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1、英语演讲文体特征及其写作技巧英语演讲文体特征及其写作技巧Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.v如“21世纪”英语演讲比赛中:v已备演讲(prepared speech)占30分,v即席演讲(impromptu speech)占40分,v问答(questions和answers)占30分。v演讲中的写作是直接影响演讲的成败的原因之一,由于演讲是一种与听众面对面的直接交流,对演讲稿的写作,由此提出了特殊的要求
2、,演讲稿的内容受到了语言、结构,情感等因素的制约,因此,演讲稿写得好,演讲成功就有了七分把握。 Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.一、演讲稿的写作应具有社会性v演讲是一种社会活动-为了晓喻听众,打动听众,征服听众,v写作-以事实为主,情理为辅;v 具体形象为实,概括抽象为虚。v 内容必须要有现实性,v 作者提出的问题是听众所关心的问题,v 评论和论辩要有雄辩的逻辑力量-听众所 接受并心悦诚服-社会效果。
3、 Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.For examplevOpportunities are not windfalls. Opportunities belong to those who dare to take the challenge. Once we are ready, we can and we will be able to transform this evil specter o
4、f globalization into a benevolent genie, which means, we will transform the challenges we face into a great opportunity. Made in China” will not then be a meaning name for inexpensive shoes and clothing, or merely a label for consumer goods and home appliances, but an icon of unsurpassed excellence.
5、Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.v(机遇不是天上掉下来的馅饼,机遇属于那些敢于迎接挑战的人们。一旦准备就绪,我们就能也将能把邪恶的全球化幽灵变成善良的天使,这也意味着,我们能把眼前的挑战变成难得的机遇。那时,“中国制造”将不再是廉价鞋、衣的代名词,也不再是消费品和家用电器的一个不起眼的商标,而是成为了无与伦比的世界品牌。)这一段演讲有着沉甸甸的分量,沉实而厚重,精悍而有力,听起来流畅自然,有淋漓尽致之
6、妙,使其演讲推向了最高峰。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.二、演讲稿的写作应具有有声性v演讲稿-演说辞。普通作文是作者通过文章向读者单方面的输出信息,而演讲稿的写作必须以易说能讲为前提,其语汇,句式和语气都应具有浓厚的口语色彩,通俗易懂,自然流畅,没有太多的公文程式化。v写演讲稿是无声的演讲,是以“写”体现“说”的艺术。v在语言体裁的抒情上以适合现场表达为尺度。v质朴和直白-雕琢和修饰,v短句-长句,
7、v正装句-倒装句,v通俗易懂的语言-深涩的词语,v勿追求词的华丽,否则会弄巧成拙,很难引起听众的共鸣。 Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.vNowadays, we often see Chinese youngsters walking down the street with dyed blonde hair, wearing a New York Yankees sweater, trying t
8、o be cool like those American kids. With more and more cultural exchanges and technological developments, our generation has become more westernized. Someone has described us as a generation coming of age with personal computers, digital videos, and general material prosperity.Evaluation only.Create
9、d with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.v(如今,我们经常能见到走在大街上的中国年轻人染了一头金发,穿着纽约北方佬的毛衣,学美国孩子摆酷。随着文化交流越来越多,科技发展越来越快,我们这一代人会更加西化,于是有人称我们是来自个人电脑,数字影像和大众资源盛行世纪的一代。)v演讲者通过通俗易懂的实例,以及朴实,风趣的语言把抽象的概念具体化,使其演讲更具说服力和亲和力。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for
10、 .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.三、演讲稿的写作应具有整体性v演讲稿:引言、主体和结语。v从内容上划分:v一是根据演讲主旨的需要写成的演讲稿,如“21世纪”英语演讲中的已备演讲就属于这一类;v另一种是以自身的经历为主要内容的演讲稿,如“CCTV”大学英语复赛中的题目:your profession in 2010(2010年你选择的职业),还有“21世纪”英语演讲中即兴演讲的题目:Is the dormitory your other home?(寝室是你的第二个家吗?)。Evaluatio
11、n only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.v从表达方式上划分:v一是叙述型演讲稿;v二是议论型演讲稿;v三是抒情型演讲稿。v整体性,应由选题、题目、材料,主旨、结构和语言文字等要素组成,每个方面互为条件,互相制约,互为因果,共同构成演讲稿的特殊性。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 200
