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1、 Language Learn to Communicate Text Learning ExercisesPower of WordsAdvice on Language LearningA JokeVideo TimeLearn to CommunicateText LearningNew Words & ExpressionsReading QuestionsText StructureText UnderstandingExercisesReading ComprehensionVocabularyPower of WordsIn our lives, other peoples wo
2、rds can change ourmoodandevenourattitude.Wordsareessentiallinkbetweenpeople.Inthefollowingsituations,whenyouhearthosewords,howwouldyoufeel?Situation 1: Its the first time that youdeliver a speech in English. But you arealways scared of speaking in front of thepublic, and you dont think your English
3、isgoodenough.Soyouareverynervous.Youcant even say a word fluently. When youmanagetofinishitatlast,yourteachersaysto you, “Well done. Im proud of you fortrying.”Sample: AtthismomentIfeelencouraged.Ihavedonealottopreparethespeech.Nowthatitisappreciated,Ifeelveryhappyandbecomemoreconfident.IthinkIwill
4、surelydobetterinthefuture.Power of WordsSituation2:Yougetaseriousillnessintheuniversityandhavetostayinhospitalfor some days, but your parents cannotcometotakecareofyou.Yourclassmatessaytoyou,“Dontworry.Wellbewithyouallthetime.”Sample: I feel deeply touched. As Im sick, I miss myparentsverymuch.ButIc
5、annotgohome,norcantheycometoseeme.Ifeelverylonelyandhelpless.Sowhenmyclassmatestellmethattheywilltakecareofme,Imreallymoved.IknowIamlivinginabigfamilyinwhichallmembersloveeachother.Power of WordsSituation 3:Youaredoingyourhomework. But you find some questionsaretoodifficulttoanswer.Soyouturntooneofy
6、ourroommatesforhelp.Hesaystoyou,“Youaresostupid.”Sample:Ifeelhurt.Imslowinmystudy,butIwanttodobetter. I am making great efforts toward this end. And Ihopesomeonecanhelpme.Sohiswordsreallyhurtmeanddiscourageme.Power of WordsWhatotherwordshaveencouragedyou,movedyou,orhurtyou?Power of WordsSample:Theot
7、herwordthatencouragedmeis“Dontgiveup;tryitagain”saidbymycoachwhenIgotinvolvedinabasketballtraining,practicedshootingtheballandfailedtoputitintothebasketformanytimes.Theotherwordthatmovedmeis“YourbirthgivesmehopeandIhopetogiveyouhappiness”,saidbymymotheronmy16thbirthday.Theotherwordthathurtmeis“Iwont
8、trustyouanymore”,saidbyoneofmybestfriends,whomIpromisedtogoshoppingwiththenextdaywhilelaterIfoundmyselfinvolvedinsomethingelseandcouldnotgo.Power of WordsHowtoLearnEnglishWell?Workwithyourgroupmemberstocomeupwithatleastseven suggestions on English learning and prepare ashortreport.1）Chooseonepersoni
9、nthegrouptopresentyourreporttothewholeclass;2）Whenyouhaveheardthereportsfromothergroups,haveyoufoundanysuggestionshelpful?Advice on Language LearningSamples: ThinkinEnglishwheneverpossible;Usedictionariesandgrammarguidesconstantly;WatchEnglishmovies;listentoEnglishbroadcastandEnglishsongs;ReadEnglis
10、hmagazinesandnewspapers;ReadaloudinEnglisheverymorning;Alwaysjotdownwordsandexpressionscommonlyusedinourdailylifeandmemorizethem;BewillingtoshareexperiencesinyourEnglishstudywithothers.Advice on Language LearningA JokeAcitymanhadanewcaranddecidedtotryitoutbydrivinginthecountry.Hawassohappywithhiscar
