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1、材料与方法材料与方法1. How to write the materials and methods section2. Follow the guidelines below for writing a good Materials and Methods section Write most of the section in the past tense. Organize it in chronological order. Construct subheadings that correspond to those to be used in the Results section
2、. Be precise and concise. Study Subjects Present inclusion and exlcusino criteria for selecting the subjects studied. Give details of all relevant characteristics of the study subjects and of any control subjects. Give details of informed consent procedures if human subjects are involved. Materials
3、Give exact technical specifications of the materials used. Do not use proprietary(专专卖卖的的，专专利利的的) names unless the properties of a particular proprietary product were important to the experiment. Give the genus5dVi:nEs5dVi:nEs(种种, 类类), species and strain of any animals, plants, etc. used in the study
4、. Methods Describe what you did. Give sufficient detail to permit other research workers in the field to replicate your work. Describe statistical methods. Mention a well established method by name, or by giving an appropriate reference.材料与方法材料与方法 Read the following example Materials and Methods sec
5、tion and familiarize yourself with the layout: MethodsPatients Thirty-six consecutive patients underwent heart transplantation by the midatrial-cuff technique between August 1992 and June1993. Nine patients were not enrolled in the study; five patients had multiple medical limitations after prolonge
6、d hospitalization, and four patients declined to participate. Within two weeks after transplantation, informed consent was obtained from the remaining 27 patients, who were randomly assigned (by selection of sealed envelopes) either to a gropu that participated in an exercise training program in an
7、outpatient cardiac-rehabilitation setting (exercise group, 14 patients) or to a control group (13 patients). The control group received written guidelines for exercise but participated in no formal, supervised exercise sessions after discharge from the hospital.材料与方法材料与方法 All the patitents were trea
8、ted with triple-drug immunosuppression, including cyclosporine,( 环孢霉素环孢霉素) azathioprine(硝基硝基)咪唑硫嘌呤咪唑硫嘌呤), and prednisone. The dosage of prednisone was initially 1 mg per kilogram of body weight per day, given in divided doses, and was gradually decreased to 0.1mg per kilogram per day by six months a
9、fter transplantation. Episodes of cardiac rejection were treated with an oral bolus(大药丸大药丸) dose of prednisone and then tapered(逐渐减少逐渐减少) doses and, for clinically severe rejection, with OKT3 murine monoclonal antibody (muromonab-CD3). Episodes of rejecitn and infection were recorded, and blood pres
10、sure, renal function, and weight gain evaluated in both groups of patients during the study. Cardiac function was assessed with echocardiography and right-heart catheterization at base line dn at a six-month follow-up examination. 材料与方法材料与方法Exercise Program At the time of entry into the structured,
11、six-month program of rehabilitative exercise, patients in the exercise group were evaluated by a physical therapist for overall muscle strength, joint flexibility, and aerobic endurance. On the basis of these findings, a supervised program of exercise was developed by the therapist according to each