12、4-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.v1、开头(introduction)。演讲稿的开头部分首先应建立说者与听者的同感,引起共鸣,同时应打开局面,引入正题。常见英文演讲稿开头的方法可有以下几种:Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.v1.1 开门见山,直奔主题。“first say what you are going to say , then say it , then say what you
13、 have said“。(段津:2001:20)。这种开头即把演讲的思想观念马上展示在听众面前,使听众一听就知演讲的中心,注意力立刻集中起来。 Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.v如:段津在1987年温哥华摩纳电子公司招待会上的演讲:vWhat has brought us together this morning is our shared curiosity about the quality o
14、f the Chinese-made TV sets that will soon be finding their ways into tens of thousands of Canadian homes. After what weve seen today, one may till wonder what is behind the good quality of Chinese-made TV sets Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2
15、004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.v(今天上午,我们大家聚集到此,是因为我们大家都想对很快就要进入成千上万加拿大家庭的中国产电视机的质量探个究竟。今天看过之后,可能还有人想知道有关中国产电视机高质量的背景。)v作者的演讲稿一开始就陈述了其中心意旨,文字里行间洋溢着笔者的喜悦和自豪之情,做到了先声夺人,一下激起了听众的兴趣。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.v1.2 提问式开头(with q
16、uestions)。这种开头根据听众的特点(包括年龄、职业、兴趣等)以及演讲的内容,提出一些能激发听众思考的问题,造成悬念,以促进听众想知道答案的兴趣。 Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.v如“21世纪”第七届全国英语演讲比赛中,题目:Globalization: Challenges and opportunities for Chinas Younger Generation。其中一名获奖选手是这样
17、开头的:vLet me first ask you a few questions: what is your most favorite movie? What is your particular choice of film for taking photos? What car do you prefer to buy if you could afford one?Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty L
18、td.v(首先请允许 我问大家几个问题:你最喜欢看什么电影?如果要拍照,你会选择哪种胶卷?如果你买得起汽车,你倾向于买哪种品牌的?)v以提出问题作为开头,可以引人深思,有效地牵制了听众的注意力与情感,避免了平铺直叙地阐述问题,作者采用了欲擒故纵,先从生活中的小事提出问题,引起听众的思考,然后再逐步靠近主题:随着全球化步伐的加快,发达国家高新技术产业对中国的压力,“what should we Chinese younger generation do?”这样写来,可以收到很好的演讲开头效果。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET
19、3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.v1.3 介绍背景开头法(with a background)。这种开头先交代之所以要发表演讲的环境条件或历史背景以及各种联系,让听众更好地了解演讲的内容,同时为进一步向听众揭示问题做准备。 Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.v在段津 “Speech on Fundraising
20、Luncheon for Hubei Song and Dance Visit 讲稿中:vThere was a major discovery, ten years ago, at an ancient tomb in central China. Among the over ten thousand pieces of relics unearthed were numerous musical instruments. One was a set of chime bells which, when arranged in chromatic scale, could fill the
21、 whole stage of the Vancouver Music Hall. Quite a wonder, isnt it?Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.v(10年前,在中国中部的一个古墓中,有一项重大的发现。出土的一万余件文物中,有许许多多的乐器。其中有一样就是一套编钟。如果把它按音阶排列起来,它能摆满温哥华音乐大厅的整个舞台。多么神奇!不是吗?)v作者通过对历史的回忆,引申出中国音乐源远
