《《计算机专业英语》电子教案第1章.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《《计算机专业英语》电子教案第1章.ppt（40页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、Computer English Chapter 1 The History and Future of ComputersChapter 1 The History and Future of Computers Key points: useful terms and definitions of computersDifficult points: describing the features of computers of each generation2计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers Requirements
2、:1. The trends of computer hardware and software 2. Basic characteristics of modern computers 3. Major characteristics of the four generations of modern computers 4. 了解科技英语的特点，掌握科技英语翻译要点了解科技英语的特点，掌握科技英语翻译要点 3计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers New Words & Expressions:computerlike a.
3、 计算机似的计算机似的electromechanical a. 机电的机电的, 电机的电机的 vacuum tubes 真空管真空管Census Bureau 人口普查局人口普查局 thousands of 成千上万的成千上万的 known as 通常所说的，以通常所说的，以著称著称 1.1 The Invention of the Computer Abbreviations: ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) 电子数字
4、积分计算机，电子数字积分计算机，ENIACENIAC计算机计算机 EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer)EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer) 延迟存储电子自动计算机延迟存储电子自动计算机 BINAC (Binary Automatic Computer) BINAC (Binary Automatic Computer) 二进制自动计算机二进制自动计算机 UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) 通用自动计算机通用自动计算机 4计算
5、机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers It is hard to say exactly when the modern computer was invented. Starting in the 1930s and through the 1940s, a number of machines were developed that were like computers. But most of these machines did not have all the characteristics that we assoc
6、iate with computers today. These characteristics are that the machine is electronic, that it has a stored program, and that it is general purpose. 很难确切地说现代计算机是什么时候发明的。从很难确切地说现代计算机是什么时候发明的。从2020世纪世纪3030年代到年代到4040年代，年代，制造了许多类似计算机的机器。但是这些机器大部分没有今天我们所说的制造了许多类似计算机的机器。但是这些机器大部分没有今天我们所说的计算机的所有特征。这些特性是：机器是电
7、子的，具有储存的程序计算机的所有特征。这些特性是：机器是电子的，具有储存的程序, , 而且而且是通用的。是通用的。1.1 The Invention of the Computer 5计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.1 The Invention of the Computer One of the first computerlike devices was developed in Germany by Konrad Zuse in 1941. Called the Z3, it was general-purp
8、ose, stored-program machine with many electronic parts, but it had a mechanical memory. Another electromechanical computing machine was developed by Howard Aiken, with financial assistance from IBM, at Harvard University in 1943. It was called the Automatic Sequence Control Calculator Mark I, or sim
9、ply the Harvard Mark I. Neither of these machines was a true computer, however, because they were not entirely electronic. 第一个类似计算机的装置之一是第一个类似计算机的装置之一是19411941年由德国的年由德国的KonradKonrad ZuseZuse研制的，研制的，叫做叫做Z3,Z3,它是通用型储存程序机器，具有许多电子部件，但是它的存储器它是通用型储存程序机器，具有许多电子部件，但是它的存储器是机械的。另一台机电式计算机器是由霍华德是机械的。另一台机电式计算机器是
10、由霍华德. .艾坎在艾坎在IBMIBM的资助下于的资助下于19431943年在哈佛大学研制的。它被称为自动序列控制计算器年在哈佛大学研制的。它被称为自动序列控制计算器Mark I,Mark I,或简称哈佛或简称哈佛Mark IMark I。然而，这些机器都不是真正的计算机然而，这些机器都不是真正的计算机, ,因为它们不是完全电子化因为它们不是完全电子化的。的。 6计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.1.1 The ENIACPerhaps the most influential of the early compute
11、rlike devices was the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, or ENIAC. It was developed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania. The project began in 1943 and was completed in 1946. The machine was huge; it weighed 30 tons and contained over 18,000 vacuum tubes
12、. .也也许许早早期期最最具具影影响响力力的的类类似似计计算算机机的的装装置置应应该该是是电电子子数数字字积积分分计计算算机机，或或简简称称ENIACENIAC。它它是是由由宾宾夕夕凡凡尼尼亚亚大大学学的的J. J. Presper Presper Eckert Eckert 和和John John Mauchly Mauchly 研研制制的的。该该工工程程于于19431943年年开开始始，并并于于19461946年年完完成成。这这台台机机器器极极其庞大，重达其庞大，重达3030吨，而且包含吨，而且包含18,00018,000多个真空管。多个真空管。1.1 The Invention of t