11、thathedidntnoticewherehewasgoing,andhesoonbecamelost.He stopped when he saw a farm boy walkingalongtheroad,andhesaid,“Hello,boy.” Theboyreplied,“Helloyourself,”andscratched(抓)hishead.Themanasked,“Wheredoesthisroadgo?”Theboyanswered,“Itdoesntgoanywhere.Itsalwaysbeenrighthere.”Themanasked,“Howfarisitt
12、othenexttown?”Theboyanswered,“Dontknow,Ivenevermeasuredit.”The man was disgusted(感到讨厌) and saidangrily, “You dont know anything, and youre thebiggestfoolIveevermet.”Theboyreplied,“IknowIdontknowmuch,andImaybeafool,butatleastImnotlost.”Video TimeWatch,Listen,andRepeat.Text LearningNewWords&Expression
13、sWord Studyfiercea.1)violent;cruel;angry凶猛的2)intense猛烈的，强烈的Examples:我们想帮助他,但是他那种凶狠瞪视的目光使我们望而却步。Wewantedtoofferhelp,butthefierceglareonhisfacestoppedus.由于失业人数众多，寻找工作的竞争十分激烈。Becausethereissomuchunemployment,thecompetitionforjobsisveryfierce.12warnv.tomakeawareinadvanceofpotentialharmordanger警告，告诫Examp
14、les:我提醒他们树林里可能有蛇。Iwarnedthemthattheremightbesnakesinthewoods.邻居告诉我父亲，我们的处境极端危险。Myfatherwaswarnedbytheneighborsthatwewereingreatdanger.warnsb.off/away通知某人离开;告诫某人避开Word Study12barkv.tomakethesoundofadog吠，咆哮n.thesoundmadebyadog吠声Examples:当陌生人走近时，狗叫了起来。Thedogbarkedwhenthestrangercamenear.这狗朝后退了几步，发出警告的叫
15、声。Thedogbackedafewsteps,givingabarkofalarm.Word Study12frighteneda.afraid;alarmed害怕的；受惊吓的Examples:她从那栋建筑物的顶楼往下看时，感到很害怕。Shewasveryfrightenedtolookdownfromthetopfloorofthebuilding.他一想到他背负的巨额债务便胆战心惊。Hewasfrightenedatthethoughtofhishugedebts.Word Study12frightenvt.tofillwithfear使惊恐；吓唬frightensb.into(doi
16、ng)sth.用恐吓手段迫使某人做某事frightensb.outof(doing)sth.用恐吓手段迫使某人不做某事Examples:他恐吓那位孩子把所有的钱都给了他。Hefrightenedtheyoungchildintogivinghimallthemoney.她几乎被吓死。Shewasnearlyfrightenedout ofherlife.Word Study12frighten vt. 恐吓，吓唬frighteneda. 受到惊吓的frighteninga.可怕的，令人恐怖的pleasevt. 使满意pleaseda. 高兴的，满足的pleasinga. 令人高兴的Word S
17、tudyprimarilyad.inthefirstplace;atfirst;essentially首要地；首先；最初地Example:我们商店的确也经营油画，但是它主要是一个家具店。Wedodealwithpaintingshere,butthisisprimarilyafurnitureshop.Word Studyprimarya. 1)earliest初级的，最初的2)mostimportant,basic主要的,基本的Examples:它正处于初级阶段。Itsintheprimarystage.汤姆失败的主要原因是懒惰。TheprimarycauseofTomsfailureish
18、islaziness.爱和恨是人类最基本的情感。Loveandhatredareprimaryemotions.Word Study123resemblevt.lookorbelike像，类似Examples:她的声音跟她母亲的一样。Hervoiceresembleshermothers.父子俩外貌和性情都相似。Thefatherandhissonresemble eachotherbothin appearanceandinnature.Word Study12representvt. 1)actorspeakfor;beamemberof代表，代理2)beasymbolorexampleo
19、fsth.象征，体现3)describe,show描述，表示Examples:联合国是一个代表着世界上几乎所有国家的机构。TheUNisanorganizationrepresentingnearlyallthecountriesintheworld.在许多国家里玫瑰都代表着爱情。Roserepresentsloveinmanycountries.这幅画描述了中国人民庆祝传统节日春节的情景。ThispicturerepresentspeoplescelebrationofthetraditionalSpringFestivalinChina.Word Study123representativ
