chapter2cellsandorgans

上传人:ni****g 文档编号:571917060 上传时间:2024-08-12 格式:PPT 页数:90 大小:15.72MB
返回 下载 相关 举报
chapter2cellsandorgans_第1页
第1页 / 共90页
chapter2cellsandorgans_第2页
第2页 / 共90页
chapter2cellsandorgans_第3页
第3页 / 共90页
chapter2cellsandorgans_第4页
第4页 / 共90页
chapter2cellsandorgans_第5页
第5页 / 共90页
点击查看更多>>
资源描述

《chapter2cellsandorgans》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《chapter2cellsandorgans(90页珍藏版)》请在金锄头文库上搜索。

1、chapter2cellsandorganschapter2cellsandorgansknow the concept and component of immune system;Know immune organs ( component and function in immune system);Know immune cells(concept ,category);Master the surface markers on the T and B cells, and the function and subset of T and B cells;Understand the

2、maturation and distribution of the T and B cellsUnderstand the recirculation of lymphocytes;Immune organsImmune cellsImmune molecules Basic Components of the Immune System Peripheral lymphoid organCentral lymphoid organWhere maturation of lymphocyte takes placeTrap antigen and provide sites for matu

3、re lymphocytes to interact with that antigen.Immune organsSection 1 Central lymphoid organs中央淋巴器官中央淋巴器官1 Bone marrow2 ThymusOrgan or tissue that provides a microenvironment necessary for lymphocytes maturation I Bone Marrow1 maturation of immune cell takes place2 the side of B-cell maturation3.the s

4、ide of acquired immunity takes place2 ThymusCortex(皮质)(皮质):immature T cells, called thymocytes.Medulla(髓质)(髓质):is sparsely populated with thymocytes.Function:Secrete various hormones; Promote the differentiation of thymocytes.抗原非依赖性抗原非依赖性分化分化抗原依赖性抗原依赖性分化分化二级淋巴器官二级淋巴器官前体前体T细胞细胞T T细胞免疫缺陷细胞免疫缺陷先天性胸腺发育不

5、全先天性胸腺发育不全(DiGeorge DiGeorge 综合症)综合症)DigeogeDigeoge综合征综合征:胚胚胎胎三三、四四咽咽囊囊发发育育障障碍碍先先天天胸胸腺腺发发育育不不良良,伴伴随随甲甲状状旁旁腺腺、主动脉弓、唇、耳发育不良主动脉弓、唇、耳发育不良细胞水平:细胞水平:T细胞不能成熟(随年龄增长细胞不能成熟(随年龄增长T细胞能在胸腺外成熟)细胞能在胸腺外成熟)表现:血中表现:血中T cell缺乏,细胞免疫缺陷缺乏,细胞免疫缺陷症状:易患病毒、真菌感染,症状:易患病毒、真菌感染,移植物抗宿主反应,移植物抗宿主反应,自身免疫病,恶性肿瘤自身免疫病,恶性肿瘤原发性原发性T T细胞缺陷

6、症细胞缺陷症无胸腺的裸鼠是无胸腺的裸鼠是T T细胞选择性缺陷的天然动物模型细胞选择性缺陷的天然动物模型Tumors formed by Rat1 cellsSection 2 Peripheral lymphoid organ3.mucosa-associated lymphoid system2.spleen1.Lymph nodes4.Cutaneous-associated lymphoid systemInitiation of immune response1 Lymph nodeHEVCortex sinus皮质窦皮质窦capillarytrabecula小梁小梁 afferent

7、 lymphatic vessel efferent lymphatic vessel输输出淋巴管出淋巴管VeinArteryMedullary sinus髓质窦髓质窦Germinal centre生发中心生发中心Medulla髓质髓质Medullary cordsCapsule囊囊 Right lymphotic ductRight lymphotic duct Cervical nodesCervical nodes Thoracic ductThoracic duct thoracic ductthoracic ductaxillaryaxillaryCysterna chyliCyst

8、erna chyli ParavertebralParavertebralnodesnodes Inguinal nodesInguinal nodeslymphatic vessellymphatic vesselLymph nodes are encapsulated structures that are strategically placed throughout the body to receive and filter antigens and cells from peripheral interstitial fluid and lymph. All lymph nodes

