《Student'sSG肿瘤学基础英文版汕大医学院免课件》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《Student'sSG肿瘤学基础英文版汕大医学院免课件（28页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、Oncology: Basic ConceptsStudents Study Guide1Student'sSG肿瘤学基础英文版汕大医学院免What is ONCOLOGY?An area/branch of medicine that deals with the study and treatment of cancer.Onco = onkos (Greek) = tumor-logy = study of ONCOLOGIST = specialist in Oncology2Student'sSG肿瘤学基础英文版汕大医学院免What is CANCER?It refe
2、rs to a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells (American Cancer Society ACS). 1.They stop growing when they come in contact with each other.2. They stay in the same organ.Normal cell behavior3Student'sSG肿瘤学基础英文版汕大医学院免CANCER CELLSCancer cells keeps on
3、dividing and growing.They produce masses of tissue known as tumors or neoplasms. (Uncontrolled growth)Finally, they also spread to other organs (metastasis)NEOPLASIA: The process of abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells(NEOPLASTIC = adj) 4Student'sSG肿瘤学基础英文版汕大医学院免EXAMPLES OF CANCERbreast can
4、cerprostate cancerlung canceresophageal cancergastric cancercolorectal cancer5Student'sSG肿瘤学基础英文版汕大医学院免WHAT CAUSES CANCER?CARCINOGEN (CARCINOGENIC - Adj)-a substance or agent that causes cancerHOW?By causing PERMANENT and IRREPARABLE (cannot be repaired) damage in the genetic material.GENETIC MU
5、TATION(mutation = change)6Student'sSG肿瘤学基础英文版汕大医学院免aONCOGENES genes that can cause cancerSUPPRESSOR GENES- genes that can stop cancerCAUSES OF CANCERinternal/intrinsic(host factors)external/extrinsic factors1.BIOLOGIC - Viruses(HIV Kaposis Sarcoma)2.BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSnon-biologicChemicalFd pres
6、ervativesSmoking PHYSICALRadiation1. ONCOGENES2. DEFECTIVE SUPPRESSOR GENES3. Precancerous Conditions7Student'sSG肿瘤学基础英文版汕大医学院免CANCER CELLS1. May be repaired2. Cell dies3. Cell is killedIf notPERMANENTv continue to growv invade other tissuesor organsthen 8Student'sSG肿瘤学基础英文版汕大医学院免TYPES OF TU
7、MORSBenignMalignant (cancer or malignancy)11223. have a capsule(encapsulated)3. no capsule (thats why they spread)4. cells are anaplastic(immature)anaplasia has not undergone G & D4. cells are usually diffentiated (mature)differentiation G & D9Student'sSG肿瘤学基础英文版汕大医学院免Types of Malignant Tumors/
8、CancerCARCINOMACELLS THAT COVER EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL SURFACES(EPITHELIAL CELLS)LUNGBREASTCOLONSARCOMASUPPORTING AND SOFT TISSUES OF THE BODYBONE, CARTILAGEMUSCLEFATLYPHOMASOLID CANCERS OF THE TISSUES OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM (DEFENSE SYSTEM)LYMPH NODES(淋巴腺淋巴腺,)LEUKEMIACANCER OF THE BLOOD CELLS WHITE BL
9、OOD CELLS10Student'sSG肿瘤学基础英文版汕大医学院免NAMING TUMORSORGAN AFFECTEDBENIGNMALIGNANTAdd the suffix-OMADepends on the classificationSecretory epithelium (gland)ADENOMAADENOCARCINOMABONESKELETAL MUSCLESMOOTH MUSCLEOSTEOMARHABDOMYOMALEIOMYOMAOSTEOGENIC SARCOMARHABDOMYOSARCOMALEIOMYOSARCOMALYMPH NODESHODG
