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1、第一章汉英词语对比与翻译汉英词语对比与翻译一、汉英词义差异对比二、汉英词语的语义关系三、译词的参照规范1、理解词义1）灵活性 2)辨析词义 3)选择词语四、文化参照五、词语翻译方法 1.省略法(减词法) 2.增词法 3.转换法 4.变序法试译下列网络热词(buzzwords)零帕族，考碗族，代排族，抢抢族，恐归族，蚁族一名之立，旬月踯躅dictionStress/pressure-free/-proof/Zero-PascalClanGold-rice-bowlseeker；stablejobseekerHiredqueuer抢抢族：抢着参加有奖（抢抢族：抢着参加有奖（freebie）促销活动
2、的人）促销活动的人Freebie/freebeemongers/cravers/grabbersFestival-reunionphobe-phobe：personwhodislikessth.Antizen,cityants由“族”的翻译说开去Clan,tribe,-er,monger,freakwhy?一、对应关系1.对应式，契合式（equivalence） 可译性基础translatability不可译论公积金，剪刀差，牛市Public accumulation fund,reserve fundscissors differences/gap; bull market2.交叉式（int
3、ersection） 翻译的魅力3无对应 humor 阴阳虚假对应。Guangxi（关系） 力戒虚假对应力戒虚假对应1外延意义不对应红茶；白酒；红眼2内涵意义不对应只要我们坚持改革开放政策，就一定能把我国建设成为强大的社会主义国家。译文Solongaswesticktothereformandopening-uppolicy，wewillsurelybeabletobuildChinaintoapowerfulSocialistcountry3搭配意义不对应当前最重要的任务是发展国民经济，提高人民生活水平。译文Ourprimarytaskatpresentistodevelopnational
4、economyandimprovethestandardsofliving.分析“提高人民生活水平”译为“toimprove(better)thelivesofthepeopletoimprove(uplift)thequalityofthelivesofthepeopletoimprovethetextureofthelivesofthepeopletoimprove(raise)standardsofliving都是符合英语惯用法的。如译成“toraisethelevelofthelivesofthepeople”则成了中国式英语。4联想意义不对应同时，市场自身的弱点和消极方面也会反映到人
5、们的精神生活中来。译文Meanwhile，theweakpointsandnegativefactorsinvolvedinmarketoperationwillfindexpressioninpeoplesculturallife.5情感意义不对应中式英语chinglish-translationese有的译文，从语法角度看是没有什么错误的，但外国人看不懂，毛病就出在不符合英语的习惯表达。例1:我的心和你在一起MyheartistogetherwithyouIshallbewithyouinspirit例2:她是一个大龄青年Sheisabig-ageyouthSheisasingleyout
6、hwellabovehermatrimonialage例3:“互相借鉴对方的经验”tolearnfromeachothersexperiencetoprofitablyshareexperience例4:这种论点目前还有一定的市场。Thisargumenthassomeappealatpresent例5:“发挥余热”“touseonesremainingavailability.二、汉英词义差异对比1)汉语vs英语严谨，独立性强vs灵活,依赖性强（语境制约大）Eachword,whenusedinanewcontext,isanewword. He nosed the car into the
7、 flow of traffic.There will be no ifs,ands,or buts in this matter.The soldier wormed his way toward the enemys lines.On the whole, the students seemed serious and hard-working, but they confined themselves to parroting textbooks.他将车徐徐驶进车流。“驾车动作及方向”这件事不允许有假设、拖延或反对。士兵慢慢向敌人的防线爬去。总的来说，学生们看来是认真而又用功的，但是他们
8、只是死背教科书(死啃书本)。2)汉语vs英语形式单一稳定vs形态变化多端 His post-watergate petty statesmanship.(风度-风范-胸襟- 手腕-伎俩)水门事件之后他那种政客伎俩！翻译中注意词语形态的变化三、词语的翻译之道公积金、白酒公积金、白酒3.1.词语翻译思路1）查词典，问行家，解意义2）阅经典，找名译，思对策3）搜网络，究来源，求妙译4）读好书，攻实践，凌绝顶1）查词典，问行家，解意义公积金公积金，一般指公司公积金，是公司在资本之外所保留的资金金额。根据公积金提留是否为法律上的强制规定，可以将公积金分为法定公积金和任意公积金。此外住房公积金是指国家机关
9、、国有企业、城镇集体企业、外商投资企业、城镇私营企业及其他城镇企业、事业单位及其在职职工缴存的长期住房储金。（网络D）returnedincome,commonreservefund,accumulatedfund,accumulationfund,earnedsurplus,（看语境，是何种类）2）阅经典，找名译，思对策关于酒的翻译1引经典：鲁鲁镇镇的的酒酒店店的的格格局局，是是和和别别处处不不同同的的：都都是是当当街街一一个个曲曲尺尺形形的的大大柜柜台台，柜柜里里面面预预备备着着热热水水，可以随时温酒。（可以随时温酒。（孔乙己孔乙己）The layout of Luzhens tavern
10、s is unique. In each, facing you as you enter, is a bar in the shape of a carpenters square where hot water is kept ready for warming rice wine. (杨宪益、戴乃迭杨宪益、戴乃迭)The taverns in Luzhen were rather particular in their layout. facing out to the street was a substantial bar, squared off at the corners, b