9、 eventually drain into the thoracic duct and back to the peripheral blood. Drains into leftDrains into left subclavian vein subclavian veinDrains into rightDrains into right subclavian vein subclavian veinHigh endothelial venule,HEV ( 高内皮毛细血管高内皮毛细血管后微静脉后微静脉)HEV are specialized venules(小静脉小静脉) found

10、in lymphoid tissues. Lymphocytes migrate from blood into lymphoid tissues by attaching to and migrating across the high endothelial cells of the vessels. Germinal centers in secondary lymphoid tissues are sites of intense B cell proliferation, selection, and death during Ab responses. Germinal cente

11、rs form around follicular dendritic cell (滤泡树突状细胞)(滤泡树突状细胞)network when activated B cells migrate into lymphoid follicles.*germinal center生发中心生发中心 germinal center生发中心生发中心:在在淋巴小结淋巴小结产生淋巴细胞时,有淋巴母细胞产生淋巴细胞时,有淋巴母细胞(成淋巴细胞(成淋巴细胞lymphoblast)位于淋巴小结)位于淋巴小结的中央部(称此为原始滤泡的中央部(称此为原始滤泡primary follicle),随着反复分裂而逐渐变小,

12、遂成),随着反复分裂而逐渐变小,遂成为淋巴细胞而被推向于淋巴小结的周边部位,为淋巴细胞而被推向于淋巴小结的周边部位,这样在活泼的不断产生淋巴细胞的淋巴小结这样在活泼的不断产生淋巴细胞的淋巴小结内,由于有处于分裂的淋巴母细胞占据中央内,由于有处于分裂的淋巴母细胞占据中央部位,所以称此部位为生发中心或淋巴母细部位,所以称此部位为生发中心或淋巴母细胞中心。胞中心。顶部亮区顶部亮区底部亮区底部亮区冠状区冠状区体细胞高频突变体细胞高频突变树突状细胞上抗树突状细胞上抗原的阳性选择原的阳性选择类型转换类型转换外套区外套区2 Spleen1.Blood filtering 2.the side of immu

13、ne response3.the effect of retention of lymphocytes动脉周围淋巴鞘动脉周围淋巴鞘白髓白髓边缘区边缘区3.MALT黏膜相关淋巴组织黏膜相关淋巴组织:在各种腔道粘膜下有大在各种腔道粘膜下有大量的淋巴组织聚集,称为粘膜相关淋巴量的淋巴组织聚集,称为粘膜相关淋巴组织(组织(MALT);其中最重要的是胃肠);其中最重要的是胃肠道粘膜相关淋巴组织(道粘膜相关淋巴组织(GALT)和支气管)和支气管相关淋巴组织(相关淋巴组织(BALT),以及鼻相关淋以及鼻相关淋巴组织(巴组织(NALT)4.CALT皮肤相关淋巴组织皮肤相关淋巴组织 表皮和真皮层中免疫细胞的总称

14、。包括表皮和真皮层中免疫细胞的总称。包括角质形成细胞、朗格汉斯细胞、表皮内淋角质形成细胞、朗格汉斯细胞、表皮内淋巴细胞和皮肤淋巴细胞等,其不仅是免疫巴细胞和皮肤淋巴细胞等,其不仅是免疫应答的激发部位,且是免疫应答的效应部应答的激发部位,且是免疫应答的效应部位。位。1.Appendix of a 10 year old2.Appendix from a 36-year old manA solitary 孤立的孤立的lymphoid nodule in the large intestine. This nodule is localized in the mucosa and submucos

15、a of the intestinal wall. ThIgAsIgABhelpM cellMucosal epitheliumImmune response in intestinal lymph systemMacrophagePlasma cellSection 3 Lymphocyte and lymphocyte recirculationLymphocyte recirculation and homing1 Lymphocyte recirculation 从中枢免疫器官向外周免疫器官的转移从中枢免疫器官向外周免疫器官的转移从淋巴结向血液循环的转移从淋巴结向血液循环的转移从脾脏向

16、血液循环的转移从脾脏向血液循环的转移从散在淋巴组织向血液循环的转移从散在淋巴组织向血液循环的转移2 Homing1.淋巴细胞经淋巴循环及血液循环,运行并再淋巴细胞经淋巴循环及血液循环,运行并再分布于全身各处淋巴器官及淋巴组织中。分布于全身各处淋巴器官及淋巴组织中。2.淋巴循环汇集于淋巴循环汇集于胸导管胸导管,再入上腔静脉,进,再入上腔静脉,进入血液循环。入血液循环。3.血液循环中的淋巴细胞及各类免疫细胞在毛血液循环中的淋巴细胞及各类免疫细胞在毛细血管后微静脉处,穿越高内皮细胞微静脉细血管后微静脉处,穿越高内皮细胞微静脉(high-walled endothelium of the post-c

