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1、1SyllableandRelatedknowledgeTherepetitionofanelementinastressedsyllableformthePhonemic PatterningofalineorbeyondalineThecombinationofstressedsyllablesandunstressedsyllablesformstheRhythmic PatterningofaLINEwithinapoem.第1页/共74页第一页，共75页。2A)AlliterationDefinition:therepetitionoftheinitialconsonantclust
2、erinstressedsyllables.Twopointsneedsmentioning:InEnglish,asyllableconsistsofthreeparts:ininitialconsonantcluster,avowelordiphthongandafinalconsonantscluster.Secondly,somestudentshavemisconceptionthatitistheinitialsyllableofawordthatcarriesthealliteration.Itshouldbestressedthatitisthemainstressedsyll
3、ableofawordwhichgreatlycarriesthealliteration,notnecessarilyitsinitialsyllable.第2页/共74页第二页，共75页。3e.g. Longalliterateswithunlovely Purpose:toconveythecombinationofsenseandsound;toemphasizetothesewords;toformaconnectionofsimilarityorcontrast.Example AtutorwhotootedafluteTriedtotutortwotutorstotootSaid
4、thetwotothetutor“IsithardertotootorTotutortwotutorstotoot?” 第3页/共74页第三页，共75页。4FunctionsofalliterationnTolinktogetherwordsthataresimilarinfeelingandthought,e.g.(1)Toechothesenseormeaningconveyedbythetwolinesandtohelptocreateaheavyanddepressedmood,e.g.(2)Togivegreatemphasistothesewords,onlythroughhard
5、andintensestrugglecanfreedomandlibertybewon,e.g.(3)Toformaconnectionofbothsimilarityandcontrast,e.g.(4)第4页/共74页第四页，共75页。53Assonance（腹韵）nDefinition:therepetitionofidenticalvowelordiphthonginstressedsyllables,e.g.ThinkfromhowmanytreesDeadleavesarebroughtToearthonseedorwingExplanation: Interestingly,th
6、emeaningofthesewordsarealreadyassociated.Theyrepresentthecycleoflife:fromtheorganictotheinorganicandfromtheinorganictotheorganic.Thus,theassonancenotonlycancontributetomusicqualityofaliterarytext,butitsmeaning.第5页/共74页第五页，共75页。6nSongMorningopenedLikearose,AndthesnowontheroofRose-colortookOh,howthest
7、reettowardlightdidleap!Andthelampswentout.BrightnessfelldownFromthesteepleclockTotherowofshopsAndrippledthebricks第6页/共74页第六页，共75页。7nLikethescalesofafish,AndallthatdayWasafairytaleToldonceinawhileToagoodchild.Explain:Mostinstanceofassonanceinthispoemchieflyfunctiontounifywordsandideas./u/soundattheen
8、dofthefirsttwolinesconnectsthetwolinestogetherwhichexpressanindependentidea:thewaymorningopenedresemblesthewaythataroseunfoldsitself.第7页/共74页第七页，共75页。8AssonancewithinthelinesForexample,/u/soundisrepeatedinsuchwordsassnow, rose-color and oh.Whenweproducethediphthong,ourmouthmustopenjustasmorninglight
9、spreadsoraroseunfolds.Theword“oh”expressthewonderatthescenesofcolorandbeauty.Furthermore,sincethesound/u/asthediphthongtakeslongerdurationtoproducethanmonophthongs,itmaysuggestthewaymorningslowlyunfoldsinthepoem.Moreexample:第8页/共74页第八页，共75页。Sweetandlow,sweetandlow,Windofthewesternsea,Low,low,breatha
