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1、Subjunctive Mood Presented by： Jack ZhuSubjunctive MoodFocus 什么是虚拟语气？其最基本的作用是什么？有那些词可以用来引导虚拟语气？ 虚拟语气有哪些特殊的表达形式？如何来辨别和使用这些特殊形式？一、什么是虚拟语气？语气是动词的一种形式，用来表示讲话某件语气是动词的一种形式，用来表示讲话某件事情的看法或态度。英语中有三种语气：事情的看法或态度。英语中有三种语气：语语气气陈述语气陈述语气 (Indicative Mood)祈使语气祈使语气 (Imperative Mood)虚拟语气虚拟语气 ( subjunctive Mood)1 12 2
2、陈述语气陈述语气一般用来讲述事实或提出疑问，常一般用来讲述事实或提出疑问，常常用于陈述句、疑问句和感叹句。常用于陈述句、疑问句和感叹句。 The situation could still be remedied. What does this sentence try to tell us?祈使语气祈使语气主要用于祈使句，由说话者向对方主要用于祈使句，由说话者向对方下达命令、提出要求、劝告等。下达命令、提出要求、劝告等。 Dont make any noise in class! Remember to e-mail me!3 3虚拟语气虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，是一种特殊的动词形式，用
3、于表示说话人所说的话不是事实，用于表示说话人所说的话不是事实，而是想像、假设建议、打算、愿望而是想像、假设建议、打算、愿望等。等。 If we had met him last night, we would have told him what had happened to his family. I wish I were Bill Gates. 虚拟语气的作用：虚拟语气的作用：1.表达假设的情况，与事实相表达假设的情况，与事实相反反2.表达异想天开很难实现的愿表达异想天开很难实现的愿望望3.表达建议、命令、劝告等语表达建议、命令、劝告等语气气二、虚拟语气的最基本形式二、虚拟语气的最基本
4、形式 由于整个句子所表达的是虚拟的概由于整个句子所表达的是虚拟的概由于整个句子所表达的是虚拟的概由于整个句子所表达的是虚拟的概念，因此念，因此念，因此念，因此动词动词动词动词要采用虚拟的表达形式。要采用虚拟的表达形式。要采用虚拟的表达形式。要采用虚拟的表达形式。按照时间的概念不同（过去、现在、将按照时间的概念不同（过去、现在、将按照时间的概念不同（过去、现在、将按照时间的概念不同（过去、现在、将来）可分为来）可分为来）可分为来）可分为3 3 3 3种表达形式（如下表）种表达形式（如下表）种表达形式（如下表）种表达形式（如下表） 请大家请大家请大家请大家务必熟背务必熟背务必熟背务必熟背下面下面下
5、面下面ifififif虚拟条件虚拟条件虚拟条件虚拟条件句中的虚拟形式。句中的虚拟形式。句中的虚拟形式。句中的虚拟形式。种类种类种类种类从句的动词形式从句的动词形式从句的动词形式从句的动词形式 主句的动词形式主句的动词形式主句的动词形式主句的动词形式与现在事实相与现在事实相与现在事实相与现在事实相反反反反 diddiddiddid (be (be (be (be的用的用的用的用werewerewerewere）would/should/would/should/would/should/would/should/could/might could/might could/might could/
6、might dodododo与过去事实相与过去事实相与过去事实相与过去事实相反反反反 hadhadhadhaddonedonedonedonewould/.havewould/.havewould/.havewould/.havedonedonedonedone与将来事实相与将来事实相与将来事实相与将来事实相反反反反1.were to1.were to1.were to1.were toV V V V2.should2.should2.should2.shouldV V V V3.did3.did3.did3.did（werewerewerewere）would / shouldwould /
7、 shouldwould / shouldwould / shouldcould/ might could/ might could/ might could/ might dodododo1. If I say sth wrong, you must point it out.2. If I have free time, Ill help you with your English.3. If time permits, well go fishing together.真实条件句（一）与现在事实相反的非真实性（一）与现在事实相反的非真实性条件句条件句If wishes were hors
8、es, beggars would ride. If I feared death, I wouldnt be a communist. The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful. If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going. ( ( 二）与过去事实相反的条件句二）与过去事实相反的条件句（三）虚拟语气的将来时（三）虚拟语气的将来时 If you succeeded, everything wou
9、ld be all right.If you should succeed, everything would be all right.If you were to succeed, everything would be all right. 1. If I _ enough money, I will buy a laptop. A. will have B. have C. had D. would have2. If I _you, I would go by plane. Flying is much faster. A. be B. was C. were D. am BC3.