17、apillary venues,HEV),进入淋巴组织及淋),进入淋巴组织及淋巴器官,再由此入淋巴循环。从而使淋巴循环巴器官,再由此入淋巴循环。从而使淋巴循环和血液循环互相沟通,免疫细胞得以畅流全身。和血液循环互相沟通,免疫细胞得以畅流全身。Lymphocyte recirculation 淋巴细胞经淋巴细胞经HEV离开血离开血液循环进入淋巴结相应液循环进入淋巴结相应区域内定居,并通过输区域内定居,并通过输出淋巴管,胸导管返回出淋巴管,胸导管返回血循环,经脾动脉进入血循环,经脾动脉进入脾脏的淋巴细胞穿过血脾脏的淋巴细胞穿过血管壁进入白髓区,然后管壁进入白髓区,然后移向脾索,脾血窦,最移向脾索,

18、脾血窦,最后经脾静脉返回血循环。后经脾静脉返回血循环。淋巴细胞归巢淋巴细胞归巢(lymphocyte homing)是淋巴是淋巴细胞的定向游动,包括淋巴干细胞向中枢细胞的定向游动,包括淋巴干细胞向中枢淋巴器官归巢,成熟淋巴细胞向外周淋巴淋巴器官归巢,成熟淋巴细胞向外周淋巴器官归巢器官归巢,淋巴细胞再循环以及淋巴细胞向淋巴细胞再循环以及淋巴细胞向炎症部位炎症部位(如皮肤如皮肤,肠道粘膜和关节滑膜等肠道粘膜和关节滑膜等炎症部位炎症部位)迁移。迁移。其分子基础是淋巴细胞表面称之为其分子基础是淋巴细胞表面称之为淋巴细淋巴细胞归巢受体胞归巢受体(lymphocyte homing receptor,LH

19、R)与内皮细胞上相应的与内皮细胞上相应的血管地血管地址素址素(vascular addressin)的相互作用。的相互作用。Section 4 Immune cellThe cells that participate in the immune response,including progenitor前体前体mediate innate and adaptive immunity respectively.Small lymphocyteBasophil嗜碱性粒细胞嗜碱性粒细胞Red blood cellsEosinophil嗜酸性粒细胞嗜酸性粒细胞Large lymphocyteMono

20、cyte单核细胞单核细胞Neutrophil中性粒细胞中性粒细胞PlateletsImmune cell Lymphocytes are a class of white blood cells that bear variable cell surface receptors for antigens. There are two main classes of lymphocytes- B and T cells-which mediate humoral and cellular immunity respectively.LymphocytesGeneral characteristi

21、cs of lymphocytesRest B and T lymphocytes are small, motile能动的能动的, nonphagocytic cells, which cannot be distinguished morphologically形态学形态学. Known as small lymphocytes, these cells are only about 6 m in diameter (left),Small lymphocytes have densely packed chromtin染色小体染色小体, few organellea细胞器细胞器 (rig

22、ht). Resting lymphocytes have little cytoplasm(细胞质细胞质) and condensed nuclear chromatin(浓缩的核小体浓缩的核小体). Upon activation, the cell enlarges to form a lymphoblast(淋巴集落淋巴集落)and then proliferates and differentiates into an antigen-specific effector cell.PCSmall lymphocyte (T or B)6 mlymphoblast (T or B)15

23、 mPlasma cell (B)15 mMemory cell ( T or B)CLPNKBTThCTLPCLymphocyte subsets淋巴细胞亚型淋巴细胞亚型T CELLST CELLSB CELLSB CELLSCommon LymphoidprecursorT HELPER CELLST HELPER CELLSCYTOTOXIC T CELLSCYTOTOXIC T CELLSPLASMA CELLSActivate B cellsAnd macrophagesKill virusInfected cellsProduce antibodiesClassification

24、of lymphocytes1 T lymphocyteT lymphocyte derive their name from their site of maturation in the thymus.The receptors on the surface of T cellMHC/antigenic peptideTCR CD3CD4CD8 MHC-II/I IL-2orCD antigens expressed by various cells are the marker molecules , which appear and disappear on the surface o