20、ea.代表的；有代表性的，典型的n.代表；代理人Examples:这幅画不是他在那个时期的代表作。Thepaintingisnotrepresentativeofhisworkoftheperiod.berepresentativeof代表代表们听了这个工厂里发生的事都感到吃惊。Therepresentativeswereallsurprisedbywhathadhappenedinthefactory.thehouseofRepresentatives(美国及日本的)众议院Word Study123cooperationn.workingoractingtogetherforasharedp
21、urpose合作；协作；配合Examples:friendlycooperationamongnations各民族的友好合作通过密切合作，我们的事业一定成功。Byclosecooperation,weshallsucceedinourenterprise.Word Study12cooperatevi.worktogether合作；协作；配合cooperatewithsb.in(doing)sth.和某人合作（做）某事Examples:所有这些事情配合起来，使这项工作获得成功。Allthesethingscooperatedtomakethisworkasuccess.他们曾密切合作，共同规划
22、这一项目。Theyhadcooperatedcloselyintheplanningoftheproject.cooperativea.合作的；协作的Word Study12existencen.1)thestateofexistingorbeing存在2)life;wayofliving生存；生活（方式）Examples:这个世界是什么时候开始存在的？Whendidthisworldcome into existence?约翰为我们提供了全部的生活必需品。Johnprovidesuswithallthenecessitiesofexistence.bringintoexistence创造,使
23、产生inexistence实际存在的,现存的,现有的Word Study12informvt. totellsb.aboutsth.告知，通知informsb.of/aboutsth./informsb.that告知某人某事beinformedofsth./beinformedthat听说，接到通知Examples:地址若有变动请随时通知我们。Pleaseinformusofanychangesofaddress.我得到消息说他们俩明年结婚。Ihave been informed that thecouplewillmarrynextyear.Word Study12somehowad.1)i
24、nsomeway以某种方式，用某种方法2)forsomereason为某种理由，不知怎么地Examples:我们总得设法找钱付房租。Wemustfindmoneyfortherentsomehow(orother).我们必须设法把工作做完。Wemustgettheworkfinishedsomehow(orother).不知怎么地，他们看起来连反对的机会都没有。Somehowtheydidnotseemtogetanopportunitytoobject.Word Study123区分1：somewhat ad. tosomedegree有点，稍微Examples:见到他我颇感诧异。Iwass
25、omewhatsurprisedtoseehim.我对这个工作有点厌倦了Iamsomewhattiredofthiswork.Word Study12区分2：anyhow ad. anyway无论如何，总之Examples:咱们无论如何暂时不要再提这件事。Anyhow,letsforgetaboutthatforthemoment.我想他们睡着了；不管怎样他们很安静Ithinktheyreasleep;anyhow,theyrequiet.Word Study12immeasurablea.thatcannotbemeasured不可估量的，不能衡量的Example:由于使用不当，自然资源遭受
26、的损失是无法估量的。Immeasurablequantitiesofnaturalresourceshadbeenlostforeverthroughmisuse.否定前缀in-在字母b、m和p之前，转化为im-，再如：possibleimpossiblea. 不可能的balanceimbalancen.不均衡Word Studyintegrate v. combine parts into a whole结合，使并入Integratewith使与结合integrate.into使并入Examples:integratetheorywithpractice使理论联系实际他们在这个国家已经生活了
27、10年，但从来没有真正融入到这个社会中去。Theyhavelivedinthiscountryfor10yearsbuthaveneverreallyintegrated.我已把你的建议纳入到我的计划里。Ihaveintegratedyoursuggestionintomyplan.Word Study123mediumn.1)thatbywhichsth.isexpressed媒介物；传导体2)middlequalityordegree适中，适度；中庸a.ofmiddlesize,amount,quality,value,etc.适中的；中等的Examples:电视会是一种绝好的教育手段。T
28、elevisioncanbeanexcellentmediumforeducation.happymedium 中庸之道你要烧成什么样的牛肉?半熟的、中等熟度的、还是熟透的?Howdoyouwantthebeefrare,mediumorwelldone?mediumsize中号（尺寸）Word Study1234reasonn.1)acause理由，原因2)thepowerofmindtothinkinalogicalway理性，理智Examples:有理由相信他不诚实。Thereisreasontobelievethatheisdishonest.那个可怜的老人疯了。Thepooroldf
29、ellowhaslosthisreason.Word Study12reason v.1)toformajudgment推理，推论2)topersuadewithreasons说服，评理Examples:人的思考能力使人异于禽兽。Mansabilitytoreasonmakeshimdifferentfromtheanimals.reasonsb.intoasensibleaction说服某人采取合理行动reasonsb.outofafalsebelief说服某人放弃一错误信仰reasonablea.合理的；通情达理的；公道的Word Study123reasoninga.abletoreas