13、he Computer 7计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.1.1 The ENIACThe ENIAC was a major advancement for its time. It was the first general-purpose, electronic computing machine and was capable of performing thousands of operations per second. It was controlled, however, by switches an
14、d plugs that had to be manually set. Thus, although it was a general-purpose electronic device, it did not have a stored program. Therefore, it did not have all the characteristics of a computer .ENIAC是是当当时时重重要要的的成成就就。它它是是第第一一台台通通用用型型电电子子计计算算机机器器，并并能能够够执执行行每每秒秒数数千千次次运运算算。然然而而,它它是是由由开开关关和和继继电电器器控控制制的
15、的，必必须须手手工工设设定定。 因因此此，虽虽然然它它是是一一个个通通用用型型电电子子装装置置，但但是是它它没没有有储储存存程程序序。 因因此此,它它不具备计算机的所有特征。不具备计算机的所有特征。 1.1 The Invention of the Computer 8计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.1.1 The ENIACWhile working on the ENIAC, Eckert and Mauchly were joined by a brilliant mathematician, John von
16、 Neuman. Together, they developed the idea of a stored program computer. This machine, called the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer, or EDVAC, was the first machine whose design included all the characteristics of a computer. It was not completed, however, until 1951. 在在ENIAC的研制中，一个天才的
17、数学家的研制中，一个天才的数学家Von Neuman(冯冯.诺伊曼诺伊曼)加入加入到到 Eckert和和Mauchly团队团队,他们一起提出了储存程序计算机的主意。这他们一起提出了储存程序计算机的主意。这部机器被称做电子离散变量自动计算机部机器被称做电子离散变量自动计算机, 或简称或简称EDVAC,是第一部包括了是第一部包括了计算机所有特征的机器。然而计算机所有特征的机器。然而,直到直到1951年，它一直没有完成。年，它一直没有完成。 1.1 The Invention of the Computer 9计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Co
18、mputers 1.1.1 The ENIACBefore the EDVAC was finished, several other machines were built that incorporated elements of the EDVAC design of Eckert, Mauchly, and von Neuman. One was the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer, or EDSAC, which was developed in Cambridge, England. It first operated i
19、n May of 1949 and is probably the worlds first electronic stored-program, general-purpose computer to become operational. The first computer to operate in the United States was the Binary Automatic Computer, or BINAC, which became operational in August of 1949. 在在EDVAC完完成成之之前前，其其他他一一些些机机器器建建成成了了，它它们
20、们吸吸收收了了Eckert、Mauchly和和Neuman设设计计的的要要素素。其其中中一一部部是是在在英英国国剑剑桥桥研研制制的的电电子子延延迟迟存存储储自自动动计计算算机机,或或简简称称EDSAC，它它在在1949年年5月月首首次次运运行行，它它可可能能是是世世界界的的第第一一台台电电子子储储存存程程序序、通通用用型型计计算算机机投投入入运运行行。在在美美国国运运行行的的第第一一部计算机是二进制自动计算机部计算机是二进制自动计算机,或简称或简称BINAC,它在它在1949年年8月投入运行。月投入运行。 1.1 The Invention of the Computer 10计算机专业英语C
21、hapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.1 The Invention of the Computer 1.1.2 The UNIVAC ILike other computing pioneers before them, Eckert and Mauchly formed a company in 1947 to develop a commercial computer. The company was called the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation. Their objective wa
22、s to design and build the Universal Automatic Computer or UNIVAC. Because of difficulties of getting financial support, they had to sell the company to Remington Rand in 1950. Eckert and Mauchly continued to work on the UNIVAC at Remington Rand and completed it in 1951. Known as the UNIVAC I, this m
23、achine was the first commercially available computer.像像他他们们之之前前的的其其他他计计算算机机先先驱驱一一样样,Eckert,Eckert和和MauchlyMauchly在在19471947年年组组成成了了一一家家公公司司开开发发商商业业计计算算机机。公公司司名名叫叫Eckert-Eckert-MauchlyMauchly计计算算机机公公司司。他他们们的的目目标标是是设设计计并并建建造造通通用用自自动动计计算算机机或或UNIVACUNIVAC。因因为为难难以以获获得得财财政政支支持持，他他们们不不得得不不在在19501950年年把把公公司
24、司卖卖给给了了Remington Remington RandRand公公司司。Eckert Eckert 和和MauchlyMauchly继继续续在在Remington Remington RandRand公公司司从从事事UNIVACUNIVAC的的研研制制工工作作，并并在在19511951年年取取得得成成功功。众众所周知的所周知的UNIVAC IUNIVAC I机器是世界上第一部商业化计算机。机器是世界上第一部商业化计算机。11计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.1 The Invention of the Comp
25、uter 1.1.2 The UNIVAC IThe first UNIVAC I was delivered to the Census Bureau and used for the 1950 census. The second UNIVAC I was used to predict that Dwight Eisenhower would win the 1952 presidential election, less than an hour after the polls closed. The UNIVAC I began the modern of computer use.
