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1、Myers PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 16Psychological Disorders Psychological DisordersPsychological Disordera “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be:atypical-not enough in itselfdisturbing-varies with time and culturemaladaptive-harmfulunjustifiable-sometimes theres a good reasonHistorical Pers
2、pectivePerceived Causesmovements of sun or moonlunacy-full moonevil spiritsAncient Treatmentsexorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, blood replaced with animals bloodPsychological DisordersMedical Modelconcept that diseases have physical causescan be diagnosed, treated, a
3、nd in most cases, curedassumes that these “mental” illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospitalPsychological DisordersBio-Psycho-Social Perspectiveassumes that biological, sociocultural, and psychological f
4、actors combine and interact to produce psychological disordersPsychological DisordersPsychological Disorders-EtiologyDSM-IVAmerican Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition)a widely used system for classifying psychological disorderspresently dis
5、tributed as DSM-IV-TR (text revision)Psychological Disorders- EtiologyNeurotic Disorder (term seldom used now)usually distressing but that allows one to think rationally and function sociallyPsychotic Disorderperson loses contact with realityexperiences irrational ideas and distorted perceptionsAnxi
6、ety DisordersAnxiety Disorders distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxietyGeneralized Anxiety Disorderperson is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousalAnxiety DisordersPanic Disordermarked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in
7、which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensationAnxiety DisordersPhobiapersistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situationObsessive-Compulsive Disorderunwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)Anxiety Disorde
8、rsCommon and uncommon fearsAnxiety DisordersAnxiety DisordersPET Scan of brain of person with Obsessive/ Compulsive disorderHigh metabolic activity (red) in frontal lobe areas involved with directing attentionMood DisordersMood Disorders characterized by emotional extremesMajor Depressive Disorder a
9、 mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activitiesMood DisordersManic Episodea mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic stateBipolar Disordera mo
10、od disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of maniaformerly called manic-depressive disorder Mood Disorders-DepressionMood Disorders-Depression Canadian depression ratesMood Disorders- SuicideMood Disorders-BipolarPET scan
11、s show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional switchesDepressed stateManic stateDepressed stateMood Disorders-DepressionAltering any one component of the chemistry-cognition-mood circuit can alter the othersMood Disorders-DepressionThe vicious cycle of depression can be broken
12、at any pointDissociative DisordersDissociative Disordersconscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelingsDissociative Identity Disorderrare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalitiesformerly cal
13、led multiple personality disorderSchizophreniaSchizophrenialiteral translation “split mind”a group of severe disorders characterized by:disorganized and delusional thinkingdisturbed perceptionsinappropriate emotions and actionsSchizophreniaDelusionsfalse beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, th
14、at may accompany psychotic disordersHallucinationssensory experiences without sensory stimulationSchizophreniaSchizophreniaSchizophreniaSchizophreniaPersonality DisordersPersonality Disordersdisorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioningusually wi
15、thout anxiety, depression, or delusionsPersonality DisordersAntisocial Personality Disorderdisorder in which the person (usually man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family membersmay be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artistMood Disorders-DepressionBoys who were later convicted of a crime showed relatively low arousalPersonality DisordersPET scans illustrate reduced activation in a murderers frontal cortexNormalMurdererPersonality DisordersRates of Psychological Disorders