10、ndblow,Windofthewesternsea!Overtherollingwatersgo,Comefromthedyingmoon,andblow,Blowhimagaintome;Whilemylittleone,whilemyprettyone,sleeps.(Tennyson,sweetandLow)第9页/共74页第九页，共75页。104.Consonance（假韵）nDefinition:therepetitionofthefinalconsonantclusterinstressedsyllables.Example: Likeoneindanger,Cautious,I
11、offeredhimaCrumbAndheunrolledhisfeaturesAndrowhimsofterhomeThanOarsdividetheOcean.ToosilverforaseamOrButterflies,offBanksofNoonLeap,plashlessastheyswim.（EmilyDickenson:A Bird）第10页/共74页第十页，共75页。11nInthispoem,thesimpleexperienceofwatchingabirdhopdowna path allows her to exhibit her extraordinary poeti
12、c powers ofobservationanddescription.Dickinsonkeenlydepictsthebirdasiteatsaworm,pecksatthegrass,hopsbyabeetle,andglancesaroundfearfully.Asanaturalcreaturefrightenedbythespeakerintoflyingaway,第11页/共74页第十一页，共75页。12nthebirdbecomesanemblemforthequick,lively,ungraspablewildessencethatdistancesnaturefromt
13、hehumanbeingswhodesiretoappropriateortameit.Butthemostremarkablefeatureofthispoemistheimageryofitsfinalstanza,inwhichDickinsonprovidesoneofthemostbreath-takingdescriptionsofflyinginallofpoetry.Simplybyofferingtwoquickcomparisonsofflightandbyusingaquaticmotion(rowing and swimming), she evokes thedeli
14、cacyandfluidityofmovingthroughair.第12页/共74页第十二页，共75页。13nTheimageofbutterfliesleapingoffBanksofNoon,splashlesslyswimming though the sky, is one of the most memorable in allDickinsonswriting.第13页/共74页第十三页，共75页。14FunctionsofconsonanceMakethetextorganizedandaddmusicqualityofthepoem,Unitethekeywordsofthe
15、stanza.Thesoundofthequotedlineshasthelingering,almostechoingeffect,whichreinforcesthetoneofthepoem.Moreexample:第14页/共74页第十四页，共75页。Islip,Islide,Igloom,Iglance,Amongmyskimmingswallows.ImakethenettedsunbeamdanceAgainstmysandyshallows.(AlfredTennyson:TheBrook)第15页/共74页第十五页，共75页。165OnomatopeiaDefinition:
16、itfirstreferstotheuseofwordformedinimitationofnaturalsoundsassociatedwiththeobjectoractioninvolved.Example: Spring,thesweetspring,istheyearspleasantking;Thenbloomseachthing,thenmaidsdanceinaring.Colddothnotsting,theprettybirdsdosing,Cuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,to-witta-woo!第16页/共74页第十六页，共75页。17nEachofthemi
17、sanimitationofthesoundthataparticularbirdmakes,formingahappy,harmoniouschorusonthesweetspring.Secondly,itreferstotherecurrenceofphonemesinatext,whichsuggestscertainnaturalsoundswhichreinforcethemeaningconveyedinthattextunit.Example: Tisnotenoughnoharshnessgivesoffence,Thesoundmustseemanechotothesens
18、e.SoftisthestrainwhenZephyrgentlyblows,Andthesmoothstreaminsmoothernumbersflows;第17页/共74页第十七页，共75页。18RhymenDefinition:theidentityofsoundsbetweenwordsandverselinesextendingbackfromtheendtothelastfullyaccentedvowelandnotfurther.Rhymeinitsnarrowsenseandrhymeinitsbroadsense.Rhymeinitsbroadsenseincludeas