26、 第第一一台台UNIVAC I被被交交付付人人口口普普查查局局用用于于1950年年的的人人口口普普查查。在在投投票票点点关关闭闭后后1小小时时之之内内，第第二二台台UNIVAC I 被被用用于于预预测测D.艾艾森森豪豪威威尔尔会会赢赢得得1952年年总统大选。总统大选。UNIVAC I开始了现代计算机的应用。开始了现代计算机的应用。12计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers New Words & Expressions:result in 导致导致, 造成造成结果结果 air conditioning 空气调节空气调节take
27、 delivery of 正式接过正式接过Navy lieutenant 海军上尉海军上尉high-level language 高级语言高级语言 mainframe n. 主机主机, 大型机大型机 more and more 越来越多的越来越多的 range from to 从从到到multiprogramming n.多道程序设计多道程序设计 time-share n.分时，时间共享分时，时间共享virtual memory 虚拟内存虚拟内存 from scratch 从头开始从头开始compatible a. 兼容的；兼容的； compatibility n. 兼容性兼容性outnumb
28、er vt. 数目超过，比数目超过，比多多 proliferate v. 增生增生,扩散扩散 start off v. 出发出发, 开始开始 1.2 Computer Generations Abbreviations :VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit) 超大规模集成电路超大规模集成电路 LSI (Large Scale Integrated Circuit) 大规模集成电路大规模集成电路DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) 美国数字设备公司美国数字设备公司COBOL (Common Business-Ori
29、ented Language) 面向商业的通用语言面向商业的通用语言13计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.1 First-Generation Computers: 19511958First-generation computers were characterized by the use of vacuum tubes as their principal electronic component. Vacuum tubes are bulky and pro
30、duce a lot of heat, so first-generation computers were large and required extensive air conditioning to keep them cool. In addition, because vacuum tubes do not operate very fast, these computers were relatively slow. 第第一一代代计计算算机机的的特特色色是是使使用用真真空空管管为为其其主主要要电电子子器器件件。真真空空管管体体积积大大且且发发热热严严重重, ,因因此此第第一一代代
31、计计算算机机体体积积庞庞大大，并并且且需需要要大大量量的的空空调调设设备备保保持持冷冷却却。此外此外, , 因为真空管运行不是很快，这些计算机运行速度相对较慢。因为真空管运行不是很快，这些计算机运行速度相对较慢。The UNIVAC I was the first commercial computer in this generation. As noted earlier, it was used in the Census Bureau in 1951. It was also the first computer to be used in a business application
32、. In 1954, General Electric took delivery of a UNIVAC I and used it for some of its business data processing. UNIVAC I是是第第一一代代中中最最早早的的商商业业化化计计算算机机。如如前前所所述述，它它在在1951年年被被用用于于人人口口普普查查局局。它它还还是是第第一一部部用用于于商商业业应应用用的的计计算算机机。在在1954年年,通通用用电电气气接收了接收了UNIVAC I,并用它进行一些商业数据处理。并用它进行一些商业数据处理。 14计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The
33、History and Future of Computers 1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.1 First-Generation Computers: 19511958The UNIVAC I was not the most popular first-generation computer, however. This honor goes to the IBM 650. It was first delivered in 1955 before Remington Rand could come out with a successor to the UNI
34、VAC I. With the IBM 650, IBM captured the majority of the computer market, a position it still holds today.然然而而,UNIVAC I并并不不是是最最流流行行的的第第一一代代计计算算机机。这这一一荣荣誉誉属属于于IBM 650。它它在在Remington Rand能能够够造造出出UNIVAC I的的后后续续产产品品之之前前的的1955年年首首次次交交付付使使用用。凭凭借借IBM 650,IBM占占有有了了大大半半计算机市场，它在今天仍然保持这一位置。计算机市场，它在今天仍然保持这一位置。1
35、5计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.1 First-Generation Computers: 19511958At the same time that hardware was evolving, software was developing. The first computers were programmed in machine language, but during the first computer generation, the idea o
36、f programming language translation and high-level languages occurred. Much of the credit for these ideas goes to Grace Hopper, who, as a Navy lieutenant in 1945, learned to program the Harvard Mark I. In 1952, she developed the first programming language translator, followed by others in later years
37、. She also developed a language called Flow-matic in 1957, which formed the basis for COBOL, the most commonly used business programming language today.同同时时，硬硬件件在在进进化化,软软件件也也在在发发展展。第第一一部部计计算算机机用用机机器器语语言言编编程程，但但是是在在第第一一代代计计算算机机期期间间，程程序序语语言言翻翻译译的的概概念念和和高高级级语语言言出出现现了了。这这些些主主意意大大部部分分归归功功于于Grace Hopper,她
38、她在在1954年年是是一一名名海海军军上上尉尉，学学习习为为哈哈佛佛Mark I计计算算机机编编程程。在在1952年年，她她开开发发了了第第一一种种编编程程语语言言翻翻译译器器,在在稍稍后后的的数数年年内内为为其其他他人人所所效效仿仿。她她还还在在1957年年开开发发了了一一种种称称为为Flow-matic的的语语言言,为为COBOL今天最广泛应用的商业编程语言今天最广泛应用的商业编程语言奠定了基础。奠定了基础。16计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.1 First-
39、Generation Computers: 19511958Other software developments during the first computer generation include the design of the FORTRAN programming language in 1957. This language became the first widely used high-level language. Also, the first simple operating systems became available with first-generati
40、on computers. 在在第第一一代代计计算算机机期期间间, 软软件件方方面面的的其其他他的的进进展展包包括括1957年年FORTRAN语语言言的的设设计计。这这种种语语言言成成为为第第一一种种广广泛泛使使用用的的高高级级语言。同时语言。同时, 第一个简单的操作系统随着第一代计算机而出现。第一个简单的操作系统随着第一代计算机而出现。17计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.2 Second-Generation Computers: 19591963In the
41、second generation of computers, transistors replaced vacuum tubes. Although invented in 1948, the first all-transistor computer did not become available until 1959. Transistors are smaller and less expensive than vacuum tubes, and they operate faster and produce less heat. Hence, with second-generat
42、ion computers, the size and cost of computers decreased, their speed increased, and their air-conditioning needs were reduced.在在第第二二代代计计算算机机中中，晶晶体体管管取取代代了了真真空空管管。虽虽然然发发明明于于1948年年,但但第第一一台台全全晶晶体体管管计计算算机机直直到到1959年年才才成成为为现现实实。晶晶体体管管比比真真空空管管体体积积小小、价价格格低低，而而且且运运行行快快而而发发热热少少。因因此此，随随着着第第二二代代计计算算机机的的出出现现，计计算