22、流长,一定会受全世界人民的喜爱。 Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.v1.4 轶闻趣事(with a relevant story or anecdote)。这种开头先讲与主题有关的轶闻趣事,使听众饶有趣味,然后自然而然地随演讲者进入正题。 Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Cop
23、yright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.v在“21世纪”第七届全国英语演讲比赛中,其中获得一等奖的已备演讲稿的演讲者是这样开头的:vThirty years ago, American President Richard Nixon made an epoch-making visit to China, a country still isolated at that time. premier Zhou Enlai said to him,” Your handshake came over the vastest ocean in the world twenty
24、-five years of no communication. Ever since then, China and America have exchanged many handshakes of various kinds.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.v(三十年前,美国总统理查德尼克松来中国进行了具有划时代意义的访问,那时中国正受到孤立。周恩来总理对他说了这样一番话:“你与我的握手越过了世
25、界上最为辽阔的海洋,这个海洋就是互不交往的25年。”自从那以后,美国和中国已经握过多次不同的手。)v作者在论述“中国年轻一代所面临的挑战与机遇”这一话题时,先引用了尼克松来访这一事件作为引子,然后再步入主题,这个象征性事例的引入,使得文章深刻,意味深长,博得了听众的信任和共鸣。 Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.二、正文(body)。 v主要部份,要求围绕中心,展开论述。v时间有限v结构-严密、紧凑,层
26、次分明,衔接自然,v行文-不断变化,波澜起伏,扣人心弦。v写作手法-排比,重复,对偶拟人等句法,增强语言的形象色彩,把抽象化为具体,深奥变得浅显,枯燥变成有趣,这样既能深化主题,也能增强演讲稿的表现力。 Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.vwith our talents and with our wits, with our courage and with our creativity, with
27、our hospitality and respect for our neighbors in the global village, let us whisper, loudly in our minds: Let it come, let it come.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.v(凭着我们的才能和智慧,凭着我们的勇气和创造力,凭着我们对地球村邻居们的热情和尊重,让我们私下地在心里大声地
28、说:“让它来吧。让它来吧!”)v在此,作者应用了重复手法(以“with”引导的名词短语),强调了年轻人对未来的信心,对未来的希望,行文显得铿锵有力,极具感染力。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.3、结尾(conclusion)。 v演讲稿的结尾要言简意深,力求做到揭示题旨,加深认识,促人深思,耐人寻味,文字不必太长。结尾可以有以下几种:Evaluation only.Created with Aspos
29、e.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.(1). With an emphatic summary (归纳法)。 v对所论述的主题再次强调和归纳,加深听众对演讲辞的印象。 Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.(2). With a question(以问句结尾)。 v这种方法在形式上是疑
30、问句,实际上是表明演讲者的肯定态度,如这一段结尾:Facing the contradiction between globalization and our own cultural identity, dont you think that harmony is a good inspiration for us?(面对全球化与民族文化特性之间的矛盾,难道你不觉得“和谐”正是给我们一个良好的精神动力吗?)演讲者以疑问名的形式再次强调了年轻人应该努力奋斗。 Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profi
31、le 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. (3). With a prophecy or suggestion(以预告未来或建议为结尾)。 v这类结尾行文充满豪情,给人以鼓舞,指出目标,催人以奋进。如:My dear fellow students, today we are arming ourselves with knowledge and experience; tomorrow we will be devoting ourselves to taking up the challenges. Today we are trying
32、 to learn more about our land and the rest of the world; tomorrow we will be promoting the cooperation between China and other countries. Today we are living in the changing world; tomorrow we will be changing the world. Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.