10、If they _ on stealing, they will reap what they sow. A. will keep B. keep C. kept D. had kept4. If Jane _ tomorrow, what would you do? A. were not to come B. will not come C. would not come D. had not comeBA5. If they had known him, ( ) to him? A. would they have talked B. would they talk C. had the
11、y talked D. they would talk 6. Getting up early isnt difficult if you _ an alarm clock. A. will have B. have C. had D. had hadAB7. I would have gone to the concert, if I ( ) time. A. had had B. have had C. had D. would have had A(四）错综时间条件句四）错综时间条件句 有时候，主句与从句的动作发生在不同有时候，主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主、从句谓语动词的虚拟
12、语气的时间，这时主、从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做错综时间条形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做错综时间条件句或混合条件句。件句或混合条件句。 遇到此类题时，遇到此类题时，一要注意时间状一要注意时间状语的提示语的提示，二要注意事实和虚拟二要注意事实和虚拟的混合的混合。 If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实反。）事实反。） If it had rained last night (过去过去), it would be very c
13、old today (现在现在). I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I _ fully occupied the whole of last week. A. had been B. was C. were D. would be （五）虚拟语气的倒装省略（五）虚拟语气的倒装省略“if”的条件句的条件句 虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含 were, should, 或或had, 可将可将if省略，省略，再把再把were, should或或had移到
14、从移到从句句首，实行倒装。句句首，实行倒装。Were they here now, they could help us.If they were here now, they could help us. Had you come earlier, you would have met him. If you had come earlier, you would have met him. If it were not for their help, we would be in great trouble.Were it not for their help, we would be i
15、n great trouble.在虚拟语气的从句中，动词在虚拟语气的从句中，动词be的过去时态一律用的过去时态一律用were，不用，不用was， 即在从即在从句中句中be用用were代替。代替。注意注意( (六六) ) 含蓄条件句含蓄条件句在虚拟语气中，有的句子可能没有明显的在虚拟语气中，有的句子可能没有明显的由由“ifif”引导的条件从句，但是句子中隐引导的条件从句，但是句子中隐含着一个条件，这种句子称为含蓄条件句，含着一个条件，这种句子称为含蓄条件句，通常有以下三种来表达。通常有以下三种来表达。1介词或介词短语。常见的可以引导虚拟语介词或介词短语。常见的可以引导虚拟语气的介词有：气的介词有
16、：with, without, in case of ，under more favorable condition, but for, but that, for the fear of等。等。Some examplesIn the absence of sunlight, there would be no moonlight.Under a better condition, we would have done much better. Except for air and water, nothing could live on the earth.2连词。连词。常见的用来连接虚拟语
17、气的连接常见的用来连接虚拟语气的连接词词有：有：otherwise, or, so that, unless, supposing, provided, provided that, on condition that, unfortunately等等 I didnt have his telephone number. Otherwise, I would have already called. （95） 3.暗含在上下文中 1. Given the opportunity, he might have become a well-known singer. 2. I would have
18、 bought that DVD player. 3. Alone, she would have been terrified.Some examples例(1) Without heat and sunlight, plants on the earth _ well. A. would not grow B. will not grow C. had not grown D. would not be grown 例(3) But for the rain, we _ a nice holiday. A. should have B. would have had C. would ha
19、ve D. will have had【答案】 (2003年4月28题)AB例(2) But for my classmates help, I _ the work in time. A. did not finish B. could not finish C. will not finish D. would not have finished 【答案】 (2004年4月36题) D三、虚拟语气的特殊形式三、虚拟语气的特殊形式虚拟语气的特殊形式是这一语法项目的难点是安徽虚拟语气的特殊形式是这一语法项目的难点是安徽省专升本考试中的频率较高的考点，其表现形式我省专升本考试中的频率较高的考点，
20、其表现形式我们从以下几个方面进行学习记忆。们从以下几个方面进行学习记忆。1 1一些动词在接宾语从句时，要用虚拟语气一些动词在接宾语从句时，要用虚拟语气这些动词有：这些动词有：suggest, command, orderpropose, recommend, askrequire, request, intend, insist, etc.decide, suggest, decree,demand, insist, move, order, prefer, propose,recommend,request, require, vote上述动词所接的虚拟语气基本句型是：主句依据说上述动词所接
21、的虚拟语气基本句型是：主句依据说话者要求，采用正常的陈述句相对应的时态，从句话者要求，采用正常的陈述句相对应的时态，从句用用 “should” + + “动词原形动词原形”，常常省略，常常省略“should”。1. Mother insists that the wallet I picked up in the street ( should) be given back to the owner.2.He intended that she do it right now.特别提示特别提示这种句式要重点掌握这种句式要重点掌握2 2当上述动词以过去分词形式用在如下句型中当上述动词以过去分词形