43、算机机的的体体积积和和成成本本降降低低、速速度度提提高高，且且它它们对空调的需要减少们对空调的需要减少。 Many companies that had not previously sold computer entered the industry with the second generation. One of these companies that still makes computers is Control Data Corporation (CDC). They were noted for making high-speed computers for scientif
44、ic work.许许多多先先前前不不经经销销计计算算机机的的公公司司随随着着第第二二代代计计算算机机的的出出现现进进入入计计算算机机行行业业，其其中中今今天天仍仍然然制制造造计计算算机机的的公公司司之之一一是是控控制制数数据据公公司司(CDC),他他们们以以制制造造用用于于科科学学工工作作的的高高速速计算机而著名。计算机而著名。18计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.2 Second-Generation Computers: 19591963Remintong Ra
45、nd, now called Sperr-Rand Corporation, made several second-generation UNIVAC computers. IBM, however, continued to dominate the industry. One of the most popular second-generation computers was the IBM 1401, which was a medium-sized computer used by many businesses.Remintong Rand,现在叫做现在叫做Sperr-Rand公
46、司公司,制造了一些第二代制造了一些第二代UNIVAC计计算机。然而，算机。然而，IBM继续称霸计算机行业。最流行的第二代计算机之一是继续称霸计算机行业。最流行的第二代计算机之一是IBM 1401, 这是一部许多企业使用的中型计算机。这是一部许多企业使用的中型计算机。All computers at this time were mainframe computers costing over a million dollars. The first minicomputer became available in 1960 and cost about $120,000. This was t
47、he PDP-1, manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). 当当时时所所有有的的计计算算机机都都是是价价值值百百万万元元以以上上的的大大型型计计算算机机。第第一一台台小小型型计计算算机机产生于产生于1960年，价值年，价值12万美元，它就是由数据设备公司万美元，它就是由数据设备公司(DEC)制造的制造的PDP-1。 19计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.2 Second-Generation Comp
48、uters: 19591963Software also continued to develop during this time. Many new programming languages were designed, including COBOL in 1960. More and more businesses and organizations were beginning to use computers for their data processing needs. .在在此此期期间间软软件件也也在在继继续续发发展展。许许多多新新的的编编程程语语言言被被发发明明,包包括括
49、1960年年发发明明的的COBOL。越越来来越越多多的的企企业业和和组组织织开开始始使使用用计计算算机以满足他们的数据处理需要。机以满足他们的数据处理需要。 20计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.3 Third-Generation Computers: 19641970The technical development that marks the third generation of computers is the use of integrated cir
50、cuits or ICs in computers. An integrated circuit is a piece of silicon (a chip) containing numerous transistors. One IC replaces many transistors in a computer; result in a continuation of the trends begun in the second generation. These trends include reduced size, reduced cost, increased speed, an
51、d reduced need for air conditioning.作作为为第第三三代代计计算算机机标标志志的的技技术术发发展展是是在在计计算算机机中中使使用用集集成成电电路路或或简简称称ICIC。一一个个集集成成电电路路就就是是包包含含许许多多晶晶体体管管的的一一个个硅硅片片( (芯芯片片) )。一一个个集集成成电电路路代代替替了了计计算算机机中中的的许许多多晶晶体体管管，导导致致了了始始于于第第二二代代的的一一些些趋趋势势的的继继续续。这这些些趋趋势势包包括括计计算算机机体体积积减小、成本降低、速度提高和对空调的需要减少。减小、成本降低、速度提高和对空调的需要减少。 21计算机专业英语
52、Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.3 Third-Generation Computers: 19641970Although integrated circuits were invented in 1958, the first computers to make extensive use of them were not available until 1964. In that year, IBM introduced a line of mainframe compu
53、ters called the System/360. The computers in this line became the most widely used third-generation machines. There were many models in the System/360 line, ranging from small, relatively slow, and inexpensive ones, to large, very fast, and costly models. All models, however, were compatible so that
54、 programs written for one model could be used on another. This feature of compatibility across many computers in a line was adopted by other manufacturers of third-generation computers. 虽虽然然集集成成电电路路发发明明于于1958年年,但但是是直直到到1964年年才才出出现现了了第第一一台台广广泛泛使使用用IC的的计计算算机机。那那一一年年，IBM推推出出了了称称为为System/360的的大大型型计计算算机机
55、系系列列。这这一一系系列列的的计计算算机机成成为为使使用用最最广广泛泛的的第第三三代代计计算算机机。在在System/360系系列列中中有有许许多多机机型型, 从从小小型型的的、相相对对较较慢慢的的且且价价格格低低廉廉的的机机型型，到到大大型型的的、非非常常快快的的且且价价格格昂昂贵贵的的机机型型。然然而而,所所有有的的机机型型都都是是兼兼容容的的，以以便便在在一一个个机机型型上上编编写写的的程程序序可可以以用用于于另另一一个个机机型型。这这个个在在许许多计算机系列间兼容的特征被其他第三代计算机制造商所采用。多计算机系列间兼容的特征被其他第三代计算机制造商所采用。 22计算机专业英语Chapt
56、er 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.2.3 Third-Generation Computers: 19641970The third computer generation was also the time when minicomputers became widespread. The most popular model was the PDP-8, manufactured by DEC. Other companies, including Data General Corporation and Hewlett-Packard
57、Company, introduced minicomputers during the third generation.计计算算机机的的第第三三代代也也是是小小型型计计算算机机普普及及的的时时代代。最最流流行行的的小小型型机机是是由由DECDEC制制造造的的PDP-8PDP-8。其其他他公公司司, ,包包括括数数据据通通用用公公司司和和惠惠普普(Hewlett-Packard)(Hewlett-Packard)公司公司, ,在第三代期间开发了小型计算机。在第三代期间开发了小型计算机。 1.2 Computer Generations 23计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The Histo
58、ry and Future of Computers 1.2.3 Third-Generation Computers: 19641970The principal software development during the third computer generation was the increased sophistication of operating systems. Although simple operating systems were developed for first-and second-generation computers, many of the
59、features of modern operating systems first appeared during the third generation. These include multiprogramming, virtual memory, and time-sharing. The first operating systems were mainly batch systems, but during the third generation, interactive systems, especially on minicomputers, became common.