12、 patients specific needs. Strengthening exercises consisted primarily of closed-chain resistive activities(e.g., bridging lifting of hips with knees flexed in a supine position, half-squats, and toe raises) and abdominal exercises (curl-ups and pelvic tilts). Flexibility exercises, which emphasized
13、chest expansion and thoracic mobility, included side stretches, trunk twists, scapula squeezes, and shoulder rolls. Aerobic exercises consisted of walking on a motorized treadmill or pedaling on a bicycle ergometer(Cybex, Ronkonkoma, N.Y.), as well as arm movemnts on an ergometer(Cybex). The duratio
14、n and intensity of aerobic-exercise sessions were increased to meet the patients tolerance, with a goal of at least 30 minutes of continuous exercise at a moderate intensity. 材料与方法材料与方法 Patients initially visited the cardiac-rehabilitation clinic one to three weekly(some were unable to attend more t
15、han once each week because of transportation difficulties) and receive specific instructions for exercising at home. The frequency of cardiac rehabilitation sessions was gradually reduced to one every two weeks as patients became more independently involved in their home exercise programs. Patients
16、who had rejection were instructed not to exercise until a follow-up endomyocardial biopsy showed resolution of rejection, which usually required two weeks. .材料与方法材料与方法 Measurements Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing All the patients underwent a cardiopulmonary exercise stress test that is routinely ad
17、ministered in our laboratory within one month after cardiac transplantation and again six months after transplantation. Cardiopulmonary exercise stress tests were conducted by bicycle ergometry. During testing, the electrocardiogram was monitored continuously and the blood pressure was measured regu
18、larly. For maximal cardiopulmonary exercise stress testing, the patient first cycled at 50 to 70rpm with no workload for three minutes. Then the workload was incrementally increased by 10 W every minute until the patients ability to exercise became limited by symptoms. This point was taken as peak o
19、xygen consumption (peak aerobic capacity).材料与方法材料与方法 During exercise testing, expired gas was collected and analyzed with a gas analyzer (Medical Graphics System 2001, Kalamazoo, Mich). The cardiopulmonary exercise measurements permitted determination of peak oxygen consumption, workload, ventilator
20、y equivalent for oxygen, exercise time, time to estimated threshold of lactic acidosis as determined by the V-slope method (the V slope is the point of a nonlinear increase in carbon dioxide production during exercise.), resting heart rate, peak heart rate, resting blood pressure, peak blood pressur
21、e, and minute ventilation. The primary end points of this study were the differences between the two groups of patients in the results of cardiopulmonary exercise stress testing at one month and six months after transplantation. 材料与方法材料与方法Statistical Analysis The distribution of the patients charact
22、eristics, the results of cardiopulmonary exercise testing at base line, the changes in the cardiopulmonary exercise measurements between the base-line evaluation and the six-month follow-up, and postoperative characteristics were evaluated by means of prespecified analyses. The frequency distributio