30、on能推理的n.theprocessofthinkingaboutthingsinalogicalway推理；论证Examples:推理能力thereasoningfaculties这一论证是完全站得住脚的。Thisreasoningisaltogethersound.那个女人不可理喻。Theresnoreasoningwiththatwoman;shewontlistentoreason.Word Study123possessvt.own;have占有，拥有Examples:他被指控无照拥有枪支。Hewaschargedwithpossessingagunwithoutalicense.恐
31、怕他没有什么幽默感。Imafraidhedoesntpossessasenseofhumor.Word Study12possessionn.ownership;(pl.)apieceofpersonalproperty有，拥有；所有物，财产Examples:那个愚蠢的老头很快失去了所有的财产。.Thefoolisholdmansoonlostallhispossessions.那头目占有了偷来的财产。Thechiefwasin possession ofthestolenproperty.Thestolenpropertywasin the possession ofthechief.inp
32、ossessionofsth.(某人)占有某物insb.spossession(=inthepossessionofsb.)(某物)为某人所占有Word Study12up and down: moving upward and downward;completelyorthoroughly上上下下；处处Examples:小船在水面上颠簸。Theboatbobbedup and downonthewater.我到处都找过了。Ihavelookedforitup and down.Expressions12a variety of:various各种各样的Examples:这个购物中心出售许多种
33、商品。Theshopping-centresellsa wide variety ofgoods.由于种种原因，他放弃了。Hegaveupfora variety ofreasons.Expressions12a number of许多（修饰可数名词，number前可有large,small等形容词来修饰）区别：thenumberof的数目Examples:许多人在事故中丧生。A number ofliveswerelostintheaccident.这家图书馆藏书的数目惊人。The number ofbooksinthislibraryissurprising.Expressions12go
34、 by:topass过去，走过，经过Examples:随着时光飞逝astimegoes by一辆小汽车车以全速驶过（我们）身旁。Acarwent by(us)atfullspeed.他们过了好几年后才再度见面。Severalyearswent bybeforetheymetagain.Expressions123as well:also;too同样，也(通常用于句末)Examples:我要去伦敦，我姐姐也去。ImgoingtoLondonandmysisterscomingas well.她会骑马和游泳；她也会射击。Shecanrideahorseandswim;shecanshootas w
35、ell.Expressions12as well as:同一样，也（强调前者）Examples:他不但会讲英语和法语，也会讲西班牙语。HespeaksSpanishas well asEnglishandFrench.不但他太太，连他的孩子们都被邀请参加了那次聚会。Hischildrenas well ashiswifewereinvitedtotheparty.Expressions12ReadingQuestionsText LearningReading QuestionsHowdoanimalscommunicatewitheachother?Whatfeaturesdohumanla
36、nguageshave?21TextStructureText LearningText StructurePartOne(Para.13)Thelanguagegiftsofanimals.PartTwo(Para.45)Thefeaturesofhumanlanguages.PartThree(Para.6)Wordsindifferentlanguages.TextUnderstandingText LearningText Understanding1 When a rabbit sees something dangerous, itrunsaway. Its tail, which
37、 is white, moves up and down as itruns.Theotherrabbitsseethiswhitetailmovingupanddown,andtheyruntoo.Theyknowthatthereisdanger.The rabbit has told them something without making asound.Ithasgiventhemasignal.The Gift of Language2Manyotheranimalsusethiskindoflanguage.Whenacobra is angry, it raises its h
38、ood and makes itself lookfierce.Thiswarnsotheranimals.Whenabeehasfoundsomefood,itgoesbacktoitshome.Itcannottelltheotherbeeswherethefoodisbyspeakingtothem,butitdoesalittledanceintheair.Thistellsthebeeswherethefoodis.Text Understanding3 Some animals say things by making sounds. A dogbarks,forinstance,
39、whenastrangercomesnear.Acatpurrswhen pleased. Some birds make several different sounds,each with its own meaning. Sometimes we human beingsspeakinthesameway.Wemakesoundslike“Oh!”or“Ah!”when we are frightened or pleased or when we dropsomethingonourtoes!Humanspeechisprimarilyasystemofconventionalsign
