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1、WRITING SKILLSClassification & DefinitionClassification To classify is to sort things into categories according to their characteristics.Apples may be classified according to:- size, place of origin, color, price or qualityEssential to a good classification is parallelism.Sports: General category, S
2、ubcategoryParticular formtrack and field eventsswimmingball gamesgymnasticsetc.jumpingball gamesrunningfloor exerciseetc.In a good classification the parts must be parallel, and they should add up to the whole parts.Book OwnersThere are three kinds of book owners. The first has all the standard sets
3、 and best-sellers - unread, untouched. This individual owns woodpulp and ink, not books. The second has a great many books - a few of them read through, most of them dipped into, but all of them as clean and shiny as the day they were bought. This person would probably like to make books his won, bu
4、t is restrained by a false respect for their physical appearance.The third has a few books or many - every one of them dog-eared and dilapidated, shaken and loosened by continual use, marked and scribbled in from front to back.Expressions for classificationmajor kinds ofbasic kindsfundamentalsignifi
5、cantprimarysecondaryminor unimportantinsignificantsimilarcontradictoryopposingcontrastingclearly distinguishabletypes/ kinds/attributessources/ characteristicsmethods/ parts/ regionsfactors/ origins/ categoriesclasses/ qualities/ aspectsclassifications/ divisions1 With respect to _,2 _ fall into _ c
6、ategories3 _ can be divided into _ classes4 according to _Generalization vs. Classification1) A wild stallion is powerful and fierce.2) Everyone has three kinds of “friends” he wants to forget.3) Many aspects of the American character can be attributed to the American frontier.4) Students should not
7、 be allowed to smoke in the classroom.5) American history as reflected by the concentration of people in cities can be divided into two clearly distinguishable periods.Add items1. College students can be classified according to the following standards.A) academic achievementsB)C)D)2. My classmatesA)
8、 logical and critical thinkersB)C)D)The Certificate Craze1. 现在许多人热衷于各种证书考试2. 其目的各不相同3. 我的看法The purpose of acquiring certificates vary from one to another. Some claim that . Others, however, .People pursue certificates for various purposes.试试使用归类法重写(rewrite)以上的句式。Writing assignment段落写作使用归类、定义等方法写一个段落
9、。注意段落的首句为主体句，归类的点应该互为平行。Paragraph developed by cause and effectSound reasoning or logic is naturally the most important quality of any causal analysis. But it is not always easy to explain causes and effects clearly and logically.One reason for this is that:An effect may have many causesA cause may
10、have many effectsTwo basic ways1. to state an effect and devote the rest of the paragraph to examining the causes.In the past few years, higher education has become less important to young people than it was previously.This is an effect.It should be followed by a discussion of the causes of it.1) pr
11、essure of fierce competition2) better opportunities in the job market3) much of the knowledge taught in universities being out-dated4) distrust and discontent with current education systemOne might wonder why, after the Norman Conquest, French did not become the national language, replacing English
12、entirely. The reason is that the Conquest was not a national migration, as the earlier Anglo-Saxon invasion had been. Great numbers of Normans came to England, but they came as rulers and landlords. French became the language of the court, the language of the nobility, the language of polite society
13、, the language of literature. But it did not replace English as the language of the people.2. to state a cause and them mention or predict the effects.More and more fertile land in China is taken up by new buildings.This is a phenomenon.The effects of this development should be mentioned.1) the redu
14、ction of the grain output2) increasingly serious environmental problems3) too many peasants moving into the cities4) urbanizationThis surge(飞涨) of demand for oil will soon begin to send shock waves through the American economy and transportation system. The impact of these market changes can already
15、 be anticipated (预料): to the consumer they signal the end of a long love affair with the car. Unless we exercise foresight and devise growth limits policies for the auto industry, this event will thrust us into a crisis that will lead to a substantial shortage of domestic oil supply, and a level of
16、petroleum imports that could cost as much as $20 to $30 billion per year. Moreover, we would will be depleting our remaining oil reserve at an unacceptable rate, with enormous potential damage to the environment.Expressions for cause and effectso, thus, accordinglyconsequentlythereforefor this reaso
17、nas a resulthencedue to, owing to, because ofas a result ofthe effect/ result ofthe consequence ofhave an effect onthe cause ofout ofso that1 owe_ to2 make _ possible3 make it possible/ impossible for _ to _4 so_ that5 for fear that6 seeing that7 now thatStudy the following information and find out
18、which statement is CAUSE and which is EFFECTTopic: Drunk driversA. Excessive amounts of alcohol cause one to lose ones sense of responsibility;B. Excessive amounts of alcohol slow reaction time and seriously impair depth perception;C. The drunk driver is unable to make quick logical decisions and is
19、 often responsible for accidents causing serious injuries or death;D. Drunk drivers are dangerous;F. Drunk drivers pose a threat to themselves as well as to others.Study the following information and find out which statement is CAUSE and which is EFFECTTopic: Drunk driversA. Excessive amounts of alc
20、ohol cause one to lose ones sense of responsibility;B. Excessive amounts of alcohol slow reaction time and seriously impair depth perception;C. The drunk driver is unable to make quick logical decisions and is often responsible for accidents causing serious injuries or death;D. Drunk drivers are dangerous;F. Drunk drivers pose a threat to themselves as well as to others.段落写作：因果The security I concern most:Food securityProperty securityTraffic security
