 2) I knew I had to keep cool. 3) His play rec
46、eived a cool response from the public. 4) The rain has cooled the air. 5) Let your soup cool a little before you drink it. 6) A heated argument can be settled better if both sides cool down first. 7) I tried to cool her down but she was still very angry when she left. 5. Nobody knew that it was goin
47、g to be different from other planets going round the sun. be very / much / quite / entirely / totally different from与与不同不同 City life is quite different from country life. 1）城市生活和农村生活很不同。）城市生活和农村生活很不同。2）他们的品位和我不同。）他们的品位和我不同。Their tastes are different from mine. There are differences betweenand 与与之间有不
48、同之处之间有不同之处tellfrom 把把与与区分开来区分开来the same as 与与一样一样be similar to 与与相似相似 going round the sun为现在分词短语，做定语，表示一为现在分词短语，做定语，表示一般的动作。例如：般的动作。例如：Men breaking the law will be punished.Men who break the law will be punished. 现在分词短语作定语，也可表示进行的动作。例如：现在分词短语作定语，也可表示进行的动作。例如：Can you see the girl dancing with your bo
49、yfriend?Can you see the girl who is dancing with her boyfriend? 你能看到与男友跳舞的那个姑娘吗？你能看到与男友跳舞的那个姑娘吗？6. It allows the earth to dissolve harmful gases, which allow vt. 允许、许可、容许允许、许可、容许allow+n./pron./doing allow sb. to do be allowed to doMy father doesnt allow smoking at home. In fact he doesnt allow us to
50、 smoke anywhere at any time.父亲不允许在家里吸烟。实际上，他不允许我们在任何地方父亲不允许在家里吸烟。实际上，他不允许我们在任何地方任何时候吸烟。任何时候吸烟。Are we allowed to use the computer?我们可以用电脑么？我们可以用电脑么？be harmful to 对对有害有害 do harm to sb. = do sb. harm 伤害某人，对某人有害处伤害某人，对某人有害处 1) Pollution is especially harmful to animals. 2) Smoking will do you a lot of h
51、arm. it作形式宾语，其真正的宾语可以是不定式，动名词和从句。作形式宾语，其真正的宾语可以是不定式，动名词和从句。 1.The foreign Minister said, “_ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace. ”(2004BJ)2.A. This is B. There is C. That is D. It is 2. I like _ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright. (NMET2004)A. this B. that C. it D. on
52、e 3. Why dont you bring _ to his attention that you are too busy to do it?A. this B. that C. what D. it DCD7. That made it possible for life to begin to develop. 4. Why? I have nothing to confess. _ you want me to say? A. What is it that B. What it is that C. How is it that D. How it is that 5. Was
53、it at the school _ was named after a hero _ he spent his childhood? A. which ; that B. where; where C. that; where D. which; whereAA8. They multiplied and filled the first oceans and seas with oxygen .multiply (数目上数目上)增加，增多；乘；（使）繁殖增加，增多；乘；（使）繁殖 1) Our problems have multiplied since last year. 2) 2 a
54、nd 5 multiply to make 10. 4) The plants here multiply rapidly. 3) 6 multiplied by 5 is 30.= Multiply 6 by 5 to make 30.9. This encouraged the development of early shellfish and all sorts of fish.encourage 鼓舞；促进；怂恿。后接名词、代词，也可接不定式作宾语补足语。如：High prices for corn and wheat will encourage farming.玉米和小麦的高价将
55、促进农业的发展。玉米和小麦的高价将促进农业的发展。My success encouraged me to continue.我的成功鼓励我继续干下去。我的成功鼓励我继续干下去。He encouraged me to learn dancing.他鼓励我去学跳舞。他鼓励我去学跳舞。 development (1)U成长,发育；发展(过程)；扩展The development of this industry will take several years.这项工业的发展要经过几年的时间。 (2)C开发区开发区, 新社区新社区 a new housing development 新建住宅区新建住宅
56、区(3) C进化进化,进展；新情况进展；新情况,新闻新闻What are the latest developments?The use of computers in teaching is a recent development.教学上使用计算机是新近才有的事.10. Many millions of years later the first green plants began to appear on land. late adj. 迟到的，晚的；前任的；以前的；已故的迟到的，晚的；前任的；以前的；已故的 later adv. 后来，较晚时候后来，较晚时候, ,过后过后 adj.