40、swithasmallnumberofwordsineachlanguage that are held to phonetically resemble andrepresentsomerealsound.Text Understanding4Socialorder,beithumanoranimal,isimpossiblewithoutsomeformofcommunication.Cooperationdependsupontheexistenceofsomekindofsignsystem,signalswhichcantakeavarietyofforms.Butwehavesom
41、ethingthatnoanimalhas a large number of words which have the meanings ofthings,actions,feelingsorideas.Weareabletogiveeachotherinformation,totellorinformotherpeoplewhatisinourmind or how we feel. By writing words down we canrememberthingsthathavehappened,orsendmessagestopeoplefaraway.Noanimalcandoth
42、is.Text UnderstandingNo animal has the wonderful power of language. No oneknowshowmanlearnedtomakewords.Perhapshebeganbymaking sounds like those made by animals. Perhaps hegruntedlikeapigwhenheliftedsomethingheavy.Perhapshemade sounds like those he heard all round him watersplashing, a bee humming,
43、a stone falling to the ground.Somehowhelearnedtomakewords.Asthecenturieswentby, he made more and more new words. This is what wemeanbylanguage.Text Understanding5Languageissuchapervasiveculturalphenomenonthat it can truly be called “second nature”. In theimmeasurable length of time since this form o
44、f behaviorwas acquired by the human race, language has alwaysbeenthebestintegratedandmostoftenusedmediumofculturalexpression.Theideaofhumansocietyandofmanhimselfasareasoningbeingcannotbeseparatedfromthefactthatmanpossesseslanguage.Text Understanding6Peopleindifferentcountriesmadedifferentkindsofword
45、s. Today there are about fifteen hundred differentlanguagesintheworld.Eachcontainsmanythousandsofwords. A very large English dictionary, for example,containsfourorfivehundredthousandwords.Thewordsyouknowarecalledyourvocabulary,soyoushouldtrytomakeyourvocabularybigger.Readasmanybooksasyoucan,andyouca
46、nbemasterofthelanguageaswell.Text UnderstandingSamples for Reading QuestionsSome animals communicate with each other bygiving signals, such as rabbits, cobras and bees.Some others say things by making sounds, forexample,dogsandcats.Human languages have a large number of wordswhichhavethemeaningsofth
47、ings,actions,feelingsorideas.Withthesewordspeoplecangiveeachotherinformation,totellorinformeachotherwhatison their mind or how they feel. Besides, humanlanguageisapervasiveculturalphenomenon12SummarySomeanimalssaythingsbygivingvisual1)_andsome by making 2) _. Human beings have a largenumberofwordsth
48、atnoanimalhasto3)_witheachother.Nooneknowshowhumanbeingsbegantomakewords, but with the development of history, more and morewords 4) _. Language is a common 5) _phenomenon that can be called second 6) _ of thehumanrace.Differentlanguagehasdifferent7)_.To8)_alanguage,oneshouldreadasmuchashecan.signal
49、ssoundscommunicateappearculturalnaturevocabularymasterExercisesReadingComprehension1. Directions: In this exercise, there are five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best answers the question or completes the statemen