10、KINS LYMPHOMABLOOD GRANULARNONGRANULAR- MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA- LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA11Student'sSG肿瘤学基础英文版汕大医学院免EFFECTS OF TUMORS/CANCER12Student'sSG肿瘤学基础英文版汕大医学院免EFFECTS OF BENIGN TUMOR Compression ObstructionDeformity They ddo not spread. Effects are usually not fatal.cystic hygroma13Studen
11、t'sSG肿瘤学基础英文版汕大医学院免Effects Of Malignant Tumors (1)Physical effectsCompression ObstructionDeformity14Student'sSG肿瘤学基础英文版汕大医学院免Effects Of Malignant Tumors (2)poor nutrition(cancer cells steal the nutrients from the body) wasting (cachexia)gets sick easily15Student'sSG肿瘤学基础英文版汕大医学院免Effects
12、Of Malignant Tumors (3)Damage to other organsDifferent symptoms will appear depending on the organ affected.hematogenous(blood)lymphatic (lymph nodes)Malignant tumors are usually fatal .16Student'sSG肿瘤学基础英文版汕大医学院免DETECTING TUMORSWAYS TO DETECT TUMORSSIGNS AND SYMPTOMSLABORATORYMETHODS17Student&#
13、39;sSG肿瘤学基础英文版汕大医学院免Cancers Seven Warning Signals Cancers Seven Warning Signals (ACS)(ACS)CChange in bowel or bladder habitsAA sore that does not healUUnusual bleeding or dischargeTThickening or lump in the breast orelsewhereIIndigestion or difficulty in swallowingOObvious change in a wart or moleNN
14、agging cough or hoarsenessNote: highly unspecific, diagnosis of a benign tumor is more probable18Student'sSG肿瘤学基础英文版汕大医学院免EXAMPLES OF HOW TO DETECT TUMORS BY PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONBreast ExamDigital Rectal Exam19Student'sSG肿瘤学基础英文版汕大医学院免LABORATORY PROCEDURESX -raycomputed tomography (CT scan)u
15、ltrasoundImaging studiesmagnetic resonance imaging (MRI)20Student'sSG肿瘤学基础英文版汕大医学院免VISUALIZATION PROCEDUREScolon cancerbronchial/lung cancerscopy endoscopic examscope instrument used21Student'sSG肿瘤学基础英文版汕大医学院免Biochemical StudiesSome tumors release substances (enzymes)Into body fluids (blood,
16、 urine).Doctors determine the level of these substances to detect tumors/cancer.prostate specific antigen (prostate cancer)22Student'sSG肿瘤学基础英文版汕大医学院免Biopsy and Histopathologic ExaminationNOTE: A BIOSY with HISTOPATHOLOGIC STUDIES is the gold standard for diagnosing cancer/tumors.(Gold standard
17、= the best or no. 1)(determines the GRADE of the tumor/cancer)Histopathologic examTissue sampling23Student'sSG肿瘤学基础英文版汕大医学院免GRADING OF TUMORSGRADE how mature the cells areDIFFERENTATION growth and development of the cellsDifferentiated (mature)good prognosisundifferentiated or anaplastic (immatu
18、re)bad prognosisGleasons criteria is used to grade prostate cancer.24Student'sSG肿瘤学基础英文版汕大医学院免STAGING OF TUMORSSTAGE tells us how far the tumor has grown and spreadTNM ClassificationT TUMOR growth N involvement of lymph nodesM metastasisSubscripts:IS in situ (in its place)1 -4 = growth or involv
19、ementT1NoMoT4N2M125Student'sSG肿瘤学基础英文版汕大医学院免TREATMENT FOR CANCERRadiotherapyChemotherapySurgeryMultimodality(Multi many)(modes methods / ways)26Student'sSG肿瘤学基础英文版汕大医学院免Hospice Care- end of life care for the terminally ill 27Student'sSG肿瘤学基础英文版汕大医学院免THANK YOU!28Student'sSG肿瘤学基础英文版汕大医学院免