11、ehind which hot water was always at the ready for warming up wine. *（Julia Lovell）wine:1.a:thealcoholicfermentedjuiceoffreshgrapesusedasabeverage（新鲜葡萄的含酒精的发酵汁，可作为饮料饮用）b:wineorasubstituteusedinChristiancommunionservices（基督教徒的圣餐礼上使用的葡萄酒或代用品）2:thealcoholicusuallyfermentedjuiceofaplantproduct(asafruit)u
12、sedasabeverage（植物产品（果实）的含酒精的发酵汁，可作为饮料饮用。例：黑莓酒）3:somethingthatinvigoratesorintoxicates（使人兴奋或陶醉的东西）4:adarkred（一种深红色）（来源：http:/www.merriam- 看看高高论论：白白酒酒应应翻翻译译成成“baijiu”,黄黄酒酒应应是是huangjiu黄？的博客黄？的博客总结：1.白酒翻译尚无定论（白酒之译尚不定，几种译法全记清，具体翻译看语境）。2.对策:具体翻译看语境语境：不同文体慎选词，现代交际可音译，正式文章且存疑，尚须阅读再累积。见多识广，眼高手高，政府工作报告语境是什么？3
13、）搜网络，究来源，求妙译-公务员考试？考碗族考碗族:people dream of becoming a civil servant or working in a state-owned company because these jobs mean “less pressure and stable earnings.”周日将近100万人参加了2010年国家公务员录取考试。该考试在全国44个城市同时进行，包括职业能力和语言技能两部分测试。有关部门严打考试作弊行为，比如利用无线设备或网络作弊。Almost1millionpeople（stablejobseekers）SundaysatChi
14、nasnationalexaminationfor2010admissionstothecivilservice.Theexam,comprisingtestsofprofessionalabilityandlanguage,washeldin44citiesthroughoutthecountry.Theauthoritiesadoptedstrictmeasurestopreventirregularities,suchastheuseofwirelessequipmentortheInternettocheat.http:/ | Sun Jan 18, 2009 7:34pm EST (
15、Reuters) - Cheaters in Chinas famous civil service exams have gone so far as to put micro-receivers in their ears, in order to get answers from audio broadcasts as they sit in the testing room, the Xinhua news agency said on Monday. Civil service examination are examinations implemented in various c
16、ountries for admission to the civil service. They are intended as a method to achieve an effective, rational public administration on a merit system.The most ancient example of such exams were the imperial examinations of ancient China. Russia implemented such procedures in the turn of the 19th cent
17、ury.Chinesecivilservice,theadministrativesystemofthetraditionalChinesegovernment,themembersofwhichwereselectedbyacompetitiveexamination.TheChinesecivil-servicesystemgavetheChineseempirestabilityformorethan2,000yearsandprovidedoneofthemajoroutletsforsocialmobilityinChinesesociety.Itlaterservedasamode
18、lforthecivil-servicesystemsthatdevelopedinotherAsianandWesterncountries.TheQindynasty(221207bc)establishedthefirstcentralizedChinesebureaucraticempireandthuscreatedtheneedforanadministrativesystemtostaffit.RecruitmentintotheQinbureaucracywasbasedonrecommendationsbylocal.(100of685words)科举制度http:/ Ser
19、vice Center for Scholarly Exchange was founded in 1989 on the initiative of Mr. Deng Xiaoping, as he thought at that time thousands of scholars would be sent abroad and return each year. It was considered very necessarily to establish a special organization providing one-stop service for the going-a
20、broad and returning-back scholars.例：例：这个车间既做来料加工，又做来样加工。译文Thisworkshopprocessesrawmaterialsonclientsdemandandprocessesaccordingtoinvestorssamplesaswell accept customers materials for processing 外贸英语（杂学）：三来一补？外贸英语（杂学）：三来一补？来料加工:process materials supplied by clients; accept customers materials for pro
