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1、Chapter 4 BloodChapter 4 Blood组组胚胚教教研研室室:袁袁娲娲Departmentofhistologyandembryology第一页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学Learning Objectives The composition of blood (血液血液). The structure, function and normal values (正常值正常值) of the formed elements of blood(血液有形成血液有形成(xngchng)分分).Hematopoiesis (血细胞的发生血细胞的发生). The hem
2、atopoietic tissue (造血组织造血组织) and the hematopoietic stem cells (造血干细造血干细胞胞) .The production and significance of lymph(淋巴淋巴).第二页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学* a specialized form of C.T.* a circulating tissue* as a transporting medium* a total volume about 5 liters in health adultINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION第三页，共
3、五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学Components of blood 血液血液(xuy)的组成成分的组成成分*Formed elements-blood cells (45%)*Intercellular substance-plasma (55%)Erythrocytes 红细胞红细胞Leukocytes 白细胞白细胞Platelets 血小板血小板H2O ( 90% )Plasma proteins: albumin白蛋白白蛋白, globulin球蛋球蛋 白白, fibrinogen纤维蛋白纤维蛋白(xin wi dn bi)原原, etc.Others:第四页，共五十六页。组
4、织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学血液血液(xuy)的组成的组成centrifugation (离心(lxn)- plasmaLeukocytes + Platelets- Erythrocyte (Red blood cell)anticoagulant (heparin)抗凝剂（肝素抗凝剂（肝素(ns)）第五页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学血块血块(xukui)、血清、血清Serum血清血清(xuqng)without anticoagulantClotting无无纤维蛋白纤维蛋白(xin wi dn bi)原原第六页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学血液血液(xuy)有
5、有形成分形成分红细胞：男红细胞：男 （4.04.05.55.5）10101212/L/L ； 女女 （3.53.55.05.0）10101212/L/L（350-500350-500万个万个/ul)/ul) 白细胞白细胞 (4.0(4.010) 10) 10 109 9 /L/L或或 4 4千千-1-1万个万个/ul/ul血小板血小板 （100300） 109 /L （或（或10-30万个万个/ul） 有粒白细胞有粒白细胞 无粒白细胞无粒白细胞中性中性(zhngxng)(zhngxng)粒细胞粒细胞 50- 50-70%70%嗜酸性粒细胞嗜酸性粒细胞 0.5-3% 0.5-3%嗜碱性粒细胞嗜碱
6、性粒细胞 0-1% 0-1%淋巴细胞淋巴细胞 25-30% 25-30%单核细胞单核细胞 3-8% 3-8%血液血液(xuy)有形成分正常值有形成分正常值血象血象(hemogram)(hemogram)： 血细胞的形态、数量、百分比及血红血细胞的形态、数量、百分比及血红蛋白的含量蛋白的含量. . 血象是临床疾病诊断、治疗的重要指标。血象是临床疾病诊断、治疗的重要指标。第七页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学WrightWright染色法（瑞特染色法）染色法（瑞特染色法）: :染料是由酸性染料是由酸性(sun xn)(sun xn)染料伊染料伊染料伊染料伊红和碱性染料亚甲蓝组成。红和碱
7、性染料亚甲蓝组成。红和碱性染料亚甲蓝组成。红和碱性染料亚甲蓝组成。与酸性染料伊红结合，染粉红与酸性染料伊红结合，染粉红与酸性染料伊红结合，染粉红与酸性染料伊红结合，染粉红色；与碱性染料亚甲蓝结合，色；与碱性染料亚甲蓝结合，色；与碱性染料亚甲蓝结合，色；与碱性染料亚甲蓝结合，染紫蓝色。染紫蓝色。染紫蓝色。染紫蓝色。 GiemsaGiemsa染色法（吉姆萨染染色法（吉姆萨染色法）色法）: :吉姆萨染液由伊红，吉姆萨染液由伊红，天青组成。天青组成。 血涂片血涂片 blood smear: blood smear: 观察血细胞形态观察血细胞形态(xngti)(xngti)染色方法染色方法: Wrigh
8、t : Wright 或或 Giemsa Giemsa染色染色第八页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学一、红细胞（一、红细胞（erythrocyte,red blood cell, RBCerythrocyte,red blood cell, RBC）1.1.结构结构(jigu)(jigu)特点特点2.2.血型血型3.3.功能功能4.4.寿命寿命5.5.网织红细胞网织红细胞第九页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学Mature Erythrocyte*biconcavediscshape,providinggreatersurfacearea;*nonucleusandorg
9、anelles;*Hemoglobin(Hb);*deformability.SEMSize:7.58.5m(diameter)Number: Male:4.25.51012/L(Hb:120150g/L) Female:3.55.01012/L(Hb:110140g/L)第十页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学第十一页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学2 2ABOABO血型抗原血型抗原(kngyun)(kngyun)系统系统：红细胞膜含血型抗原红细胞膜含血型抗原 A A型：有型：有A A型抗原型抗原 B B型：有型：有B B型抗原型抗原 O O型：无型：无A A型、型、B
10、 B型抗原型抗原 ABAB型：有型：有A A型、型、B B型抗原型抗原3 3功能功能: : 红细胞具有携带红细胞具有携带 O O和和COCO的功能，由血红的功能，由血红 蛋白执行。蛋白执行。 4 4寿命寿命(shumng)(shumng): :红细胞的平均红细胞的平均寿命寿命 约为约为120120天。天。溶血溶血(rnxu)(hemolysis)血影（血影（erythrocyteghost）:溶血后残留溶血后残留的红细胞膜囊。的红细胞膜囊。第十二页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学 * not fully mature RBC * 0.5 1% of a total number o