60、The BASIC programming language was designed in 1964 and became popular during the third computer generation because of its interactive nature.在在第第三三代代计计算算机机期期间间，软软件件的的主主要要发发展展是是操操作作系系统统的的复复杂杂化化程程度度提提高高。虽虽然然为为第第一一代代和和第第二二代代计计算算机机开开发发了了简简单单的的操操作作系系统统, ,许许多多现现代代操操作作系系统统的的特特征征首首先先在在第第三三代代期期间间出出现现。这这些些特特
61、征征包包括括多多道道程程序序设设计计、虚虚拟拟存存储储和和分分时时技技术术。第第一一代代操操作作系系统统主主要要是是批批处处理理系系统统, ,但但是是在在第第三三代代期期间间，交交互互式式系系统统开开始始普普及及，尤尤其其是是在在小小型型计计算算机机上上。BASICBASIC语语言言发发明明于于19641964年年，并并由由于于其其交交互互式式特特征征而而在在第第三三代代计计算算机机期期间间大大为为流流行。行。1.2 Computer Generations 24计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.2.4 Fourth-
62、Generation Computers: 1971?The fourth generation of computers is more difficult to define than the other three generations. This generation is characterized by more and more transistors being contained on a silicon chip. First there was Large Scale Integration (LSI), with hundreds and thousands of t
63、ransistors per chip, then came Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI), with tens of thousands and hundreds of thousands of transistors. The trend continues today.第第四四代代计计算算机机比比其其他他三三代代更更难难以以定定义义。这这一一代代计计算算机机的的特特征征是是一一个个芯芯片片上上包包含含越越来来越越多多的的晶晶体体管管。首首先先，出出现现了了一一个个芯芯片片上上具具有有数数百百和和数数千千个个晶晶体体管管的的大大规规模模集集成成电电
64、路路(LSI)(LSI)，接接着着出出现现了了一一个个芯芯片片上上具具有有数数万万和和数数十十万万个个晶晶体体管管的的超超大大规规模模集集成成电电路路(VLSI)(VLSI)。这个趋势在今天仍在持续这个趋势在今天仍在持续。1.2 Computer Generations 25计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.2.4 Fourth-Generation Computers: 1971?Although not everyone agrees that there is a fourth computer generati
65、on, those that do feel that it began in 1971, when IBM introduced its successors to the System/360 line of computers. These mainframe computers were called the System/370, and current-model IBM computers, although not called System/370s, evolved directly from these computers. 虽然并不是每个人都同意存在一个第四代虽然并不是
66、每个人都同意存在一个第四代, ,那些认为存在的觉得它开始于那些认为存在的觉得它开始于19711971年，其时年，其时IBMIBM开发了开发了System/360System/360系列计算机的下一系列产品。这些大型系列计算机的下一系列产品。这些大型计算机称为计算机称为System/370,System/370,当前的当前的IBMIBM计算机虽然不叫做计算机虽然不叫做System/370System/370，但都是从但都是从这些计算机直接发展而来的。这些计算机直接发展而来的。Minicomputers also proliferated during the fourth computer ge
67、neration. The most popular lines were the DEC PDP-11 models and the DEC VAX, both of which are available in various models today. 小小型型计计算算机机也也在在第第四四代代期期间间迅迅速速增增长长。最最流流行行的的系系列列是是DECDEC公公司司的的PDP-11PDP-11机和机和DECDEC的的VAXVAX机机, ,二者在今天的各种机型中仍然有效。二者在今天的各种机型中仍然有效。 1.2 Computer Generations 26计算机专业英语Chapter 1
68、 The History and Future of Computers 1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.4 Fourth-Generation Computers: 1971?Supercomputers first became prominent in the fourth generation. Although many companies, including IBM and CDC, developed high-speed computers for scientific work, it was not until Cray Research, In
69、c., introduced the Cray 1 in 1975 that supercomputers became significant. Today, supercomputers are an important computer classification. 超超级级计计算算机机首首先先在在第第四四代代中中突突起起。虽虽然然包包括括IBM和和CDC(控控制制数数据据公公司司)在在内内的的许许多多公公司司都都为为科科学学工工作作开开发发了了高高速速计计算算机机,但但是是直直到到1975年年Cray研研究究有有限限公公司司推推出出了了Cray 1，超超级级计计算算机机才变得有意义。
70、今天，超级计算机是重要的计算机分类。才变得有意义。今天，超级计算机是重要的计算机分类。 27计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.4 Fourth-Generation Computers: 1971?Perhaps the most important trend that began in the fourth generation is the proliferation of microcomputers. As more and more transistor
71、s were put on silicon chips, it eventually became possible to put an entire computer processor, called a microprocessor, on a chip. The first computer to use microprocessors became available in the mid-1970s. The first microcomputer designed for personal use was the Altair, which was sold in 1975. T
72、he first Apple computer, marketed with the IBM PC in 1981. Today, microcomputers far outnumber all other types of computers combined.也也许许在在第第四四代代计计算算机机开开始始的的最最重重要要趋趋势势是是微微型型计计算算机机的的增增长长。随随着着越越来来越越多多的的晶晶体体管管被被集集成成到到硅硅芯芯片片上上, ,将将一一整整个个计计算算机机处处理理器器（称称为为微微处处理理器器）放放在在一一个个芯芯片片上上终终于于成成为为可可能能。使使用用微微处处理理器器的的
73、第第一一部部计计算算机机出出现现于于19701970年年代代。第第一一部部专专为为个个人人使使用用设设计计的的微微型型计计算算机机是是Altair,Altair,它它于于19751975进进入入市市场场。第第一一部部苹苹果果计计算算机机在在19811981年年与与IBMIBM个个人人计计算算机机一一起起在在市市场场上上销销售售。今今天天，微微型型计计算机数目远远超过其他所有类型计算机的总和。算机数目远远超过其他所有类型计算机的总和。28计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.2 Computer Generations 1.