57、late的比较级的比较级(更迟的,更后的) latest adj. 最新的最新的 lately adv. =recently 近来近来 1) Mr. Zhu Rongji is the late Prime Minister of China. 3) She said she would ring you later this morning. 5) Its only lately that she has been well enough to go out. 2) He is often late for school. 4) Have you heard about the latest
58、 news? 11. When the plants grew into forests, reptiles appeared for the first time. She is growing into a beautiful young woman.她渐渐出落成一个美丽的姑娘。她渐渐出落成一个美丽的姑娘。生长成为生长成为,渐渐成为或变得渐渐成为或变得（不用于被动语态）（不用于被动语态）12. They produced young generally by laying eggs. Its generally believed that一般认为一般认为 generally speakin
59、g 一般而言，概括来说一般而言，概括来说 1) Its generally believed that girls work harder than boys do. 2) Generally speaking, women cry more easily than men. 动词动词过去式过去式过去分词过去分词现在分词现在分词意义意义lielaylainlying躺，位于躺，位于lieliedliedlying撒谎撒谎laylaid laidlaying搁，放，搁，放，下蛋下蛋The naughty boy _ to me that the hen that _ there just now
60、 had_ two eggs the day before.A. laid; laid; laid B. laid; lay; lainC. lied; laid; lain D. lied; lay; laidD13. Small clever animals, now with hands and feet, appeared and spread all over the earth. vi. 散布散布, , 传播，蔓延传播，蔓延, , 伸展，扩展伸展，扩展 vt. 铺开，摊开铺开，摊开 1) The news spread through the school very quickly
61、. 2) Theres a desert spreading for hundreds of miles. 3) He spread out his arms to welcome us. 4) I spread a new cloth on the table. 14. They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space. 阻止某人做某事阻止某人做某事 :prevent sb. (from) doing
62、 sth. stop sb. (from) doing sth. keep sb. from doing sth. 1) We must prevent them from making trouble. 2) You should prevent the child from injuring himself. If nothing prevents, 如果没有什么阻碍的话如果没有什么阻碍的话 , 15. Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether t
63、his problem can be solved. depend on sb. / sth. sb. to do sth. sb. doing sth. sb. /sth. for sth. 相信，信赖相信，信赖, , 依靠依靠, ,依赖依赖, ,视视而定，取决于而定，取决于 1) When you are in a strange place youd better depend on the map. 2) You cant depend on others to help you. 3) All living things depend on the sun for their gro
64、wth. 4) He depends on his pen for his living. wh- 5) You can depend on him. Hell lead you there. 6) Success depends on your own hard work. 7) Our success depends on whether everyone works hard. depend on it 没问题，请放心（句末或句首）没问题，请放心（句末或句首） That /It (all) depends. 那得看情况而定那得看情况而定 1) Depend on it, youll su
65、cceed. 2) He may support me, but it depends . Tell him what you want to say; hes a man to _. A. count B. believe C. trust D. depend 解析解析:相信相信/信赖某人信赖某人:count on sb. believe in sb. depend on sb.trust (in) sb.CWord study: Translate the following into English1.把把当作当作2.太阳系太阳系3.总有一天；及时总有一天；及时4.一般地说来一般地说来5
66、.信赖；取决于信赖；取决于6.目前目前7.做出选择做出选择8.天文学天文学9.氧氧10.阻止阻止think of assolar systemin timegenerally speakingdepend on at presentmake choices astronomyoxygen prevent from make watch wonder be cool multiply begin exist explode Where do we come from? How did the universe _ ? When we _ the stars through the telesco
67、pe, we _ why the universe _ . After the “Big Bang” ,the earth _ just a cloud of energetic dust. Somehow it _ loudly with fire and rock, which _ the earths atmosphere. As the earth _ down water _ to appear on its surface, which was important for the beginning of life. Then living things _ on the eart
68、h.beginwatchwonderexistswasexplodedmadecooledbeganmultipliedLanguage points for Reading(P30)cheer up : 欢呼，喝彩，感到高兴，使高兴。欢呼，喝彩，感到高兴，使高兴。当看到球队的到来，人群欢呼起来。当看到球队的到来，人群欢呼起来。_ when they saw the team arrive.他带她去听音乐会来使她高兴。他带她去听音乐会来使她高兴。He took her _ to _.The crowd cheered upto the concertcheer her upwatch do/d
69、oing :观看，注视观看，注视 我们看着太阳正在树后面落下。我们看着太阳正在树后面落下。We _ behind the trees. 每一天当他们看到植物生长，他们的心里都每一天当他们看到植物生长，他们的心里都充满了希望。充满了希望。Every day as they _ , their hearts filled with hope. watched the sun settingwatched the plant grow now that :既然，由于既然，由于既然每个人都到了，我们就可以开始会议。既然每个人都到了，我们就可以开始会议。_, we can begin the meeti
70、ng.由于你是一个大男孩由于你是一个大男孩,你就必须行为表现你就必须行为表现得更好得更好._, you must behave better.Now that everybody is hereNow that you are a big boyWe watched amazed as fire broke out on the outside of the spaceship as the earths gravity increased.amazed 是过去分词，此处做状语用是过去分词，此处做状语用 他进来的时候没有人注意到他进来的时候没有人注意到.He came in _ .break out (战争战争,争吵争吵,疾病等疾病等)爆发爆发在在深夜深夜,突然有人吵架突然有人吵架._ suddenly at midnight.A quarrel broke outunnoticedHomeworkReview the reading materials.Find out the beautiful sentences in this unit.Thank you very much.Good bye!蒋会华 吴超玲 马光彩临海市回浦中学2007. 3