11、f RBC * no nucleus * ribosomal RNA remnants (netlike structure) * remaining Hb synthesis * Clinic significance ReticulocyteReticulocyte网织红细胞网织红细胞 第十三页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学Pathological conditionsNumberSizeShape HbAnemia贫血贫血(pnxu)Erythrocytosis红细胞增多红细胞增多(zn du)症症 Spherocytosis; Sickle cell anemiaThal
12、assemia（地中海贫血（地中海贫血(pnxu)）Large / small cell anemia第十四页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学Sickle-cell anemia is a painful disease in which RBCs become crescent shaped due to inheritance of an abnormal type of hemoglobin. Sickled RBCs break down, releasing hemoglobin into the circulation. 第十五页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语
13、教学NormalRBCSickledRBC镰状镰状第十六页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学第十七页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学Typically, the affected RBCs are small, spherically shaped, and lack the light centers seen in normal RBCs. Spherocytosis第十八页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学General characteristic of leukocytes* spherical shape * posses nuclei * pres
14、ence of organelles * a total number less than that of erythrocytes * exhibiting amoeboid movement* involving in body defenses and immunity二、白细胞（二、白细胞（leukocyte,whitebloodcell，WBC）第十九页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学 第二十页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学Classification*Granular leukocytes 有粒白细胞有粒白细胞neutrophils 50 70% 中性中性
15、(zhngxng)粒细胞粒细胞eosinophils 0.5 3% 嗜酸性粒细胞嗜酸性粒细胞basophils 0 1% 嗜碱性粒细胞嗜碱性粒细胞*Agranular leukocytes 无粒白细胞无粒白细胞lymphocytes 25 30% 淋巴细胞淋巴细胞monocytes 3 8% 单核细胞单核细胞第二十一页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学Neutrophil Size : 10 12 m (diameter) Morphology 形态形态(xngti) nucleus：highly morphonuclear rod-like 2-3 lobulated 4-5 lo
16、bulated young old cytoplasm：specific granules: 80%, smallazurophilic granules: 20%, lysosome 溶酶体Neutrophils中性中性(zhngxng)粒细胞粒细胞(嗜天青嗜天青(tinqng)颗粒颗粒)第二十二页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学中性粒细胞模式图（中性粒细胞模式图（示杆状核演变示杆状核演变示杆状核演变示杆状核演变(ynbin)(ynbin)(ynbin)(ynbin)至至至至5 5 5 5叶核叶核叶核叶核, , , , 新生到衰老新生到衰老新生到衰老新生到衰老）第二十三页，共五十
17、六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学中性中性(zhngxng)粒细胞粒细胞（血涂片）（血涂片）NeutrophilsLobulated nuclei Rod-like nucleusazurophilic granules* fine, uniform细细腻，均匀腻，均匀(jnyn)* evenly distributed* pink stainingCharateristics of specific granules:第二十四页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学Specific granules (80%, samll) contain:alkaline phosphatase碱
18、性碱性(jinxn)磷酸酶磷酸酶* Phagocytin 吞噬素吞噬素* lysozyme 溶菌酶溶菌酶Azurophilic G. (large, less) containing:acid phosphatase 酸性酸性(sun xn)磷酸酶磷酸酶* Peroxidase 过氧化物酶过氧化物酶Neutrophil (EM)第二十五页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学FunctionChemotaxis(Mobility)趋化性趋化性:Attractedbychemotacticfactor(releasedbymacrophages)Phagocytosis&destroyba
19、cteria:吞噬吞噬(tnsh)和杀灭细菌和杀灭细菌thenumberofleukocytes acute the%ofneutrophilsbacteria infection第二十六页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学Size: 10 12 m (diameter)LM:nucleus: lobulated; S or irregular; obscured outlinecytoplasm: basophilic granules* variable size* uneven distribution* strong basophiliaCharacteristicBasop