23、ns and mode were examined for all the categorical measures. For all the continuous measures, the mean; the 25, 50 75, and 95 percent quantiles; the standard deviations; and the minimal and maximal values were examined. Fishers exact test was used for categorical measures, and the paired t-test was u
24、sed for continuous measures. For all the tests a two-sided P value of less than 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. 材料与方法材料与方法-动词形式动词形式4-2.材材(资资)料与方法部分的时态料与方法部分的时态(1) 材材料料与与方方法法部部分分多多属属回回顾顾性性叙叙述述，一一般般用用过过去去时时表表示示，有有时时也也可可用用现在完成时现在完成时，且，且多用被动语态多用被动语态。例如：。例如：The study was conduct
25、ed in the tertiary level Neonatal Unit of a teaching hospital over one year period. 本本项项目目对对冠冠心心病病猝猝死死的的男男性性心心脏脏进进行行前前瞻瞻性性研研究究。1994年年1月月至至1997年年5月月马马里里兰兰州州的的医医学学人人员员对对这这些些心心脏脏进进行行过过研研究究。冠冠状状动动脉脉固固定定术术、心心脏脏解解剖剖以以及及组织标本制作情况如前所述。组织标本制作情况如前所述。 Hearts from men who died of sudden coronary death were studi
26、ed in a prospective fashion. These hearts were seen in consultation with the medical examiner in the state of Maryland between January 1994 and May 1997. Coronary artery fixation, cardiac dissection, and tissue sampling were performed as previously described. TThe present prospective randomized cont
27、rolled parallel study was conducted on 93 children up to 12 years admitted in our hospital between May 2002 and April 2004 with clinical presentation of typhoid fever(伤伤寒寒症症) without any localizing signs, and a positive blood culture for S. typhi(西伯利亚斑疹伤寒西伯利亚斑疹伤寒) .材料与方法材料与方法-动词形式动词形式(2) 说说明明研研究究或或实
28、实验验之之前前发发生生的的动动作作或或情情况况，用用过过去去完完成成时时；表表示示过过去去以前一直进行的动作，用以前一直进行的动作，用过去完成进行时过去完成进行时。例如：。例如：受受试试者者就就座座至至少少5分分钟钟后后，由由训训练练有有素素的的观观察察者者用用标标准准水水银银血血压压计计测测量量两次血压。两次血压。 BP was measured twice by trained observers using a standard mercury sphygmomanometer after the subject had been seated for at least 5 minute
29、s. 877例胃癌患者中，有例胃癌患者中，有9例原已确诊为恶性贫血。例原已确诊为恶性贫血。 Among 877 patients with gastric cancer，pernicious anaemia had previously been diagnosed in 9. 12名名儿儿童童患患者者中中有有7名名患患者者在在进进行行胆胆囊囊切切除除术术时时年年龄龄不不足足6岁岁。年年龄龄最最小小的的是是一一名名9个个月月的的男男孩孩，在在出出生生后后不不久久便便因因十十二二指指肠肠创创伤伤一一直直接接受受全胃肠外营养。全胃肠外营养。 Seven of the 12 children wer
30、e less than 6 years of age at the time of cholecystectomy, and the youngest was a 9-month-old boy who had been receiving total parenteral nutrition since shortly after birth after duodenal trauma.材料与方法材料与方法-动词形式动词形式(3) 说明图表内容和数值表示法等，用说明图表内容和数值表示法等，用一般现在时一般现在时。 所有标本均在所有标本均在20下冷冻，用酶联免疫吸附测定法测定下冷冻，用酶联免疫
31、吸附测定法测定o All samples has been frozen at20until tested by conventional ELISA -The abbreviation(s) is /are the same as that/those in Tab. 1. - Results are expressed as Mean SD -Data are given as the mean number of monocytes per high power field standard deviation.材料与方法材料与方法-常用结构表达常用结构表达 材材(资资)料与方法部分的常
32、用句型料与方法部分的常用句型 (1)选择受试者的常见句型：选择受试者的常见句型：入选的标准是入选的标准是.：InclusionEntry criteria were consisted of = Inclusion criteria: 5 to 15 years of age and diagnosis of ARF (=acute renal failure急急 性性 肾肾 功功 能能 衰衰 竭竭 )confirmed by 2 or more rheumatologists 9ru:mtRldVist9ru:mtRldVist(风风 湿湿 病病 学学 家家 ), sustained for