25、f the cells in the differentiation, maturation and activation.CD antigen (cluster of differentiation分化群分化群)CD是人是人白白细细胞分化抗原胞分化抗原,即在同一,即在同一个体内,个体内,免疫免疫细细胞胞(白白细细胞胞)在其分)在其分化的不同化的不同阶阶段或在其活化期出段或在其活化期出现现或消或消失的抗原分子。失的抗原分子。生物学生物学作用体作用体现现在两在两个方面:区分同一个体内功能不同的个方面:区分同一个体内功能不同的免疫免疫细细胞胞亚亚群和群和亚类亚类;是;是免疫免疫细细胞分胞分化化不同

26、不同阶阶段的重要段的重要标标志志。 2 B lymphocyteThe B lymphocyte derived its letter designation from its site of maturation, in the bursa of Fabricius 法式囊法式囊in birds, the name turned out to be apt, for bone marrow is its major site of maturation in a number of mammalian species, including humans and mice.Antigen CD

27、28 B7-2 CD40 IL-5 FcmR IL-2 IgM IL-4CD32 IgG CR1,2 CD40-LThe receptors on the surface of B cellMHC-IIBCRC3b,C4bImmunoglobulin IgActivated B cellplasma cell 机体缺乏机体缺乏B淋巴细胞,或淋巴细胞,或B细胞功能异常,受到细胞功能异常,受到抗原刺激后不能分化成熟为抗原刺激后不能分化成熟为浆细胞浆细胞,或合成的抗体,或合成的抗体不能排出细胞外,造成血清中不能排出细胞外,造成血清中免疫球蛋白缺乏免疫球蛋白缺乏而致而致本类疾病。一般均有本类疾病。一般

28、均有B细胞分化和成熟不同时期的缺细胞分化和成熟不同时期的缺陷,一类、数类或亚类血清免疫球蛋白减少的表现陷,一类、数类或亚类血清免疫球蛋白减少的表现和产生抗体能力低下的表现。即使血清免疫球蛋白和产生抗体能力低下的表现。即使血清免疫球蛋白水平正常或升高,但临床表现严重的病例应高度怀水平正常或升高,但临床表现严重的病例应高度怀疑存在抗体产生的障碍。疑存在抗体产生的障碍。B B细胞免疫缺陷细胞免疫缺陷B B细胞免疫缺陷细胞免疫缺陷性联无免疫球蛋白血症(性联无免疫球蛋白血症(XLA)Bruton 病病 a a1 a a2 b g b g 白蛋白白蛋白球蛋白球蛋白 (a) (b) (c) 淋巴样干细胞在分

29、化为前期淋巴样干细胞在分化为前期B细胞的过程受阻,不能细胞的过程受阻,不能形成浆细胞,以致不能产生形成浆细胞,以致不能产生-球蛋白,即自身不能合成免球蛋白,即自身不能合成免疫球蛋白疫球蛋白. 常见症状为反复发生严重的细菌感染,如肺炎、支常见症状为反复发生严重的细菌感染,如肺炎、支气管炎、中耳炎、鼻窦炎、脓皮病、脑膜炎、胃肠炎及败气管炎、中耳炎、鼻窦炎、脓皮病、脑膜炎、胃肠炎及败血症等。多数合并关节炎,尤其是大关节炎。血症等。多数合并关节炎,尤其是大关节炎。Monocyte, Macrophages and Dendritic cells1 ,Monocyte(单核细胞)(单核细胞)2,Macr

30、ophages (巨噬细胞)(巨噬细胞)3,Dendritic cells(树突状细胞)(树突状细胞)1 Monocytes and macrophages1.单核单核-巨噬细胞系统(巨噬细胞系统(mononuclear phagocyte system) 包括血液中的单核细包括血液中的单核细胞和组织中固定或游走的巨噬细胞,在功胞和组织中固定或游走的巨噬细胞,在功能上都具有吞噬作用。能上都具有吞噬作用。2.单核细胞来源粒单核细胞来源粒-单系祖细胞,经原单核单系祖细胞,经原单核细胞、幼稚单细胞阶段分化成单核细胞,细胞、幼稚单细胞阶段分化成单核细胞,然后由骨髓释放入血,在血中然后由骨髓释放入血,在