22、式用在如下句型中时，从句用时，从句用“should”（可省略）（可省略）“ V”该该句型为：句型为：it is/was (上述动词）过去分词上述动词）过去分词that 从句从句3.It is strongly recommended that students shouldlisten to the English news broadcasting in the morning.4.It was suggested that every scientist master at least one foreign language. 3 3当上述动词以名词形式出现，并且被用来做当上述动词以名词
23、形式出现，并且被用来做主语引导一个表语从句时，从句要用虚拟语主语引导一个表语从句时，从句要用虚拟语气，其形式同上。气，其形式同上。5. My suggestion was that we ( should ) leave the burning building at once 4 4当上述动词的名词形式接同位语从句时，同位当上述动词的名词形式接同位语从句时，同位语从句用虚拟语气，用法同上。语从句用虚拟语气，用法同上。6. The students put forward the demand that the class ( should ) be started at 8:30 in st
24、ead of 8:00.5 5在在“it is/wasadvisable, preferable等形容词等形容词that 从句从句”的句型中用虚拟语气。的句型中用虚拟语气。常见的形容常见的形容词有：词有：necessary，important，essential， urgent，vital，natural ，strange， imperative7. It is vital that he be warned before he takes action.8. It was strange that she should go away without saying good-bye.lest
25、 / for fear that/in case从句从句1. She walked quietly lest she should wake up her roommates.2. The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we should misunderstand him.3. Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow should occur.4.She put a blanket over the baby for fear that it should catch a cold
26、.6 6在在“到了该做到了该做的时候了的时候了”（It is timethat)句型中，从句用过去式这种虚拟句型中，从句用过去式这种虚拟形式。形式。9. It is time that we went to bed.10.It is high time that we handed in the homework.7 7在在“would rather + that（常省略）从句（常省略）从句”的的句型中，从句用虚拟语气。从句时态根据句句型中，从句用虚拟语气。从句时态根据句子要表达的意义而定。子要表达的意义而定。11.Mary would rather she had not broken th
27、e window.8 8由由if only, as if, as though等引导的从句，要用等引导的从句，要用虚拟语气。虚拟语气。12. He behaves as if he were the owner of the house.13. Even if it had been a rainy day, I would have gone to see her.9 9在表达美好愿望的独立句中使用虚拟语气。在表达美好愿望的独立句中使用虚拟语气。14. God bless you! 15. Long live my motherland!16. So be it then.17. Long
28、live the Peoples Republic of China!18. God damn you!19. Heaven forbid!20. Devil take you!21. Far be it from me to spoil the fun.22. He will remain here if need be.情态动词情态动词+ have done的虚拟语气的虚拟语气1. 表示与过去的事实相反表示与过去的事实相反should (ought to) have done shouldnt have donewould have done could have donemight ha
29、ve done need (neednt) have doneTypical examples1. Peter would have gone with me, but he was ill.2. John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she neednt have walked back home.3. You ought to / should have studied harder.2. 表示对过去的推测Note: 只有 must/could/may/might + have done1. you must have
30、 seen the film Titanic.2. It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet now.3. Mr. Smith cant have gone to Beijing, for I saw him in the library just now.4.They may not have known it beforehand. 5. You might have read about it in the papers.Typical examples【经典考例1】 The weather turned out to b
31、e fine yesterday. I _ the trouble to carry my umbrella with me. (2006江西) A. should have taken B. could have taken C. neednt have taken D. mustnt have takenC【经典考例2】 As you worked late yesterday, you _ have come this morning. （2006陕西） A. maynt B. cant C. mustnt D. needntD【经典考例3】Mr. White _ at 8:30 for
32、 the meeting , but he didnt show up. （04广西卷）A. should have arrived B. should arriveC. should have had arrived D. should be arrivingA【经典考例4】(NEMT 2001) I was really anxious about you. You _home without a word. A. mustnt leave B. shouldnt have left C. couldnt have left D. neednt leave B【经典考例5】 (NEMT 1
33、998) I stayed at a hotel while in New York. Oh? Did you ? You_with Barbara. A. could have stayed B. could stay C. would stay D. must have stayedA【经典考例6】 (2005江西) Tom is never late for work. Why is he absent today ? Something _to him. A. must happen B. should have happened C. could have happened D. must have happenedD