33、 at least 6 months and two or more visits. = The following inclusion/exclusion criteria were intended to allow entry of most patients with behavioral health problems and to ensure that the study sample was representative of the overall primary and medical care population.材料与方法材料与方法-常用结构表达常用结构表达不得人选的
34、标准包括不得人选的标准包括.：Exclusion criteria included = Other exclusion criteria were only one visit to our Unit and/or follow-up shorter than 6 months. = In the present study systematic random sampling was done to have a higher precision and children in the age group 24-47 months were included to study the co
35、verage of booster(加加强强剂剂量量) doses and the MMR(=measles,mumps,rubella麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹) vaccine. 研研究究对对象象的的选选择择是是根根据据.：Selection was based on ；were selected based on = Selection was based on examination of postmortem specimens. = Children of age 24-47 months were selected using systematic random sam
36、pling.材料与方法材料与方法-常用结构表达常用结构表达人人选选参参加加本本研研究究的的主主要要标标准准为为.：The major criteria for inclusion in the study were. = The major criteria for inclusion in the study were psychosocial(社社会会心理的心理的) problems such as domestic violence.如如果果有有以以下下任任何何一一条条不不得得参参加加本本项项研研究究： were excluded from the studyparticipatione
37、nrollment if they had any of the following = All those children were excluded who had a history of an effective antibiotic therapy within one week prior to admission in the hospital, a known allergy to penicillin, chloramphenicol 9klR:rmfenikRl9klR:rmfenikRl(氯氯 霉霉素素 ), quinolones(喹喹 诺诺 酮酮 类类 ) or ce
38、phalosporins 7sefElEu5spC:rin7sefElEu5spC:rin(头头孢菌素孢菌素), and a history of immunization with typhoid vaccine. = Because of missing data on several variables, 11 subjects were exclude from the analyses. 材料与方法材料与方法-常用结构表达常用结构表达.因因.被认为不适合：被认为不适合：.were considered ineligible for.参加本项研究：参加本项研究：.were entere
39、d into the study.选自选自.：wererecruited from. = Participants were recruited from four large primary care clinics of Group Health Cooperative (GHC), a group model health maintenance organization serving approximately 400,000 persons in Washington State.在在.被选人参加研究：被选人参加研究：were enrolled atin. = Three hund
40、red forty-three patients scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass grafting were prospectively enrolled in the study and gave written informed consent. = In the study participation, a total of 386 patients were enrolled in the randomized trial.从从 .随随 机机 挑挑 选选 .参参 加加 研研 究究 ： .were selected at ran
41、dom from 材料与方法材料与方法-常用结构表达常用结构表达(2)表示研究对象分组表示研究对象分组 .被被随随机机分分成成.： . were randomized into . ； . were randomly allocated to . = A self-administered questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of the National FINRISK Study, drawn from the general population aged 2564 years in three areas in Finland in
42、1992. = Intervention Patients were randomly assigned to a 12 month collaborative care intervention (IMPACT) or usual care for depression. .被被分分成成. ： . were divided into； .were grouped into . ； .were stratified into.，.were classified into = Joint features were divided into 5 patterns of presentation:
43、材料与方法材料与方法-常用结构表达常用结构表达(3) 表示材料来源表示材料来源 .来自来自.：.was from. .由由.提供：提供：.was provided by. .购自购自.:.was purchased from = All antibiotic disks were purchased from Sigma Company.是从是从获得：获得：.was obtained from = The study was approved by ethics committee of the faculty and written informed consent was obtained