33、Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. v(亲爱的同学们,今天我们在用知识和经验武装自己,明天我们会全身心地迎接挑战:今天我们在努力加深对我们国家和全世界的了解,明天我们会推动中国与其它国家间的合作;今天我们生活在这个改变中的世界,明天我们会改变这个世界。)该结尾以重复、排比的句法,预示美好的未来,鼓励大家奋勇向前。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.四、演讲稿的写作应具有
34、临场性v即演讲稿在内容选择,语言选用和谋篇布局上都要有临场性,对未来的现场气氛和效果有所预感和有所把握。v在内容选择上,要从听众的自然特点,心理特点和社会特点考虑,写文章时,内容安排要取近舍远,其观点、材料要为听众所熟悉,为听众所关心,要求“上口入耳”,使演讲稿内容与听众“心理相容”,才能激起思想上的共鸣。v在语言选择上,也要适合于“听”,少用书面语,多用通俗易懂的生活语言,自然,质朴和鲜活的语言能让听众感到亲切和真诚,同时巧妙地应用富有情趣和幽默的语言,可以调节听众心理情绪,活跃气氛,是增进亲近感、融洽度的途径。 Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Sli
35、des for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.vDo you have commitments? Do you have responsibility? Do you have like obligations, like or commitments for your partners, like a partnerships have several kinds of definition, like being a couple is just one dimension, and s
36、omething others like, just like we are taking over some good western social ideologies like. Its not so bad to get such kind of relationships as to me. And if you think sometimes offend my opinions like this, its just like an appetizer for you coming up to dinner. Evaluation only.Created with Aspose
37、.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.v(你有过誓言吗?你有责任感吗?你对你的伴侣有义务、有承诺吗?就像“伙伴关系”这个词有好几种定义,成为夫妻只是其中之一,其它的则颇似我们谈论的一些西方好的意识形态。对我来说,选择这种关系并不是件坏事。如果您觉得这样的回答不合适,那么我换种说法来阐述观点,它就好似开饭前的开胃食品。)v作者以独特而幽默的语言机智巧妙地辩述了“青年男女选择同居但不结婚”这一现象,使得演讲妙趣生辉,反映强烈,给听众留下深刻的印象。Evaluation only.
38、Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.v在谋篇布局上,应考虑时间的限制,不宜过长,应简短精炼,在听众情绪高涨时结束演讲,容易留下回味的余地,德国著名的演讲家海茵兹雷德曼曾指出:“在一次演讲中不要期望得到太多。宁可只有一个给人印象深刻的思想,也不要五十个证人前听后忘的思想。宁可牢牢地敲进一根钉子,也不要松松地按上几十个一拔即出的图钉。”整个文章要布局疏密,虚实结合,对于重要情节要详用笔墨,反方,则轻描淡写,这样,整个文章才能让听众感到层次分
39、明,张驰有致,从而收到理想的演讲效果。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.五、演讲稿的写作应具有时代性v演讲必须体现与当时时代的精神,时代的特点,以及时代的气息,举出例子应新颖,观点应独特,既要捕捉最能体现时代要求的信息,又要符合演讲的要求,本专业的特点,做到融会贯通,给人以新的体验,新的感觉。 Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5
40、 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.vTill 21 century in China the evidence of globalization has been seen continually. Our 44 year dream of marching to the World Cup Finals came true. Our bid for Word Expo 2010 is under way. Our 15 years efforts paved Chinas way to the WTO. An
41、d after 4 years of long waiting, Chinas name was finally heard by the whole world, Beijing, 2008 Olympics.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.v(在中国,直到21世纪全球化的见证才开始不断涌现。我们梦想了44年的踢进“世界杯总决赛”的心愿终于得以实现;2010年“世界博览会”的申办工作也正在进行当中;
42、我们15年的艰辛努力最终为中国加入世界贸易组织铺平了道路;经过4年的漫长期待,中国的名字终于响彻了整个世界:“北京,2008年奥运会。”)v作者用其自然、流畅,得体的语言,把精心挑选的材料运用得当,具有鲜明的时代性,同时恰到好处地赞美了自己的祖国。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.演讲稿的特征v丰富而深刻的内容,v精辟的见解,v独到的风格,v语言表达形象生动,v富有感染力。Evaluation only
43、.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.