50、t according to the text. 1）WhichofthefollowingisNOTawayofcommunicationamonganimals?A.Togivesignalstoothers.B.Tospeakinsomekindoflanguage.C.Tomakevarioussounds.D.Todanceintheair.2）WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?A.Arabbitrunswithitstailmovingupanddowntogiveotherrabbitsasig
51、nalofdanger.B.Acatpurrswhenastrangercomesnear.C.Acobraraisesitshoodtowarnotheranimals.D.Abeedoesaspecialdancetotellotherbeeswherethefoodis.3）Thethingwehavebutnoanimalhasis_.A.theabilitytocommunicateB.theabilitytodanceC.alargenumberofwordsD.varioussoundsandsignals4）Whatdoescooperationdependonaccordin
52、gtothepassage?A.Socialorder.B.Theabilitytomakesounds.C.Language.D.Somekindofsignsystem.5）Todaythereareabout_differentlanguagesintheworld.A.1500B.150000C.150D.150002. Directions: Read the following statements and decide whether they are true or false according to the text. Write “T” for true and “F”
53、for false before each statement. _1）Whenacobragetsannoyed,itmovesitshoodupanddowntowarnotheranimals._2）Ineachlanguagetherearemanywordswhichresembleandrepresentsomerealsound.FF_3）Wehumansaredifferentfromanimalsinthatwecancommunicatewitheachotherwhileanimalscannot._4）Manmightlearntomakewordsbymakingso
54、undsasanimalsdid,butnooneissureaboutit._5）Languagecanberegardedassecondnatureofthehumanracebecauseitisaverycommonculturalphenomenon.TFTVocabularyExercises1.Directions:In this exercise, there are five sentences. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best c
55、ompletes the sentence.1）TheBritish_withtheFrenchinbuildingaspacevehiclethatneithercountrycouldaffordbyitself.A.cooperateB.copeC.correspondD.convey2）Mr.Smithgradually_aknowledgeofthesubjectthroughhisselfstudy.A.achievedB.attainedC.acquiredD.inquiredAC3）SeveraldaysaftertheoperationJackwasbeginningtofe
56、el_better.A.somehowB.somewhatC.anyhowD.anyway4）Aseachcontingent（代表团）_,therewasaburstofapplausefromthewatchingcrowd.A.wentbyB.wentthroughC.wentoverD.wentoutAB5）Ifyouwantacheapticket,youmust_itwellinadvance.A.resolveB.representC.reserveD.resemble6）Oneoftheattractivefeaturesofthecoursewasthewaythepract
57、icalworkhadbeen_withthetheoreticalaspectsofthesubject.A.adjustedB.inspiredC.installedD.integratedCD7）Inrecentyearsthecostoflivinghasbeenincreasing_.A.primarilyB.approximatelyC.significantlyD.eventually8）Theboxwassoheavythatitwasdifficultfortheoldladyto_it.A.liftB.grabC.riseD.seizeCA2. Directions: Fi
58、ll in each blank with a proper word or phrase from the table. Each word or phrase can be used only once. Change the form where necessary.possessmediumphenomenonavarietyoffierceexistrepresentaswell1）Afiguresometimesmeansawrittenorprintedsymbol_anumber,butitmayalsomeanashape,suchasatriangle,acircle,or
59、asphere.2）Thisnatural_whichwehavejustdiscoveredismostinteresting.representingphenomenon3）Waterisagood_fortransmittingsound,whichisknowntomanypeople.4）Thebear,whencornered（困住）,isoneofthe_ofallanimals.5）Henever_muchmoney,buthealwayshadgoodhealthandahappymind.fiercepossessedmedium6）Thecountryhas_resour