19、sonance,alliterationandconsonance,etc.A:rhythm:themovementorsenseofmovementcommunicatedbytheregulararrangementofstressed&unstressedsyllables(byafootorsomefeet:aunitofrhythm,agroupofsyllablesformingametricalunit)第18页/共74页第十八页，共75页。19B:rhyme(narrowsense):samenessofsoundoftheendingsoftwoormorewordsatth
20、eendoflinesofverse.在下述情况下两个或两个以上的词才能算作(sunzu)押韵（1）重读的元音必须相同；（2）元音后面的因素必须相同；（3）元音前面的辅音必须是不同的音素。分为两种：perfectrhymeandimperfectrhyme第19页/共74页第十九页，共75页。20e.g.fake-lake;sober-October;begin-win(perfectrhyme)Imperfectrhyme:两个（或者两个以上）词的重读元音相同，元音前面的辅音也属于(shy)不同的因素，但元音后面的辅音却不相同，如：fern-bird,faze-late,like-right
21、;imperfectrhymeisassonance（腹韵）第20页/共74页第二十页，共75页。21nOnesyllablerhyme:masculinerhyme（阳韵(yngyn)）n以重读音节结尾。nTwoormorethantworhyme:femininerhyme（阴韵）以非重读音节结尾。nOtherkindcanbecalledpolysyllabicrhymennShewalksinbeauty,likethenightnofcloudlessclimesandstarryskies;nAndallthatsbestofdarkandbrightnMeetinheraspec
22、tandhereyes:nThusmellowedtothattenderlightnwhichheaventogaudydaydenies.第21页/共74页第二十一页，共75页。22nReflectionofIce-breakingCandyIsdandyButliquorIsquicker.Takeheruptenderly,liftherwithcare,Fashiondsoslenderly,Young,andsofair.第22页/共74页第二十二页，共75页。23nEndrhyme:rhymeoccursattheendofverselines.nInternalrhyme:rh
23、ymeoccurswithinaverseline.nHalf-rhyme:rhymewhichisformedbyrepeatingeithervowelorthefinalconsonantcluster.(assonance&consonance)nPararhyme:itisthecasewherethepoetrepeatstheinitialconsonantclusteraswellasthefinalconsonantcluster.n(类尾韵：当一个词的起首辅音包括辅音连缀和词尾辅音分别和另一个词的起首辅音和词尾辅音相等时，虽然(surn)两个词的元音不同，但仍然产生一定的音
24、韵成为类辅音。)e.g.great-groat,send-sound,spit-spat,vest-vast.第23页/共74页第二十三页，共75页。24RHYMEnCategorizedbyposition:nA:alliterationnShelly:OwildWestWind,thoubreathofAutumnsbeing.nGray:Fullmanyaflowerisborntoblushunseen.n白居易：在天愿作比翼鸟，在地愿为连理枝；千呼万唤始出来，犹抱琵琶半遮面；门前冷落车马稀，老大嫁作商人妇；同是天涯沦落人，相逢何必曾相识(xingsh)。（双声）nB:assonanc
25、en第24页/共74页第二十四页，共75页。25nC: rhyme proper (most frequently used) n1. Masculine rhyme (monosyllabic rhyme) nThree conditions: n1）the same vowels;n2） the same ending consonants; n3）the different beginning consonants. nI- fly, wife-life, fool-rule, right-fight nCompare: 好雨知时节(shji)，当春乃发生。随风潜入夜，润物细无声。 n2
26、. Feminine rhyme (disyllabic and trisyllabic rhyme) nBorrow-sorrow, know it-show it, beautiful-dutiful n 第25页/共74页第二十五页，共75页。26CategorizedbythedegreeofsatisfactionofrhymingrulesnA. Perfect rhyme (most frequently used): masculine rhyme or monosyllabic rhyme B. Imperfect rhyme (less frequently used) 1
27、. Identical rhyme: see-sea, well-well 2. eye-rhyme Blood-stood-good: not for audience, but for readers 第26页/共74页第二十六页，共75页。27Functionsofrhyme:TogetthetextsmoreorganizedTobestowmusictothetextsTobindlineswhicharecloselyassociatedincontent.Examples:ForIhavethemallalready,knownthemallHaveknowntheevening
28、s,mornings,afternoons,Ihavemeasuredoutmylifewithcoffeespoons;第27页/共74页第二十七页，共75页。28nWhatisthislife,fullofcare,aWehavenotimetostandandstare!aNotimetostandbeneaththeboughs,bAndstareaslongassheepandcows.bNotimetosee,whenwoodswepass,cWheresquirrelshidetheirnutsingrass.cNotimetosee,inbroaddaylight,dStrea