74、2.4 Fourth-Generation Computers: 1971?Software development during the fourth computer generation started off with little change from the third generation. Operating systems were gradually improved, and new languages were designed. Database software became widely used during this time. The most impor
75、tant trend, however, resulted from the microcomputer revolution. Packaged software became widely available for microcomputers so that today most software is purchased, not developed from scratch.在计算机的第四代期间，软件的发展开始与第三代有所不同。操作系统在计算机的第四代期间，软件的发展开始与第三代有所不同。操作系统在逐渐地改进，而新的语言被发明。期间数据库软件被广泛使用。然而，在逐渐地改进，而新的语
76、言被发明。期间数据库软件被广泛使用。然而，最重要的趋势起因于微型计算机革命。用于微型计算机的软件包随处可最重要的趋势起因于微型计算机革命。用于微型计算机的软件包随处可得，因此今天大多数的软件可以购得得，因此今天大多数的软件可以购得,而不需从头开始开发。而不需从头开始开发。 29计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.2.5 Generationless ComputersWe may have defined our last generation of computers and begun the era of gene
77、rationless computers. Even though computer manufacturers talk of “fifth” and “sixth”-generation computers, this talk is more a marketing play than a reflection of reality.我们可能已经定义了我们最新一代计算机而且开始了计算机的无代时代。即使计算机制造商谈到“第五”和“第六”代计算机,这些说法更多是市场行为，而不是真实的反映。Advocates of the concept of generationless computers
78、 say that even though technological innovations are coming in rapid succession, no single innovation is, or will be, significant enough to characterize another generation of computers.无代计算机的观念提倡者说，即使科技革新接二连三地迅速出现,没有一种革新是,或将是足够重要，作为另一代计算机的特征。1.2 Computer Generations 30计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and
79、 Future of Computers New Words & Expressions:glean vt., vi. 搜集搜集(情报或事实情报或事实) MD abbr. Maryland(马里兰马里兰)Tflops abbr. teraflops 每秒兆兆每秒兆兆(1012)次次 architecture n.体系机构体系机构terabit n.兆兆位兆兆位factor n. 阶乘阶乘bandwidth n.带宽带宽 Terabyte n. 兆兆兆兆(1012)字节；字节；Petabyte n. 千兆兆千兆兆(1015)字节字节microprocessor n.计计微处理器微处理器conte
80、mplate v.凝视凝视, 沉思沉思order n. 阶阶,次次turbulence n. 扰动；湍流扰动；湍流GB=GigaBit,千兆位千兆位; = GigaByte,吉字节吉字节flops n. 每秒浮点运算次数每秒浮点运算次数(floating-point operation per second) 1.3 Near-future Supercomputer Directions 31计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers Some idea of what might be happening in the near
81、 future in supercomputer design can be gleaned from a press release issued by the US Department of Energy (DoE). It came out of the SUPERCOMPUTING 2002 Conference held last November in Baltimore, MD. The press release announced that the DoE had awarded IBM a $290 (USD) million contract to build the
82、two fastest supercomputers in the world with a combined peak speed of 460 TFlops. To get an idea of the speed computing throughput 460 teraflops represents, the press release states that, “These two systems will have more than one-and-a-half times the combined processing power of all 500 machines on
83、 the recently announced TOP 500 List of Supercomputers.” 从从美美国国能能源源部部发发行行的的通通告告中中，可可以以收收集集一一些些有有关关在在不不久久的的将将来来超超级级计计算算机机设设计计中中可可能能发发生生的的事事情情的的概概念念。它它来来自自在在马马里里兰兰州州巴巴尔尔的的摩摩市市召召开开的的20022002年年超超级级计计算算会会议议。该该通通告告称称能能源源部部已已给给IBMIBM拨拨款款2.92.9亿亿美美元元建建造造世世界界上上最最快快的的两两部部超超级级计计算算机机，其其最最高高综综合合速速度度为为每每秒秒460460兆
84、兆兆兆次次。为为了了理理解解每每秒秒460460兆兆兆兆次次速速度度的的含含义义，通通告告解解释释说说,“,“这这两两个个系系统统将将会会具具有有最最近近发发布布的的500500强强超级计算机的总处理能力的超级计算机的总处理能力的1.51.5倍还多。倍还多。”1.3 Near-future Supercomputer Directions 32计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers The first system, “ASCI Purple,” apparently the DoE likes colorful names w