21、cessing 来样加工: process materials according to samples provided by foreign businessman or clients异化vs归化domesticatingtranslation(domestication),atermusedbyVenutitodesignatethetypeoftranslationinwhichatransparent,fluentstyleisadoptedinordertominimizethestrangenessoftheforeigntextforTLreaders.(thepredomi
22、nantstrategyinAnglo-Americanculture)在翻译中采用透明、流畅的风格，最大限度淡化原文陌生感的翻译策略。在翻译中采用透明、流畅的风格，最大限度淡化原文陌生感的翻译策略。foreinizingtranslation(MinoritizingT),atermusedbyVenutitodesignatethetypeoftranslationinwhichaTTisproducedwhichdeliberatelybreakstargetconventionsbyretainingsomethingoftheforeignnessoftheoriginal.在一定程
23、度上保留原文的异域性在一定程度上保留原文的异域性,故意打破目标语言常规的翻译。故意打破目标语言常规的翻译。奈达奈达:最贴近的自然对等最贴近的自然对等,译文读者从译文中所获得的感受应该尽可能接近于译文读者从译文中所获得的感受应该尽可能接近于原文读者从原文中获得的感受原文读者从原文中获得的感受;译者有责任帮译文读者将一些有可能难于理解译者有责任帮译文读者将一些有可能难于理解的信息的信息“改头换面改头换面”，从而使译文的阅读与理解轻松自如。，从而使译文的阅读与理解轻松自如。-翻译研究词典翻译研究词典Dictionary of Translation Studies直译(literaltranslat
24、ion)arelativeterm,asforanySLtherearemanydegreesofliteralnessandfreedomoftranslation意译：freetranslation:atypeoftranslationinwhichmoreattentionispaidtoproducinganaturallyreadingTTthantopreservingtheSLwordingintact,alsoknownassense-for-sensetranslation谋事在人，成事在天。谋事在人，成事在天。（曹雪芹）（曹雪芹）Manproposes,Heavendisp
25、oses,(YangXianyi)Manproposes,Goddisposes,(Hawkes)真是“天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福”。(曹：156)“Truly, Storms gather without warning in nature, and bad luck befalls men overnight.”(Yang:155)“I knowthe weather and human life are both unpredictable.”(Hawkes:231)汉语有许多比喻词汇，表面意义和喻指意义完全不同。英译时应跳出机械对应的思维定势，动态地译出潜在的意义。例：你怎么能够相信他
26、呢?他是个墙头草，谁硬就跟谁。译文Howcanyoutrusthim?Dontyouknowthathealwayssitsonthefenceandfallsonthesideofthestronger?例：他真是软棉花捏的，挨了骂都不敢还嘴。译文Heswishy-washyHedarenottalkbackwhenbeingcursed例：例：我们取得了很大的成绩，但这并不意味着我们就可以从此吃老本而无需进取了。译文Wehaveachievedalot，butthatdoesntmeanwecanthereforerestonourlaurelswithoutaiminghigh例：例：老
27、师答应给这几个学生“吃小灶”。译文Theteacherhaspromisedtogivethesestudentsspecialtuition总结词语的翻译不是简单地寻求对应，而是灵活地推测语境，正确地理解词义，寻求正确的表达。译者处理的是单个词或句子，面对的却是整个文化。王佐良策略的选择任务：词语翻译的积累：英语翻译基础阅读获取信息，翻译激活知识，写作提高才情。人生朝露，译业千秋。是故无贵无贱，无长无少，道之所存，师之所存也。1我们应了解彼此生活的情况，建立人与人之间的友谊纽带。2.要使中日友好事业延续到21世纪及今后世世代代。3.我校目前尚未设博士点。4.我们相信用不了多久我们的产品就会走
28、向世界5.“别跟我哭穷了，我还不知道你的底细?”6.只要我们不动摇、不懈怠、不折腾，坚定不移地推进改革开放，坚定不移地走中国特色社会主义道路，就一定能够胜利实现这一宏伟蓝图和奋斗目标。(胡锦涛“在纪念党的十一届三中全会召开三十周年大会上的讲话”)Season,episodeExercises:1我们应了解彼此生活的情况，建立人与人之间的友谊纽带。译为：Weshouldsharethetextureofourdailylivesandforgethehumanbondsoffriendship.2.要使中日友好事业延续到21世纪及今后世世代代。译为：Itisnecessarytocarrythe
29、causeofChina-Japanfriendshipintothe21stcenturyandbeyond.3.我校目前尚未设博士点。译文Ouruniversityhasntyethadanydoctoralprograms4.我们相信用不了多久我们的产品就会走向世界。译文Webelievethatitwillnotbelongbeforeourproductsgoglobal(areinternationallyrecognized)5.“别跟我哭穷了，我还不知道你的底细?”译文“Stoppoor-mouthingtomeIhaveyournumber”6.只要我们不动摇、不懈怠、不折腾
30、，坚定不移地推进改革开放，坚定不移地走中国特色社会主义道路，就一定能够胜利实现这一宏伟蓝图和奋斗目标。(胡锦涛“在纪念党的十一届三中全会召开三十周年大会上的讲话”)a).If we dont sway back and forth, relax our efforts or get sidetracked, but firmly push forward the reform and opening-up policy as well as adhere to socialism with Chinese characteristics, then this grand blueprint w