31、血中34天后进天后进入组织和浆膜腔转变成巨噬细胞。入组织和浆膜腔转变成巨噬细胞。Monocyte单核细胞单核细胞 ( blood )Kupffer cells枯否细胞枯否细胞 ( liver )Mesangial cells血管系膜细胞血管系膜细胞 ( kidney glomerulus )Microglia 小胶质细胞小胶质细胞( brain )Alveolar macrophages肺泡巨噬细胞肺泡巨噬细胞 ( lung )Histiocyte组织细胞组织细胞 ( connective tissue 结缔组织结缔组织)Macrophage巨噬细胞巨噬细胞-Different names i

32、n different tissues单核细胞体积较大,蹄状核单核细胞体积较大,蹄状核(左,普通光镜)(左,普通光镜)。透射电镜透射电镜显示其显示其高尔基体发达、粒体丰富、高尔基体发达、粒体丰富、胞浆颗粒明显(中)。胞浆颗粒明显(中)。扫描电镜显示腹腔巨噬细胞粘附于玻璃表面(右)。扫描电镜显示腹腔巨噬细胞粘附于玻璃表面(右)。单单 核核 巨巨 噬噬 细细 胞胞Macrophages Ingest and Degrade antigensbacteriaLong pseudopodia伪足伪足(A)(B)Macrophages Ingest and Degrade antigens2 Dendr

33、itic cellsDendritic cells are bone marrow-derived cells specialized to present antigen to B or T cells in order to initiate a primary immune response.树突状细胞(树突状细胞(Dendritic cells, DC)是机体功能最强的是机体功能最强的专职抗原递呈细专职抗原递呈细胞胞(Antigen presenting cells, APC),它能高效地摄取、加工处理和递呈它能高效地摄取、加工处理和递呈抗原,未成熟抗原,未成熟DC具有较强的迁移具有较

34、强的迁移能力,成熟能力,成熟DC能有效激活初始型能有效激活初始型T细胞,处于启动、调控、并维持免细胞,处于启动、调控、并维持免疫应答的中心环节。疫应答的中心环节。Distribution(development) Langerhans cell: skinInterstitial 间隙间隙DC: organCirculating DC (Veiled cell):afferent lymphatic bloodInterdigitating DC (IDC):T cell zoon Follicular DC (FDC):germinal centreLangerhans cells foun

35、d in the epidermis (skin) and mucous membranes (left). After capturing antigen in the tissues by phagocytosis or by endocytosis. DC migrate into the blood or lymph and circulate to lymphoid organs, become IDC并指状树突细胞并指状树突细胞(right)。)。I Langerhans cellsIDC express high levels of MHC molecules, and are

36、more potent antigen-presenting cells than othersII interdigitating DC (并指状树突细胞)(并指状树突细胞)III folicular DC, FDC (滤泡树突细胞)(滤泡树突细胞)B cellsFDCFDC express high levels of membrane receptors for antibody and complement. By these , FDC actives the B cells in lymph nodes.Section 5Granulocytic cells1 Neutrophil

37、s 2 Eosinophils3 Basophils and mast cellsGranulocytesNeutrophilsEosinophilsBasophils50%70%1%3%1%RBCThey are the earliest phagocytic cells to appear in the bacterial infection Neutrophils represent 60-70% of leukocytes in the peripheral blood. Their granules contain alkaline phosphatase碱性磷酸酶碱性磷酸酶, ly

38、sozame裂解酶裂解酶, lactoferrin 乳铁蛋白乳铁蛋白etc. II EosinophilThe eosinophil has a bilobed nucleus and a granulated cytoplasm that stains with the acid dye eosin red伊红伊红 ( hence its name)The role of Eosinophils in Allergic inflammation过敏性感染过敏性感染Basophils represent 1% of peripheral blood white cells. granules : histamine, heparin肝素肝素, and chemotactic factors趋化因子趋化因子 for neutrophils and eosinophils. participate in IgE-mediated hypersensitive responses. BasophilsIV Mast cell Mast in restActivated after five minActivated after 60 minMast Cells结束结束

展开阅读全文
相关资源
正为您匹配相似的精品文档
相关搜索

最新文档


当前位置:首页 > 医学/心理学 > 基础医学

电脑版 |金锄头文库版权所有
经营许可证:蜀ICP备13022795号 | 川公网安备 51140202000112号