85、ill be the worlds first supercomputer capable of 100 Tflops. ASCI Purple will have a massive cluster of POWER-based IBM eServer systems and IBM storage systems. This supercomputer represents a fifth-generation system under the Advanced Simulation and Computing Initiative (ASCI) Program. It will serv
86、e as the primary supercomputer for DoE.第一个系统第一个系统“ASCI Purple”,ASCI Purple”,显然能源部；生动的名字显然能源部；生动的名字 将会将会是世界的第一部能够运算每秒是世界的第一部能够运算每秒100100兆兆次的超级计算机。兆兆次的超级计算机。ASCI ASCI PurplePurple将具有基于将具有基于POWERPOWER系列的系列的IBM IBM eServereServer 系统和系统和 IBM IBM 存储存储系统的宏大组群。这台超级计算机代表模拟和计算行动计划系统的宏大组群。这台超级计算机代表模拟和计算行动计划(AS
87、CI)(ASCI)支持的第五代系统。它将作为能源部主要的超级计算机。支持的第五代系统。它将作为能源部主要的超级计算机。1.3 Near-future Supercomputer Directions 33计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.3 Near-future Supercomputer Directions According to the press release, the second system will be a research machine called Blue Gene/L. It will
88、 employ advanced IBM semiconductor and system technologies based on new architectures being developed by DoE and IBM. Blue Gene/L is expected to achieve a peak performance of 360 TFlops with 130,000 processors running under the Linux operating system. It will have the capability to process data at a
89、 rate of one terabit per second, equivalent to the data transmitted by ten thousand weather satellites. Applications are expected to include the simulation of very complex physical phenomena in areas such as turbulence, biology and high explosives.根根据据通通告告，第第二二个个系系统统将将会会是是一一部部被被称称为为Blue Gene/L的的研研究究
90、机机器器，它它将将使使用用基基于于新新结结构构的的先先进进的的IBM半半导导体体和和系系统统技技术术,该该新新结结构构是是能能源源部部和和IBM共共同同开开发发的的。Blue Gene/L具具有有13万万台台处处理理器器，在在Linux操操作作系系统统下下运运行行，可可望望达达到到每每秒秒360兆兆兆兆次次的的性性能能。它它将将具具有有以以每每秒秒1兆兆兆兆位位的的速速度度处处理理数数据据的的能能力力,等等同同于于一一万万个个气气象象卫卫星星传传输输的的数数据据。其其应应用用预预期期包包括括对对非非常常复复杂杂现象的模拟，如湍流、生物学和高空爆炸。现象的模拟，如湍流、生物学和高空爆炸。 34计
91、算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.3 Near-future Supercomputer Directions The ASCI Purple system will use IBMs next generation microprocessor, the POWER5, employing a total of 12,544 of them. These 12,544 processors will be spread among 196 individual computers. The total memory b
92、andwidth will be 156,000 GBs, the equivalent of simultaneously playing 31,200 DVD movies. A super-fast data highway with a total interconnect bandwidth of 12,500 GB will interconnect the 196 computers. The IBM AIXL operating system will be used to run this configuration. The operating system will co
93、ntain 50 terabytes of memory, an amount that is 400,000 times the capacity of the average desktop PC. There will also be two petabytes of disk storage or holding the content of approximately one billion books.ASCI ASCI PurplePurple系系统统将将使使用用IBMIBM的的下下一一代代微微处处理理器器POWER5,POWER5,总总数数为为12,54412,544个个。这这
94、12,54412,544个个处处理理器器将将分分布布在在196196部部单单独独的的计计算算机机之之中中。总总内内存存带带宽宽将将是是15.6GB,15.6GB,等等同同于于同同时时地地播播放放 31,20031,200部部DVDDVD电电影影。一一条条具具有有12,500 12,500 GBGB带带宽宽的的超超快快速速数数据据通通道道将将会会把把196196台台计计算算机机互互相相连连接接。IBM IBM AIXL AIXL 操操作作系系统统将将用用于于运运行行一一个个配配置置。该该操操作作系系统统将将包包5050兆兆兆兆字字节节内内存存，容容量量是是平平均均桌桌面面个个人人计计算算机机的的
95、4040万万倍倍。还还将将有有2 2千千兆兆兆兆字字节节的的磁磁盘盘存存储储，或或可可容容纳纳大大约约十十亿亿本本书书的内容。的内容。35计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.3 Near-future Supercomputer Directions Finally, since the UNIVAC-1s introduction, raw computer speed has increased by about 11 to 12 orders of magnitude in about 50 years, or a