44、 from patients parents. = We observed that 54.16% of H. Pylori isolates obtained from 29 pediatric patients were resistant to metronidazole which is a high proportion. 由由.赠赠送送：.was donated by；was thea gift of from；was a donation from 用用骨骨分分析析器器(由由夏夏威威夷夷西西门门子子奥奥斯斯汀汀公公司司生生产产)：using Osteo Analyzers (Si
45、mens-Osteorn，Wahiwas，Hawaii) 人人类免疫缺陷病毒的抗免疫缺陷病毒的抗gp41小鼠小鼠单抗隆抗体抗隆抗体(由由华盛盛顿州西雅州西雅图市市遗传所的所的KathyShriver博士博士赠送送)：mouse monoclonal antibody to gp41 Of HIV(a gift from Dr Kathy Shriver，Genetic systems，Seattle，WA) 材料与方法材料与方法-常用结构表达常用结构表达(4)表表示示借借鉴鉴他他人人的的实实验验方方法法(被被动动态态主主句句 + by/with/using/by using引引出出的状语的状语
46、).用用方法分离方法分离:was isolated by the procedure of.根根据据.方方法法制制备备：.was prepared according to the method described by . = Two overlapping rf2a-hybridizing genomic clones were obtained by screening B73 libraries. Both libraries were constructed using the DASHII (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) vector and were pre
47、pared by Pam Close and John Tossberg, respectively.按按照照以以前前介介绍绍的的方方法法进进行行.；.was carried out as previously described = Library screening conditions were as described by XU et al. 1997. 用用以以前前介介绍绍的的技技术术分分离离.：.was separated by the technique described previously，材料与方法材料与方法-常用结构表达常用结构表达用用.方方法法测测定定：.was d
48、etermined by.；.was measured with = Inflammatory activity was determined by ESR, CRP, and/or mucoprotein(黏蛋白黏蛋白) levels. = Cytokine9saitukain9saitukain(细细胞胞活活素素) release and the responses of the immature lung are determined by allelicE5li:likE5li:lik(等等位位基基因因的的) differences of the genes, creating a g
49、enetic susceptibility to BPD. = Cognitive function was measured with a battery of(一一连连串串的的) performance-based neuropsychological tests, reduced to a four-cognitive domain scores with factor analysis, and a self-report measure of cognitive difficulties.与与.相似：相似：.was similar to. = The change in HDRS s
50、cores (an interview based assessment) was significantly different between the two arms and though the magnitude of change in CESD scores (a self-report measure) was similar to the change in HDRS this change was not significantly different in the two arms. = We observed maximum MDRTF cases in the age
51、 group of 2 - 5 years (30.6%) which was similar to other studies.材料与方法材料与方法-常用结构表达常用结构表达(5)表示实验标本制备表示实验标本制备从从取取标本：标本：Samples of.were obtainedtaken from. = Reference values of C1r, C2, C5, C7, Properdin(备备解解素素，裂裂解解素素), and factors D, H, and I and C3a and C5a have been determined in cord blood samples
52、 from healthy term newborns.取作取作测定测定.的标本：的标本：Samples for.were obtainedtaken from.在在.条条件件下下收收集集.：was collectedharvested under.conditions用用.固定固定.：was fixed with.用用染色：染色：.was stained with.被包埋在被包埋在：.was embedded in和和以以前前一一样样(用用以以前前介介绍绍过过的的方方法法)制制备备的的切切片片：Sections ofwere prepared as beforeas previously d
53、escribed在在.超超薄薄切切片片机机上上制制作作切切片片：Sections were cut on aultramicrotome被被切切成成.厚厚的的切切片片：was sectioned at a thickness of；.was sliced into sections.在在.中脱水：中脱水：was dehydrated in材料与方法材料与方法-常用结构表达常用结构表达(6)表达稀释、培养等表达稀释、培养等 被稀释到：被稀释到：was diluted to =The immunoprecipitates were diluted to 1 ml with 1% Triton X-
54、100/immunoprecipitation buffer with/without iodoacetamide (510 mM) and divided into aliquots,用用 .在在 (温温 度度 )保保 温温 .小小 时时 ： .was incubated with.at.forhours = The cells were incubated at 37C in 5% CO2 for 3 days. = In some experiments, 0.1 ml of 2 mg/ml 6-19 mAb was incubated with 0.1 ml of various co