60、ces,buttheirquantityisreallyverylimited.7）NewYorkStatueofLibertywasdesignedtobeabeaconforshipsandamonument_.8）There_acertaindoubtamongusastothenecessityofthework.avarietyofaswellexisted3.Directions:Give the correct form(s) of the word according to the indication in the brackets. Then complete the se
61、ntences using the right form of each word. Each word can be used only once.represent (n.)frighten(a.)reason(a.)measure(a.)possess(n.)cooperate(a.)primarily(a.)acquire(n.)representative/representationfrightening/frightenedreasoningmeasurable/immeasurablepossessor/possessioncooperativeprimaryacquisiti
62、on1）Thepeopleinthevillagewere_;theyhelpedusineverywaytheycould.2）Thesecretdocumentisnowinthe_oftheforeignminister.3）Wemustgettotherootofthematterandfindoutthe_causeofthetrouble.4） He was _ at the thought of his comingexamination.possessionprimaryfrightenedcooperative5）Thetigerisacommon_ofthecatfamil
63、y.6）The_oflanguagehabitsisinitselfinsufficientforthetruemasteryofalanguage.7）Weallknowthatthedistancesinaninfiniteuniversewouldbeliterally_.8）Yourproposalsounds_,butwellhavetotalkaboutitfurther.representativeacquisitionimmeasurablereasonable4.Directions:Complete the following sentences by putting th
64、e Chinese given in the brackets into English.1)Thetwoboys_（长得很像）inthattheybothhaveblondhairandroundfaces.2)Thenoisychildrenwere_（吓得说不出话）bytheterribleaccidentonthestreet.resembleeachotherfrightenedintosilence3)Hesentmealetterand_（外加一些钱）.4)Aweek_（过去了）,buttheystilldidntknowhowtosolvetheproblem.5)Theorg
65、anizationwasformedto_（代表利益）ofwomenartistssomemoneyaswellwentbyrepresenttheinterestsWhenarabbitseessomethingdangerous,itrunsaway.形容词作后置定语当形容词修饰不定代词something,nothing,anything,everything等时，通常放在后面。Examples:1)报纸上没有什么有趣的新闻。Thereisnothinginterestinginthenewspaper.2)电视上根本没有什么值得看的节目。Theresneveranythingworthw
66、atchingonTV.译文：译文：当兔子发现危险时，它会逃跑。Theotherrabbitsseethiswhitetailmovingupanddown,andtheyruntoo.感官动词后跟动词原形，强调动作的全过程；跟现在分词，强调动作正在进行。其他还有hear,notice,watch,listento,feel等Examples:1)他们对她很了解，因为他们看着她从小孩长成大人。TheyknewherverywellTheyhadseenhergrowupfromchildhood2)昨晚八点我听见他在隔壁房间唱歌。LastnightateightoclockIheardhims
67、inginginthenextroom译文：译文：其他的兔子看到上下摆动的白色尾巴时，也会跑开。感官动词It cannot tell the other bees where the food is byspeakingtothem,butitdoesalittledanceintheair.wherethefoodis作tell的直接宾语译译文文：它虽然不能以说话的方式告诉其他蜜蜂食物在哪里，但它会在空中跳舞。以说话的方式Somebirdsmakeseveraldifferentsounds,eachwithitsownmeaning.独立结构作状语,相当于eachsoundhasitsow
68、nmeaning“名词+介词短语”构成独立结构，作状语，表示补充说明Examples:1)Twoboys,eachwithanarmaroundeachothereach,waitoutsidetheprincipalsoffice.两个男孩子手挽着手等在校长的办公室外面。译译文文：有些鸟会发出几种不同的声音，每一种声音都表达不同的意思。Humanspeechisprimarilyasystemofconventionalsignswithasmallnumberofwordsineachlanguagethatareheld to phonetically resemble and repr
69、esent some realsound.that引导的定语从句修饰asmallnumberofwords译译文文：人类语言主要是一个常规符号体系，在每一种语言中都有少量词汇在发音上模仿或代表某些真正的声音。with短语作定语修饰asystemofMeaning：Humanspeechisbasicallyasystemofconventionalsigns.Withinthissystem, each language has a smallnumberofwordsthatsoundssimilartoandrepresentsomerealvoice.Socialorder,beithu