29、msfullofstars,likeskiesatnight.d第28页/共74页第二十八页，共75页。29PartIIRhythmicPatterningnRhymeisconcernedwiththeconsonantsandvowelsinthestressedsyllables.Rhythmisconcernedwiththestressedandunstressedsyllables.(1)Stressembracesprimarystressandsecondarystress,theformerindicatedwithhighverticalstrokeandthelatter
30、withlowverticalstroke.(2)openclasswords,includingnouns,verbs(notauxiliaryverbs),adjectives,adverbsarestressedinutterance;close-classwords,includingpronouns,articles,prepositionsareunstressedinutterance.第29页/共74页第二十九页，共75页。TheGoldenSunsetHenryWadsworthLongfellowThegoldenseaitsmirrorspreadsBeneaththeg
31、oldenskies,AndbutanarrowstripbetweenOflandandshadowlies.Thecloud-likerocks,therock-likecloudsDissolvedingloryfloat,Andmidwayoftheradiantflood,Hangssilentlytheboat,Theseaisbutanothersky,Theskyaseaaswell,Andwhichisearthandwhichisheaven,Theeyecanscarcelytell.第30页/共74页第三十页，共75页。（Thecorrespondingessay）Th
32、egoldenseaspreadsitsmirrorbeneaththegoldenskies,andbutanarrowstripoflandandshadowliesbetween.Thecloud-likerocks,therock-likeclouds,dissolvedingloryfloat,andmidwayoftheradiantfood,theboathangssilently.Theseaisbutanothersky,theskyaseaaswell，andtheeyecanscarcelytellwhichisearthandwhichisheaven.第31页/共74
33、页第三十一页，共75页。32Rhythmicpatterning(韵律(ynl)/节奏)nRhythmicpatterningisdepictedwithmeter.nTwostepstoanalyzemeternA)toexaminethetypesoffoot（音步）nB)toseehowmanyfeetthereareineachlinenC)Foot:theunitofstressedandunstressedsyllableswhichisrepeatedtoformmetricalpatterns.nFourtypesofFoot:nIamb抑扬(yyng)格nTrochee扬抑格
34、nAnapaest抑抑扬(yyng)格nDactyl扬抑抑格第32页/共74页第三十二页，共75页。33Fourtypeoffootn(a)Iamb:thecommonesttypeofversefoot.Ithasapatternalternatingstressedandunstressedsyllablesbeginningwithanunstressedsyllable(抑扬(yyng)格),e.g.thesean(b)Trochee:alternatingstressedandunstressedsyllable,beginningwithastressedsyllable（扬抑格,
35、e.g.pretty.n(c)Anapaest:apatterninwhichonestressedsyllablealternateswithtwounstressedsyllables,butbeginningwiththetwounstressedsyllables（抑抑扬(yyng)格）e.g.onthesean(d)Dactyl:apattern:apatternalternatingonestressedandtwounstressedsyllable,beginningwiththestressedsyllable（扬抑抑格）,e.g.beautiful.n(Note:AandB
36、belongtotherisingrhythm,CandDbelongtothefallingrhythm.)ne)Spondee(扬扬格):twostressedsyllablesn第33页/共74页第三十三页，共75页。34SongforthefootIambicfeetarefirmandflatAndcomedownheavilylikeTHAT.TrocheesdancingverylightlySparkle,frothandbubblebrightly,DactylicdaintinessliltingsoprettilyMovesaboutflutteringrathertha
37、nwittilyWhileforspeedandforhastesucharhythmisthebestAswefindintheraceofthequickanapaest(MarjorieBoulton,1953:26)第34页/共74页第三十四页，共75页。35B)Steptwo:toseehowmanyfeetthereareineachline,suchasmonometer,dimeter,trimeter,tetrameter,pentameter,hexameter,meaningone,two,three,four,andfiverespectively.Example:ia