96、 factor of 10 every five years. This is a truly remarkable achievement. Its also interesting to contemplate that, if this growth continues over the next 50 years, then by the 100th anniversary of the UNIVAC-1, computers will be operating at speeds on the order of 1023 Flops! 最最后后, 自自从从UNIVAC-1的的发发明明
97、以以来来,计计算算机机的的原原始始速速度度在在50年年内内增增加加了了11至至12个个数数量量级级，或或每每五五年年增增加加10倍倍。这这是是一一个个真真正正显显著著的的成成就就。设设想想一一下下也也很很有有趣趣,如如果果在在未未来来50年年间间仍仍以以这这样样的的速速度度持持续续增增长长,到到UNIVAC-1诞诞生生的的100周周年年，计计算算机将会以大约每秒机将会以大约每秒1023次的浮点运算速度运行次的浮点运算速度运行! 36计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 一、复杂长句多一、复杂长句多科科技技文文章章要要求求叙叙述
98、述准准确确，推推理理谨谨严严，因因此此一一句句话话里里包包含含三三四四个个甚甚至至五五六六个个分分句句的的，并并非非少少见见。译译成成汉汉语语时时，必必须须按按照照汉汉语语习习惯惯破破成成适适当当数数目目的的分分句句，才才能能条条理理清清楚楚，避避免免洋洋腔腔洋洋调调。这这种种复复杂杂长长句句居居科科技技英英语语难难点点之之首首，要要学学会运用语法分析方法来加以解剖，以便以短代长，化难为易会运用语法分析方法来加以解剖，以便以短代长，化难为易。例如。例如：Factories will not buy machines unless they believe that the machine wi
99、ll produce goods that they are able to sell to consumers at a price that will cover all cost.这这是是由由一一个个主主句句和和四四个个从从句句组组成成的的复复杂杂长长句句，只只有有进进行行必必要要的的语语法法分分析析，才能正确理解和翻译。现试译如下：才能正确理解和翻译。现试译如下：除除非非相相信信那那些些机机器器造造出出的的产产品品卖卖给给消消费费者者的的价价格格足足够够支支付付所所有有成成本本，否否则则厂家是不会买那些机器的。厂家是不会买那些机器的。节译：节译：要不相信那些机器造出的产品售价够本，厂家
100、是不会买的。要不相信那些机器造出的产品售价够本，厂家是不会买的。后后一一句句只只用用了了24个个字字，比比前前句句40个个字字节节约约用用字字40%，而而对对原原句句的的基基本本内内容容无无损损。可可见见，只只要要吃吃透透原原文文的的结结构构和和内内涵涵，翻翻译译时时再再在在汉汉语语上上反反复复推推敲敲提提炼，复杂的英语长句，也是容易驾驭的。炼，复杂的英语长句，也是容易驾驭的。 科技英语的特点科技英语的特点 37计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 科技英语的特点科技英语的特点 二、被动语态多二、被动语态多英英语语使使用用被被
101、动动语语态态大大大大多多于于汉汉语语，如如莎莎士士比比亚亚传传世世名名剧剧罗罗密密欧欧与与朱朱丽丽叶叶中的一句就两次用了被动语态：中的一句就两次用了被动语态：Juliet was torn between desire to keep Romeo near her and fear for his life, should his presence be detected.朱朱丽丽叶叶精精神神上上受受到到折折磨磨，既既渴渴望望和和罗罗密密欧欧形形影影不不离离，又又担担心心罗罗密密欧欧万万一一让让人发现，难免有性命之忧。人发现，难免有性命之忧。科技英语更是如此，有三分之一以上用被动语态。例如：科
102、技英语更是如此，有三分之一以上用被动语态。例如：(a) No work can be done without energy.译文：没有能量决不能做功。译文：没有能量决不能做功。(b) All business decisions must now be made in the light of the market.译文：所有企业现在必须根据市场来作出决策。译文：所有企业现在必须根据市场来作出决策。 38计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 科技英语的特点科技英语的特点 三、非谓语动词多三、非谓语动词多英英语语每每个个简简单
103、单句句中中，只只能能用用一一个个谓谓语语动动词词，如如果果读读到到几几个个动动作作，就就必必须须选选出出主主要要动动作作当当谓谓语语，而而将将其其余余动动作作用用非非谓谓语语动动词词形形式式，才才能能符符合英语语法要求。合英语语法要求。非非谓谓语语动动词词有有三三种种：动动名名词词、分分词词（包包括括现现在在分分词词和和过过去去分分词词）和和不定式不定式。例如：。例如：要成为一个名符其实的内行，需要学到老。要成为一个名符其实的内行，需要学到老。这这句句中中，有有“成成为为”、“需需要要”和和“学学”三三个个表表示示动动作作的的词词，译译成成英语后为：英语后为：To be a true prof
104、essional requires lifelong learning.可以看出，选好可以看出，选好“需要需要”（require）作为谓语，其余两个动作：作为谓语，其余两个动作：“成为成为”用不定式形式用不定式形式 to be，而而“学学”用动名词形式用动名词形式learning，这样才这样才能符合英语语法要求。能符合英语语法要求。 39计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 科技英语的特点科技英语的特点 四、词性转换多四、词性转换多英英语语单单词词有有不不少少是是多多性性词词，即即既既是是名名词词，又又可可用用作作动动词词、形
105、形容容词词、介介词词或或副副词词，字字形形无无殊殊，功功能能各各异异，含含义义也也各各不不相相同同，如如不不仔仔细细观观察察，必必致致谬误。例如谬误。例如, light名词：名词： (启发启发)in (the)light of由于，根据；由于，根据； (光光)high light(s) 强光，精华；强光，精华；(灯灯)safety light 安全指示灯安全指示灯形容词形容词：(轻轻)light industry 轻工业；轻工业； (明亮明亮)light room 明亮的房间；明亮的房间； (淡淡)light blue 淡蓝色；淡蓝色； (薄薄)light coating 薄涂层薄涂层动词动词
106、： （点燃）（点燃）light up the lamp 点灯点灯副词副词： （轻快）（轻快）travel light 轻装旅行轻装旅行 （容易）（容易）light come, light go 来得容易去得快来得容易去得快诸诸如如此此类类的的词词性性转转换换，在在科科技技英英语语中中屡屡见见不不鲜鲜，几几乎乎每每个个技技术术名名词词都都可可转转换换为为同同义义的的形形容容词词。词词性性转转换换增增加加了了英英语语的的灵灵活活性性和和表表现现力力，读读者者必必须须从从上上下下文文判判明明用用词词在在句句中中是是何何种种词词性性，而而且且含含义义如如何何，才才能能对对全全句句得得到到正确无误的理解。正确无误的理解。40计算机专业英语