70、manoranimal,isimpossiblewithoutsomeformofcommunication.nomatterwhetheritishumanoranimal“be+主语+表语”结构用来表示让步，相当于nomatterwhether.从句，意为“不管，无论”。Examples:1)不管到时候是否天亮，我们都已决定早晨5点离开。Beitlightordarkatthathour,wevedecidedtoleaveatfiveoclockinthemorning.2)不管雨下得有多大，我今晚都要去那里。Betheraineversoheavy,Iwillgotherethisev
71、ening.译译文文：如果没有某种形式的交流，不管是人类还是动物，都不可能有社会秩序。Cooperationdependsupontheexistenceofsomekindofsignsystem,signalswhichcantakeavarietyofforms.译译文文：某种形式的符号体系是合作的基础，而这些信号可以有多种形式。somekindofsignsystem的同位语Meaning：Cooperationisbasedontheexistenceofsomekindofsignsystem,thatis,varioussignals.定语从句修饰signalsThisiswha
72、twemeanbylanguage.译文：译文：这就是我们所指的语言。Examples:1)你那么说什么意思?Whatdoyoumeanbysayingthat?2)她取消自己的演出是什麽意思?Whatdoesshemeanbycancellingherperformance?=Whyhasshedoneit?意思是，意味Languageissuchapervasiveculturalphenomenonthatitcantrulybecalledsecondnature.译译文文：语言是一种非常普及的文化现象，完全可以称作人类的第二本性。such.that.:so.that.，such后通常
73、跟名词，而so后面通常跟形容词或副词。Examples:1)他关窗户的力太大了，把玻璃都震破了。Heshutthewindowwithsuchforcethattheglassbroke.2)他们养的狗非常凶猛，没有人敢靠近他们的房子。Theyhadsuchafiercedogthatnoonedaredtogoneartheirhouse.如此以至于如此以至于Intheimmeasurablelengthoftimesincethisformofbehaviorwasacquiredbythehumanrace,languagehasalwaysbeenthebestintegratedan
74、dmostoftenusedmediumofculturalexpression.译译文文：自人类掌握这一行为方式以来的漫长的岁月里，语言始终是文化交际中最完整、使用最频繁的工具。Meaning:Intheendlesstimesincethehumanracelearnedtouselanguage,languagehasalwaysbeenthemostefficientlyandfrequentlyusedwayofcommunication.指language修饰medium修饰mediumTheideaofhumansocietyandofmanhimselfasareasoning
75、beingcannotbeseparatedfromthefactthatmanpossesseslanguage.译译文文：人类社会以及作为具有理性的人本身都与人掌握语言这一事实紧密相关。如此以至于修饰theidea同位语从句修饰factReadasmanybooksasyoucan,andyoucanbemasterofthelanguageaswell.译文：译文：尽可能多读书，这样你也会成为语言大师。Examples:1)我会尽力帮忙，但我所能做的也是有限度的。IllhelpasmuchasIcan,butthereisalimittowhatIcando.如此以至于尽最大可能也1.H
76、owdoesarabbittellotherswhenthereisdanger?Answer:Ittellothersbymovingitstailupanddown.2.Howdoesabeetellotherswhenithasfoundsomefood?Answer:Itdoesalittledanceintheair.3.Whatdoesthefactthathumanspeechhassomewordslike“Oh”or“Ah”tellus?Answer:Ittellsusthatasmallnumberofwordsinhumanspeechareheldtophonetica
77、llyresembleandrepresentsomerealsound.4.Whatsthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandthelanguagesofanimals?Answer:Wehumanhavealargenumberofwordswhichhavethemeaningsofthings,actions,feelingsor ideas. No animals have such words in theircommunication.5.Howdidhumanbeingslearntomakewords?Answer:Nooneknowsexac
78、tlyhowtheylearnedtomakewords.Perhapstheybeganbymakingsoundslike those made by animals and those they heardaroundthem.6.Whylanguagecanbecalled“secondnature”ofhumanrace?Answer:Becauselanguageisapervasiveculturalphenomenon.Itisthebestintegratedandmostoftenusedmediumofculturalexpression.7.Howcanonemakehisvocabularybiggeraccordingtothepassage?Answer:Heshouldreadasmanybooksashecan.