38、mbicpentameter(抑扬(yyng)格五音步)TheCur/fewtolls/theknell/ofpar/tingdaySummary:analysisoftherhythmofapoemmusttakeintoaccountthevariationonthebasicrhythmicpattern.第35页/共74页第三十五页，共75页。Metre(音步律)一音步(onefoot,-ormonometre)二音步(twofeet,ordimetre)三音步(threefeet,ortrimetre)四音步(fourfeet,ortetrametre五音(wyn)步(fivefee
39、t,orpentametre)六音步(sixfeet,orhexametre)七音步(sevenfeet,orheptametrel八音步(eightfeet,oroctametre)九音步(ninefeet,ornonametre)第36页/共74页第三十六页，共75页。下边是抑扬格各种常用(chnyn)音步诗行的例子:Aloneshecutsandbindsthegrain,Andsingsamelancholystrain.MoreexampleTheAssyriancamedownlikethewolfonthefold,Andhiscohortsweregleaminginpurpl
40、eandgold;Andthesheenoftheirspearswaslikestarsonthesea,WhenthebluewavesrollsnightlyondeepGalilee.G.Byron:DestructionofSennacherib第37页/共74页第三十七页，共75页。(4-foot)FillhighthebowlwithSamianwine!OurvirginsdancebeneaththeshadeIseetheirgloriousblackeyesshine;Butgazingoneachglowingmaid,Myowntheburningtear-dropl
41、aves,Tothinksuchbreastsmustsuckleslaves.第38页/共74页第三十八页，共75页。5-footLondon(SamuelJohnson)Thoughgriefandfondnessinmybreastrebel,WheninjurdThalesbidsthetownfarewell,Yetstillmycalmerthoughtshischoicecommend,Ipraisethehermit,butregretthefriend,Whonowresolves,fromviceandLondonfar,Tobreatheindistantfieldsap
42、urerair,and,fixdonCambriassolitaryshore,GivetoSt.DavidonetrueBritonmore.Forwhowouldleave,unbribd,Hiberniasland,OrchangetherocksofScotlandfortheStrand?第39页/共74页第三十九页，共75页。ComparingthepoeticmetersbetweenChineseandEnglish登鹳雀楼王之涣白日依山尽，黄河入海流。欲穷千里目，更上一层楼。(仄)仄平平(pngpng)仄(平)平平(pngpng)仄仄平平(pngpng)仄仄平(仄)仄仄平平(
43、pngpng)第40页/共74页第四十页，共75页。Zip（嘶嘶声）Linesshouldbehoopsthat,vibrantlyatrest,DevolveLikecablesastheswitchestrip,Eachsyllableentailingalltherest,Andrhymesthatstrike,explodinglikeawhip.-DonaldDaviedevolve-转移Switchtrip-开关(kigun)跳闸第41页/共74页第四十一页，共75页。第42页/共74页第四十二页，共75页。TheEagle:AFragmentAlfredTennysonHe cl
44、asps the crag with crooked hands ;Close to the sun in lonely lands ,Ringed with the azure world , he stands .The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls :He watches from his mountain walls ,And like a thunderbolt he falls .第43页/共74页第四十三页，共75页。第44页/共74页第四十四页，共75页。45TypesofpoeminEnglishOrigin:atdifferenttimes
45、,differentpatternsofmeterandsoundhavedevelopedandbecomeacceptedaswaysofstructuringpoems.Theseconventionalstructuresoftenhavenames,andwhenanalyzingpoems,itisworthbeingabletoidentifythemorefrequentconventionsthatapoetuse.第45页/共74页第四十五页，共75页。461.HeroicCouplets英雄偶句：包括两个(lin)相连的诗行的一种诗的单位，通常压韵并具有同样的格律，经常组
46、成一个完整的意思和句法单位。Coupletsaretwolinesofverse,usuallyconnectedbyarhyme.RhymingcoupletshavebeenpopularthroughoutmostperiodsofEnglishpoetry,theeighteenthcenturyinparticular.第46页/共74页第四十六页，共75页。47Hereyesarewild,herheadisbare,Thesunhasburnthercoal-blackhair,Hereye-browshavearustystain,Andshecamefromfaroverth