31、ill definitely materialize.(中国日报，2008,12,19)b).Dont sway back and forth, relax our efforts or get sidetracked, but firmly push forward the reform and opening-up as well as adhere to socialism with Chinese characteristics. In that way, we will definitely achieve our grand blueprint and ambitious obje
32、ctives (on realizing modernization in the middle of the 21st century.)(新华社，2009,1,19)c).As long as we dont waver, dont slack off and dont “zheteng”, and as long as we firmly push forward the reform and opening-up and walk the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics, we are certain to be able
33、to successfully realize this grand blueprint and achieve the goals of our struggle. (中国日报2009,1,19)不折腾DontgetsidetrackedDontflipflopDontswaybackandforthNoditheringNomajorchangesAvoidfutileactionsStopmakingtroubleandwastingtimenoself-consumingpoliticalmovementsAvoidself-inflictedsetbacksNotrouble-mak
34、ingDontzhetengBuzengteng别走岔道、别被引入歧途别翻来覆去，（态度突变）别前后摇摆不踌躇没有大的变化避免无谓的行动不找麻烦、浪费时间不要自我消耗的政治运动避免自找挫折不找麻烦别折腾不折腾（零翻译）给力上海日报报道说，一个汉语新词“给力”，意为“酷”、“很棒”或者“有劲”登上了党报人民日报，代表着这个词已经被官方认可。“给力”是两个汉字“给”和“力” 组成的，字面含义是“给予力量”，但是它现在广泛用作形容词，形容什么东西很“酷”。检测一个汉语流行语新潮程度的方法之一是看有没有使用者把它翻译成外语。根据它的发音，“给力”已经被音译成英语的 “gelivable” 和 “ung
35、elivable”，以及法语的“trs gulile”。但实际上最先引起广泛注意的是这个词的反义词“不给力”，意思是单调无趣的，这个词最早于五月份出现在一部汉语配音的日本动画片中。Internet buzzword GeiliShanghai Daily reported that a Chinese neologism, “geili,” which means, “cool,” “awesome” or “exciting,” had been granted the “official seal of approval” by appearing in The Peoples Daily
36、 the official paper of the Communist Party:“Geili” is created from two Chinese characters “gei” and “li.” Literally, it means “giving power,” but is now widely accepted as an adjective describing something thats “cool.”A test of a Chinese jargon words trendiness is if users translate it into a forei
37、gn language, according to its pronunciation. “Geili” has been transformed into the English-sounding “gelivable,” and “ungelivable,” and the French “trs gulile.” But it was the words antonym “bugeili” meaning dull or boring that first grabbed wider public attention after it appeared online in May in
38、an episode of a Chinese-dubbed Japanese comic animation.SCHOTTS VOCAB， NewYork TimesBack-translationAprocessinwhichatextwhichhasbeentranslatedintoagivenlanguageisretranslatedintoSL.专栏介绍：专栏介绍：SchottsVocabisarepositoryofunconsideredlexicographicaltriflessomeserious,othersfrivolous,someneologized,other
39、snewlynewsworthy.Eachday,SchottsVocabexploresnewssitesaroundtheworldtofindwordsandphrasesthatencapsulatethetimesinwhichweliveorshedlightonastoryofnote.Iflanguageisthearchivesofhistory,asEmersonbelieved,thenSchottsVocabisanattempttoindexthosearchivesonthefly.例：例：农业是国民经济的基础。 (农业广义）Agriculture is the f
40、oundation of the national economy.例：例：农林牧副渔互相结合的方针（农指耕作的农业，不是指整个农业经济。）the principle of combining farming, forestry, animal husbandry, side-occupations and fishery 例：例：我银行里为你挂个名，你白天去走走，晚上教教我儿子，一面找机会，好不好?译文IllputyouonthepayrollatthebankYoucandropinduringthedayandintheeveningtutormysonwhilelookingforajobHowsthat?分析“去走走”内含“随便去看看，露个面”的意思。“教教”指“个别辅导”，“为当家庭教师”，所以不能泛泛地译为“teach”。