55、ncentrations of non-cryogenic IgG3 mAb or PBS at 4C for 24 h.被种植在被种植在培养基中：培养基中：.was grown in.medium 取出一份取出一份: An aliquot ofwas removed.被被配配制制成成悬悬浮浮液液，浓浓度度为为：.was suspended toat a concentration of被保存在被保存在(温度温度)：was stored at材料与方法材料与方法-常用结构表达常用结构表达(7) 表示年龄与性别表示年龄与性别在在某某一一年年龄龄，如如45岁岁：a 45-year-old pati
56、ent；a patient aged 45(years)；a patient 45 years of age；at the age of 45(years)；at age 45. 在在某某一一年年龄龄以以上上，如如45岁岁以以上上：overabovemore than the age of 45 years；overmore than 45 years of age；45 years of age and over；45 years of age or older；older than 45 years；aged over 45 years；aged 45 years and over 在在某
57、某一一年年龄龄以以下下，如如45岁岁以以下下：underbeforebelowless thanafter the age of 45(years)；45 years of age and under；45 years of age or less；less than 45 years；younger than 45-year-old 年年龄龄范范围围，如如45与与55岁岁之之间间：between the age of 45 and 55(years)； from 45 to 55 years of age；have an age range of 45 to 55 years；aged 45
58、 to 55 years；range in age from 45 to 55 years材料与方法材料与方法-常用结构表达常用结构表达 平平均均年年龄龄，如如：with a mean age of 453 years；in both age groups (mean.months)；with an average age of 45.4 years (range 2060) = The findings are based on analysis of data from 13,239 subjects, between 20 and 79 years of age, who partici
59、pated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1988 to 1994. = In some part of the U.S. as many as half of all women under age 35 have an active case. Yet 99 out 100 women who are HPV-positive will never get cervical cancer. = The fact that cases were included only if they
60、were younger than 15 years of age might have excluded some teenagers and lowered the mean age of the sample. = The mean age of the neonates studied was 10.794.68 days.材料与方法材料与方法-常用结构表达常用结构表达 性性别别比比例例：male-to-female ratio；with female-male ratio of 2:1; rats of both sexes；mixed-bred dogs of either sex
61、 = Declining frequency of circumcision: implication for changes in the absolute incidence and male to female ratio of UTI(泌泌尿尿道道感感染染) in early infancy. = The signal-to-noise ratio of images obtained with an MR compatible incubator with a dedicated head coil(螺螺旋旋) is 2.3 times that of a standard MR c
62、oil in age-matched patients. = Of 93 children, 62(66.6%) were MDRTF. 24 cases were below 5 years, 26 between 5-10 years and 12 were above 10 years. Male to female ratio was 1.85: 1.材料与方法材料与方法-常用结构表达常用结构表达(8) 表示诊断表示诊断 通过通过.诊断为诊断为：.was diagnosed by.被诊断为被诊断为.：.was diagnosed as.被诊断患被诊断患.：was diagnosed w
63、ith 根据根据作出作出.诊断：诊断：.was diagnosed according to. 对对作出诊断：作出诊断：Diagnosis ofwas confirmedmadeestablished.漏诊漏诊：.missoverlook diagnosis of.被误诊为：被误诊为：.was misdiagnosed as；was mistaken for.是诊断是诊断.的依据：的依据：was diagnostic of = n a recent prospective study of infants younger than 3 months diagnosed with UTI, 22
64、 of 45 infants (46%) had urinary tract abnormalities. = Subnormal respiratory burst function and intracellular killing has been observed in children diagnosed with myeloperoxidase 7maiElEupE5rCksideis7maiElEupE5rCksideis(髓髓 过过 氧氧 物物 酶酶 ,绿绿 过过 氧氧物物 酶酶 ), glutathione 7lu:tE5WaiEun7lu:tE5WaiEun(谷谷 胱胱 甘
65、甘 肽肽 ) synthetase sInWIteIs,-eIzsInWIteIs,-eIz(合合成成酶酶), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase di:5haidrEdVE7neisdi:5haidrEdVE7neis(脱脱氢氢酶酶 )deficiency. = Obstruction of passage of a catheter through esophagus in a newborn is mostly diagnosed as esophageal atresia (EA/食食管管闭闭锁锁) with or without tracheo