47、emain（main诗大海;大洋(dyng),古本土.）ByWordsworth第47页/共74页第四十七页，共75页。And then black night. That blackness was sublime. I felt distributed through space and time: One foot upon a mountaintop. one hand Under the pebbles of a panting strand, One ear in Italy, one eye in Spain, In caves, my blood, and in the sta
48、rs, my brain. 第48页/共74页第四十八页，共75页。492.Quatrains四行(sxn)诗nStanzasoffourlines,withiambicmeterandlinesofnineandeightsyllablesalternately.Thenine-syllablelinesendinunstressedsyllables,formingdoublerhyme.Forexample:Whenlovelywomanstoopstofolly,Andfindstoolatethatmenbetray,Whatcharmcansoothehermelancholy,W
49、hatartcanwashherguiltaway?第49页/共74页第四十九页，共75页。50Theonlyartherguilttocover,Tohidehershamefromeveryeye,Togiverepentancetoherlover,Andwringhisbosom-istodie.OliverGoldsmith,1976第50页/共74页第五十页，共75页。513.BlankversenBlankverseconsistsoflinesiniambicpentameterwhichdonotrhyme.TheseareverycommoninEnglishliterat
50、ure:Shakesperescharacters(thelatesixteenthcentury)frequentlyspeakinblankverseandotherexamplesincludeMiltonsepicpoem,ParadiseLose(17thcentury),WordsworthsThePrelude(late18thcentury),andsomeofRobertBrowningsdramaticmonologues(mid-19thcentury).第51页/共74页第五十一页，共75页。52ExampleButdonotletusquarrelanymore,No
51、myLucrezia;bearwithmeforonce:Sitdownandallshallhappenasyouwish.Youturnyourface,butdoesitbringyourheart?第52页/共74页第五十二页，共75页。Mending WallRobertFrostSomethingthereisthatdoesntloveawall.Thatsendsthefrozen-ground-swellunderit,Andspillstheupperbouldersinthesun;Andmakesgapseventwocanpassabreast.Theworkofhu
52、ntersisanotherthing:IhavecomeafterthemandmaderepairWheretheyhaveleftnotonestoneonastone,Buttheywouldhavetherabbitoutofhiding,Topleasetheyelpingdogs.ThegapsImean,Noonehasseenthemmadeorheardthemmade,Butatspringmending-timewefindthemthere.第53页/共74页第五十三页，共75页。Iletmyneighborknowbeyondthehill;Andonadaywem
53、eettowalkthelineAndsetthewallbetweenusonceagain.Wekeepthewallbetweenusaswego.Toeachthebouldersthathavefallentoeach.AndsomeareloavesandsomesonearlyballsWehavetouseaspelltomakethembalance:Staywhereyouareuntilourbacksareturned!Wewearourfingersroughwithhandlingthem.Oh,justanotherkindofout-doorgame,Oneon
54、aside.Itcomestolittlemore:Therewhereitiswedonotneedthewall:HeisallpineandIamappleorchard.第54页/共74页第五十四页，共75页。MyappletreeswillnevergetacrossAndeattheconesunderhispines,Itellhim.Heonlysays,Goodfencesmakegoodneighbors.Springisthemischiefinme,andIwonderIfIcouldputanotioninhishead:Whydotheymakegoodneighb
55、ors?IsntitWheretherearecows?Butheretherearenocows.BeforeIbuiltawallIdasktoknowWhatIwaswallinginorwallingout,AndtowhomIwasliketogiveoffence.第55页/共74页第五十五页，共75页。Somethingthereisthatdoesntloveawall,Thatwantsitdown.IcouldsayElvestohim,Butitsnotelvesexactly,andIdratherHesaiditforhimself.IseehimthereBring
56、ingastonegraspedfirmlybythetopIneachhand,likeanold-stonesavagearmed.HemovesindarknessasitseemstomeNotofwoodsonlyandtheshadeoftrees.Hewillnotgobehindhisfatherssaying,AndhelikeshavingthoughtofitsowellHesaysagain,Goodfencesmakegoodneighbors.第56页/共74页第五十六页，共75页。574SonnetThesonnetisapoeticformwhichhasbee