20、hil 嗜碱性嗜碱性(jin xn)粒细胞粒细胞第二十七页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学Basophil E.M.:Basophilic granules contain:* heparin * histamine F.N.:*anticoagulate*responsibletoallergicreactionnucleus第二十八页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学Size: 10 15 m (diameter)LM:- usually bilobed nucleus- eosinophilic granules *strong eosinophilia (redd
21、ish)* coarse and refractile * uniform size and evenly distributedEosinophils 嗜酸性嗜酸性(sun xn)粒细胞粒细胞Characteristic第二十九页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学（电镜）（电镜）Eosinophilic granules ( primary lysosomes ) which contain substances: * acid phosphatase* aryl sulphatase 芳基硫酸酯酶芳基硫酸酯酶* Peroxidase * histaminase 组胺组胺(z n)
22、酶酶nucleusEosinophilic granules with crystalloid in the center(EM)第三十页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学FunctionChemotaxis（趋化性）（趋化性）attractedbychemotacticfactorfromthemastcellsPhagocytize（吞噬（吞噬(tnsh)）foreignbodies,Ag-AbcomplexAnti-allergy（抗过敏）（抗过敏） Releasehistaminase，inactivatehistamineforweakeningallergicreacti
23、onAnti-parasite（抗寄生虫）（抗寄生虫）Itisincreasedinpatientsinfectedw/allergicreactionorparasite第三十一页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学Neutrophils: * ruffled membrane movement* chemetaxis* phagocytosis Eosinophils: anti-parasite; anti-allergy Basophils: * anticoagulation;* involving in allergic responseFunction of granul
24、ar leukocytes第三十二页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学Size: 14 20 m (diameter)Nucleus: large, eccentric, light staining, deep indentation, horseshoe cytoplasm： abundant，gray-blue staining, weak basophilia, numerous purple granules (azurophilic G)Monocyte 单核细胞单核细胞第三十三页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学第三十四页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双
25、语教学Small pseudopodia , microvillus, mitochondrionRER,Lysosomes (azurophilic granule) contain:* Peroxidase * Acid phoshpatase * Lysozyme 溶菌酶溶菌酶 (EM模式图）模式图）nucleusMonocyte under EM第三十五页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学Function of monocyte - differentiate into macrophages.- phagocytosis- immune response- give ris
26、e to osteoclasts 破骨细胞,- which are able to dissolve bone. 第三十六页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学Lymphocytes 淋巴细胞淋巴细胞3types:small68m;medium-sized912m;large1320mSmalllymphocyte(90%):LM:Roundorovoid;Nu.:sphericity,indentation,condensedchromatin,darkstaining.Cytoplasm:scanty,asathinriminlight-bluew/azurophilicgranu
27、les第三十七页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学* a large number of free ribosomes, * a few mitochondria, and other organelles * exhibiting small cytoplasmic projections in the surface of cells.(EM模式图）nucleusLymphocyte under EM第三十八页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学Classification*function#T-Cell:75%cellularimmunityB-Cell:10-15%h
28、umoralimmunitylargegranulelymphocyte(K&NKcell)*basedonthesource,characteristicsoncellularmembrane,life&function#immunologicaldefenceClassification&Function第三十九页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学三、血小板三、血小板（bloodplatelet,thrombocyte）Megakaryocytesfragment,inclumpsLM:24m，disc-likeorirregular,anucleated.Tworegions:
29、Granulomere:centrally-located,purple-bluegranules.Hyalomere:peripherallylocated,inlight-blue.第四十页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学cellcoat:richinglycoproteinsassociatedtoplateletadhesion;M.T.system:a.openingtubulesystem开放开放(kifng)小管系统小管系统:toincreasethesurfaceareaforplateletadhesion.b.densetubulesystem致密小管系统致密小