66、 esophageal fistula(瘘瘘, 瘘管瘘管) (TEF). 材料与方法材料与方法-常用结构表达常用结构表达(9) 表示治疗表示治疗通过通过(用用).治疗治疗：be treated bywith. = The majority of milder cases of depression are assumed to be treated by the primary care staff with more severe cases being referred to behavioral health. = The patients with a presumptive pri5
67、zQmptivpri5zQmptiv(假假定定的的) clinical diagnosis of typhoid fever were initially treated with chloramphenicol chloramphenicol 9klR:rmfenikRl9klR:rmfenikRl(氯霉素氯霉素) (75 mg/Kg/day) by oral or intravenous route. 因因治疗治疗.：be treated for 首选治疗方法：首选治疗方法：the treatment of the first choice .受受.治疗：治疗：.was on.therap
68、y 门诊治疗：门诊治疗：be treated on an outpatient basis 被转诊到被转诊到.：.was referred to. = Those patients in need of care would be referred to an outpatient behavioral health clinic within the same building. = A 3-month-old girl was referred to the department of pediatrics,材料与方法材料与方法-常用结构表达常用结构表达(10)表示实验动物表示实验动物 饲
69、养在饲养在：was bredfed in 用用 (在在 .条条 件件 下下 ).饲饲 养养 .： was maintained withunder 术前术前12小时禁食：小时禁食：.was fasted 12 hours prior to operation .用用麻醉：麻醉：.was anesthetized with .被被关关在在笼笼内内，随随意意喂喂以以自自来来水水和和饲饲料料：was caged，fed ad libitum with tap water anddiet.可可随随意意饮饮水水、进进食食：.was given access to food and water ad li
70、bitum 杂交羔羊，雌雄不分：杂交羔羊，雌雄不分：crossbred lambs of either sex 本本研研究究采采用用体体重重为为雄雄性性新新西西兰兰白白兔兔；Male New Zealand white rabbits weighing between.and.were used for the study被被 断断 头头 (放放 血血 )处处 死死 ： .was killed by decapitation cervical dislocationexsanguination 用用处死处死：.was sacrificed with材料与方法材料与方法-常用结构表达常用结构表达
71、(11)表示倍数和比例表示倍数和比例 一一倍倍：onceone-fold；两两倍倍：twicetwo-fold；3倍倍：three times；23倍倍：Two or three times2 or 3 times；25倍：倍：two and a half times A的的长长度度是是B的的3倍倍(A比比B长长两两倍倍)：A is 3 times as long as B；the length of A is 3 times the length of B；A is 3 times longer than B A增加了两倍增加了两倍(A增加到增加到3倍倍)：A increases 3 tim
72、es 是是.的两倍；的两倍；twice as much as 动脉压可能同时升高到正常值的动脉压可能同时升高到正常值的1 2/3倍。倍。 The arterial pressure might rise simultaneously to about 1 2/3 times normal 左心室的厚度约为右心室的两倍。左心室的厚度约为右心室的两倍。 The left ventricle has approximately twice the thickness of the right ventricle. 体循环的容量约为肺循环容量的体循环的容量约为肺循环容量的7倍。倍。 The volum
73、e of the systemic circulation is about 7 times that of the pulmonary system 因此，磺胺嘧啶的磺胺含量是磺胺甲恶唑的因此，磺胺嘧啶的磺胺含量是磺胺甲恶唑的25倍。倍。 Consequently, the sulphonamide levels of sulphadiazine were 2.5 times of sulphamethoxazole.材料与方法材料与方法-常用结构表达常用结构表达 A与与B的的比比率率(AB比比率率，AB比比例例为为)：ratio of A to B；A to B ratio；A：B rat
74、io；AB ratio；ratio of the two 总胆固醇与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇的比率下降不大。总胆固醇与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇的比率下降不大。 = The ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol fell insignificantly. 男性患病显然多于女性男性患病显然多于女性(男女比例为男女比例为14：4)。 = Notably more males than females were affected (male to female ratio, 14 ：4) 男女比例为男女比例为2：3。 = The male：female rat
75、io was 2：3 对对19661975十十年年间间在在St. Bartholomews医医院院治治疗疗的的感感染染性性心心内内膜膜炎炎患患者者进进行行的的回回 顾性调查表明男女之间的比例为顾性调查表明男女之间的比例为1.5：1。 = A retrospective survey of patients with infective endorcarditis at St. Bartholomews Hospital in the decade 1966-1975 showed a male/female ratio of 1.5:1. 这两种转换途径的比例与转运速率之间并无关系。这两种转换