57、nusedinEnglishsincethemid-16thcentury.Manypoetshaveexperimentedwithitsquiterigidformalconstraints.Thebasicformisfourteenlines,eachoftensyllables,andusuallyiniambicpentameter.Avarietyofrhymingschemesarepossible,andtherhymingschemeusuallyindicatestheprogressionofideasthroughthepoem.第57页/共74页第五十七页，共75页
58、。58nShallIcomparetheetoasummersday?aThouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:bRoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,aAndsummersleasehathalltooshortadate:bSometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,cAndoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmed,dAndeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,cBychance,ornatureschangingcourseuntrimmed:dBu
59、tthyeternalsummershallnotfade,eNorlosepossessionofthatfairthouowst,fNorshalldeathbragthouwandrestinhisshade,eWhenineternallinestotimethougrowst,fSolongasmencanbreatheoreyescansee,gSolonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.g-ShakespereSonnet18第58页/共74页第五十八页，共75页。59nThepoemisorganizedintothreegroupsofqua
60、trainswithalternatelyrhyminglines,andafinalrhymingcouplet.Sonnetswhichconsistsofthreequatrainsandarhymingcoupletusuallyendwithareversalorachallengetotheprecedingideasinthefinaltwolines.SonnetstructuredinthiswayarereferredtoasShakespereansonnets.ThesonnetbySpencerusedtoillustraterhymingschemesisalsoa
61、nexampleofarhymingschemelinkedtotheprogressionofideas.第59页/共74页第五十九页，共75页。60AnothercommonsonnetformistheItalian(orPetrarchansonnet),wherelinesarerhymedinagroupofeight(anoctave)andagroupofsix(asestet).Apoemrhymedinthiswayusuallylooksatanideafromanangleforthefirsteightlines,andthenfromanotheranglefort
62、helastsix.abba, abba, cdc dcd /cde cde)forexample:My Letters! all dead paper byElizabeth Barrett Browning 第60页/共74页第六十页，共75页。My Letters! All Dead Paper Myletters!alldeadpaper,muteandwhite!AndyettheyseemaliveandquiveringAgainstmytremuloushandswhichloosethestringAndletthemdropdownonmykneetonight.Thiss
63、aidhewishedtohavemeinhissightOnce,asafriend:thisfixedadayinspringTocomeandtouchmyhand.asimplething,YesIweptforitthis.thepaperslight.Said,Dear,Ilovethee;andIsankandquailed(感到恐惧)AsifGodsfuturethunderedonmypast.Thissaid,IamthineandsoitsinkhaspaledWithlyingatmyheartthatbeattoofast.Andthis.0Love,thywords
64、haveillavailedIf,whatthissaid,Idaredrepeatatlast!第61页/共74页第六十一页，共75页。我的信！一堆堆死沉沉的纸，苍白又无声，可是它们又象具有生命、颤动在我拿不稳的手内是那发抖的手解开丝带，让它们今晚散满在我膝上。这封说：他多盼望有个机会(jhu)，能作为朋友，见一见我。这一封又订了春天里一个日子，来见我，跟我握握手-平常的事，我可哭了！这封说（不多几个字）：“亲，我爱你！”而我却惶恐得象上帝的未来在轰击我的过去。这封说：“我属于你！”那墨迹，紧贴在我悸跳的心头，久了，褪了色。而这封爱啊，你的言词有什么神妙，假如这里吐露的，我敢把它再说！第62
65、页/共74页第六十二页，共75页。635FreeverseThisisaformofversethatuseslittleornoconventionalrhymeormeter.Ithasbeenverypopularinthe20thcentury.PinMoneyOnFridaymorningsthewholeestatesmeltofglue.Thewomenwerestickingtasselsontolampshades,earningtheirpinmoney.第63页/共74页第六十三页，共75页。I Dreamd in a Dreamby Walt WhitmanIDREAM