30、管系统:sER,support,collectCa2+andsynthesizeprostaglandin前列腺素前列腺素E.M.:第四十一页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学actin-likeM.F微丝微丝:mobile.granules:a.granules(specialgranules):containingplateletderivedgrowthfactor,PDGF;thrombospondin.b.densegranules致密致密(zhm)颗粒颗粒:serotonin(5-HT),ADP,ATP,Ca2+&adrenaline肾上腺素肾上腺素第四十二页，共五十六页
31、。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学Function1.Hemostasia止血止血(zhxu):2. Coagulation凝血凝血:3. Protectbloodvesselendothelium,repairingendothelium,preventatherosclerosis(动脉硬化动脉硬化)第四十三页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学Slidesreview第四十四页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学第四十五页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学五、骨髓五、骨髓(su)和血细胞的发生和血细胞的发生（bonemarrowandhematopoiesis）l
32、Hematopoieticorgan造血器官造血器官(qgun)yolksac卵黄囊卵黄囊（earlyembryo)Liver肝肝/spleen脾脾(6w5m)bonemarrow骨髓骨髓(4mandafter)Structureofbonemarrow骨髓的结构骨髓的结构redbonemarrow:hematopoietictissue造血组织造血组织+bloodsinusoid血窦血窦yellowbonemarrow:adiposetissue脂肪组织脂肪组织+immaturehemocyte血细胞血细胞第四十六页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学Red bone marrowh
33、ematopoietictissue:造血造血(zoxu)组织组织reticularc.t.+ +hemocytesinvariousstage,macrophages,adipocytes,mesenchymalcellsbloodsinusoid:血窦血窦discontinuousendothelia,incompleteBM第四十七页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学Hemopoietic stem cell (HSP) and Hemopoietic progenitor cell (HPC)Hemopoieticstemcellself-replicationpowerfu
34、lproliferationpotencymulti-differentiationPotencyHemopoieticprogenitorc.UnipotentialorbipotentialProducematruebloodc.Erythrocytesseriesgranulocyteseriesmonocyteseriesmegakaryocyteseries*Lymphocytesderivedfromlymphaticorgans&tissues第四十八页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学第四十九页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学Pb:原红原红Be:早幼红早幼
35、红Pe:中幼红中幼红晚幼红晚幼红Erythrocyte series第五十页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学Mb:Mb:原粒原粒原粒原粒Pm:Pm:早幼粒早幼粒早幼粒早幼粒MbMbM,Mb:M,Mb:中幼粒中幼粒中幼粒中幼粒M1M1：晚幼粒：晚幼粒：晚幼粒：晚幼粒Neutrophilic series第五十一页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学Morphologic criteria of haemopoiesisStages:theoriginalstage原始(yunsh)(yunsh)阶段theinfantstage幼稚阶段thematurestage成熟阶段Cel
36、lvolume:,megakaryocytes:cytoplasm:，ratioofNu./cytoplasm:第五十二页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学Nucleus:size(RBC:abesent;megakaryocytes）nucleoli:number&size,untildisappearchromatin:fine&scantycoarse&dense;staining:paledeepS.Gingranulocytes&Hbinerythrocytes:otherorganellesinredcelluntildisappearmitoticability:,un
37、tildisappear（but分裂分裂(fnli)能力能力lymphocyte)第五十三页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学Questionsforreview1、Reticulocyte2、Monocyte3、Comparethemorphologicstructureandfunctionofgranulocytes.4、简述红细胞的结构特点和功能、简述红细胞的结构特点和功能(gngnng)。5、简述白细胞的分类原则、分、简述白细胞的分类原则、分类及所占百分比。类及所占百分比。第五十四页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学Summarytable.Erythrocyte
38、&leukocyteErythrocyte(mature)LeukocyteNumberSizeShapeNucleusOrganelleHBGranulesFunctionLifespanbiconcavediscspherenonpresent第五十五页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学内容(nirng)总结Chapter 4 Blood。Wright染色法（瑞特染色法）:染料是由酸性染料伊红和碱性染料亚甲蓝组成。Giemsa染色法（吉姆萨染色法）:吉姆萨染液由伊红，天青组成。B型：有B型抗原(kngyun)。E.M.:。F.N.:。5、简述白细胞的分类原则、分类及所占百分比。present第五十六页，共五十六页。组织学与胚胎学-血液-双语教学