76、途径的比例与转运速率之间并无关系。 = There was no correlation between transport rates and the ratio of the two converseon pathways. 女性与男性的比例在左束支阻滞组及左前半阻滞组为女性与男性的比例在左束支阻滞组及左前半阻滞组为2：1；在右束支阻滞组为；在右束支阻滞组为1：1。 = The female:male was 2:1 in the left bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock groups, and 1:1 in the grou
77、p with right bundle branch block. 材料与方法材料与方法-常用结构表达常用结构表达(12) 表示数值表示数值 总总数数为为；a total of；一一系系列列：a series of为为期期：a period of最最大大量量值值(最最小小量量值值)：a maximumminimum of“发发病病率率为为：an incidence of；死死亡亡率率为为：a mortality of “精精确确率率为为：an accuracy of“剂剂量量为为：a dose of平平均均数数为为：an average ofa mean of; 平平均均持持续续(缓缓解解)时
78、时间间为为：an average duration remission of；随随访访平平均均间间隔隔时时间间为为：a median follow-up interval of平平均均减减少少; an average reduction of; 直直径径为为：a diameter ofNote: 集团数集团数 所谓所谓“集团数集团数”是指以整体形式表现出来的数目，常见的表达法如下：是指以整体形式表现出来的数目，常见的表达法如下： a total of.总数为总数为 a series of.连续数为连续数为材料与方法材料与方法-常用结构表达常用结构表达a group of.一组一组. 在在英英美
79、美医医学学杂杂志志中中，这这些些词词组组作作主主语语时时，其其谓谓语语动动词词既既有有单单数数，也也有有复数。如：复数。如：1A total of l49 patients was followed up for from 1 to 4 years，the average follow-up period being 2.6 years(谓语谓语was为单数为单数) 我们对总数达我们对总数达149149名患者随访了名患者随访了1 14 4年，随访期平均为年，随访期平均为2.62.6年。年。2A total of 134 patients suspected of having pancreat
80、ic cancer were given preoperative ultrasonic examinations(谓语谓语were为复数为复数) 总共总共134134例拟诊为胰腺癌的患者在术前作了超声检查。例拟诊为胰腺癌的患者在术前作了超声检查。3A series of 21 patients treated surgically for primary melanoma of the skin of the breast has been studied(谓语谓语has为单数为单数) 我们对我们对2121例乳房皮肤原发性黑色素瘤手术治疗的患者进行了研究。例乳房皮肤原发性黑色素瘤手术治疗的患
81、者进行了研究。4A series of 59 consecutive patients with inoperable carcinoma of the prostate were entered into a national cooperativestudy(谓谓语语were为为复数复数)材料与方法材料与方法-Exercise练习练习 将下列句中汉语部分译成英语：将下列句中汉语部分译成英语：1)Total hospitalization for both stages_ (平平均均为为23天天)2)_(这这4名名男男性性的的平平均均体重为体重为84.6 公斤公斤)3)The l56 pat
82、ients with established gout_ _ (平均随访平均随访133个月个月).4)_(平均随访平均随访6年之后，这年之后，这9例患者无一人复发例患者无一人复发) 5)Eleven patients developed knee effusions(积积液液) at_(平平均均间间隔隔10天天)following transplantation.6)All were alive_(平平 均均 3.5年年)after presentation.7)_(总总淋淋巴巴细胞计数平均每立方毫米为细胞计数平均每立方毫米为1,290250个细胞个细胞)averaged 23 daysThe
83、 mean weight of the four men was 84.6kg were followed for a mean period of 133 monthsAfter a mean follow-up period of 6 years none of these 9 relapseda mean interval of 10 daysthree and a half years on averageTotal lymphocyte count averaged 1290250cells/mm3材料与方法材料与方法-Exercise8)In the 16 patients who
84、 had symptoms for 6 months or longer prior to histologic diagnosis._(平平 均均 存存 活活 期期 )was 21.7 months compared to_(中中位位存存活活期期仅仅为为8.5个个月月)for the patients who had symptoms for less than 6 months9)_(平平均均)serum total protein was 8.5gd1Serum albumin_(平平均均 )3.6g dl. Serum creatinine(肌肌 酐酐 )_(平平 均均 )1.2mg
85、dl. _(14例例 患患 者者 中中 有有 13例例 )had normal serum calcium with_(平平均均值值为为9.7 mgd1). _(平平均均)uric acid was 6.8 mgdl. 10)_(在在67例例所所研研究究的的病病人人中中，有有49 例例)lost_(平平均均20公公斤斤)，with _(血血清清尿尿酸酸平平均均下下降降1.6 mgd1)；_(在在这这 67例例 中中 的的 其其 余余 18例例 )， who lost_(平平 均均 17公公 斤斤)experienced_(血血清清尿尿酸酸平均上升平均上升2.1mgd1).the mean su
86、rvivala mean survival of only 8.5 monthsMean averagedaveraged13 of 14 patients a mean value of 9.7 mg/dlmeanAmong 67 patients studied, 49 an average of 20 kg a mean decrease in serum uric acid of 1.6mg/dlthe remaining 18 of the 67 patientsan average of 17 kgamean increase of 2.1mg/dl in serum uric acid