66、DinadreamIsawacityinvincibletotheattacksofthewholeoftherestoftheearth,IdreamdthatwasthenewcityofFriends,Nothingwasgreatertherethanthequalityofrobustlove,itledtherest,Itwasseeneveryhourintheactionsofthemenofthatcity,Andinalltheirlooksandwords.第64页/共74页第六十四页，共75页。TheFitInafitofrepugnanceeachmomentrips
67、itselfinhalf,producingatwin.Inacoming-of-agestoryeachdreamproducesme:anignoranceonthepointofrevelation.第65页/共74页第六十五页，共75页。ImatasidetableinasalooninAlaska,myeyeonthedoorwhereafloodofstrangerspoursin.Thedoororthewindow?Itsmorning.RaeArmantrout第66页/共74页第六十六页，共75页。676.LimericksLimericksarefive-linevers
68、einwhichgenerallythefirst,second,andfifthlinesrhyme,andthesecondandthethirdlinesrhyme.Thelinesareusuallyanapestic(twounstressedsyllables,followedbyastressed)withthreefeetinthefirst,thethirdandthefifthlines,andtwofeetinthesecondandthird.(aabba)第67页/共74页第六十七页，共75页。68A flea and a fly in a flueWere caug
69、ht, so what could they do?Said the fly, Let us flee.Let us fly, said the flea.So they flew through a flaw in the flue.第68页/共74页第六十八页，共75页。69nThe limerick below demonstrate an experiment with meter for the purpose of humour. TherewasayoungmanfromJapanWhoselimericksneverwouldscan.Whenhisfriendstoldhim
70、so,Hesaid,yesIknowButIalwaystrytogetasmanywordsintothelinesasIpossiblycan.第69页/共74页第六十九页，共75页。70OnFridayeveningsqueuingfortheirpay,thewomenstood,legthinaspins,Whilethemenwaitedinthepubs,Thickandpowerfulasmagnets.第70页/共74页第七十页，共75页。717SummarynAlltheseformsmaygivetheimpressionthatpoetrycanbeaveryrule-
71、boundactivity.Thisispartiallytrue.Atsomemomentsinhistory,poetryhasfollowedverystrictconventions,andthoughmanypoetstodayusefreeverseforms,poemsarestillwrittenwhichconformtostrictconventions.However,poetshavealwaysplayedwithconventionsaswell,andyouwillcomeacrosspoemsformallperiodswhichareexperimentwit
72、hstructuralforms.第71页/共74页第七十一页，共75页。72Thepoeticfunctionsofsoundandmetern1foraestheticpleasuresoundandmeterpatterningarefundamentallypleasing,inthewaythatmusicis;2toconformtoaconvention/style/poeticformaswithclothesandbuildings,poetryhasfashion,anddifferentformsofsoundpatterninghavebeenpopularatdiff
73、erenttimes.3toexperimentorinnovatewithaformpoetsinnovatetocreatenewpoeticformsandalsotochallengeassumptionsabouttheformsoflanguagewhichareconsideredappropriatetopoetry.第72页/共74页第七十二页，共75页。734todemonstratetechnicalskill,andforintellectualpleasurethereisakindofsatisfactiontobederivedfromtheclevernesso
74、fsomepoemsandthemagicofformandmeaningbeingperfectlycombined.5foremphasisorcontrast6onomatopoeiawhentherhythmofalineoritssoundsimitatesthesoundofwhatisbeingdescribed.第73页/共74页第七十三页，共75页。感谢您的观赏(gunshng)！第74页/共74页第七十四页，共75页。内容(nirng)总结1。在下述情况下两个或两个以上的词才能算作押韵（1）重读(zhngd)的元音必须相同。e.g. fake-lake。白居易：在天愿作比翼鸟，在地愿为连理枝。感谢您的观赏第七十五页，共75页。
