《英文科技论文写作第四课致谢和参考文献》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英文科技论文写作第四课致谢和参考文献（68页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、AcknowledgementsNotes,andReferencesNotesGeneralKnowledgeFunctionofContentNotes:Toprovideaplaceformaterialthatthewriterdeemsworthwhilewithoutinterruptingtheflowofthoughtofthetext.tomakeincidentalcommentson,toamplify(详述),ortoqualifytextualdiscussion.WaystomarkArabicnumeraltypedslightlyabovetheline(sup
2、erscript上标).Neverelevatenotenumbersafullspace.Thenoteshouldfollowthepassageitrefersto.Ifthepassageisanexactquotation,thenotenumbercomesattheendofitNotenumbersmustfollowoneanotherinnumericalorder,beginningwith1.Numberingstartsoveratthebeginningofeachchapter.Inpapersthatarenotdividedintochapters,thenu
3、mberswillruncontinuouslythroughout.Basic Rules for NotesFootnotesFunctions:referthereadertoanotherworkorpageforfurtherinformation;giveinformationonhowfactspresentedinthetext.conveysupplementarydataAttentionsNumberyourfootnotespage by pageorchapter by chapter,andtherebyavoidthepossibilityoftriple-dig
4、itreferences.Occasionallytwodistinctseriesoffootnotesarerequired:anauthorsnotesandatranslatorsoreditorsnotes.Useasterisks（星号）andadifferenttypeface（字体）forthetranslatorsoreditorsnoteswhichshouldbemarkedwithappropriatedabbreviations(trans,orEd.):e.g.*ThecommissionreferredtoistheCanadaLabourRelationsBoa
5、rd(Ed.).Usespecialsymbolsorletterstoindicatenoteswithinthebodyofmathematical,statisticalandotherscientificdocuments,andparticularlywithtablesandgraphs,asillustratedbelow,sincesuperscriptnumeralscouldbeconfusedwithmathematicalindex(指数).Example:theUnitedStates,bycontrast,approximately49%ofpsychologist
6、snameeitherteachingorresearchastheirprincipalactivity,comparedwithonly31%forservicefunctions.Table15showsthenumbersandproportionsofEnglish-andFrench-speaking1CanadiansandofAmericanandotherforeignrespondentsineachoftheprincipalworkfunctions.Itisestimatedthat13%-14%ofCanadianpsychologistsareFrench-spe
7、aking.21French-speakingCanadianswereidentifiedbytheirrequestfororreturntotheFrenchversionofthequestionnaire.Furtheridentificationandresponserateswereconfirmedthroughfollow-uptelephonecontactswithnon-residents.2ButseediscussionbyDr.Belangeronp.127. EndnotesUsedwhen:notesarenumerousandlengthyandinclud
8、eextensivecommentsbytheauthor.Function:facilitateword-processingandcross-referencingandenhancetheappearanceofthetext.Uses：Numberyournotesconsecutively(连续的)throughoutthearticleorchapterpresentthenotesinalistattheendofthearticleorchapter.The Waste LandI.THEBURIALOFTHEDEADAPRIListhecruelestmonth,breedi
9、ngLilacsoutofthedeadland,mixingWith a shower of rain; we stopped in thecolonnade,Andwentoninsunlight,intotheHofgarten,Anddrankcoffee,andtalkedforanhour.Example:NOTESNotonlythetitle,buttheplanandagooddealoftheincidentalsymbolismofthepoemweresuggestedbyMissJessieL.WestonsbookontheGraillegend:FromRitua
10、ltoRomance(Macmillan).Indeed,sodeeplyamIindebted,MissWestonsbookwillelucidatethedifficultiesofthepoemmuchbetterthanmynotescando;ToanotherworkofanthropologyIamindebtedingeneral,onewhichhasinfluencedourgenerationprofoundly;ImeanTheGoldenBough;IhaveusedespeciallythetwovolumesAdonis,Attis,Osiris.I.THEBU
11、RIALOFTHEDEADLine20Cf.Ezekiel2:7.23.Cf.Ecclesiastes12:5.31.V.TristanundIsolde,i,verses58.42.Ibid.iii,verse24.46.IamnotfamiliarwiththeexactconstitutionoftheTarotpackofcards,fromwhichIhaveobviouslydepartedtosuitmyownconvenience.TheHangedMan,amemberofthetraditionalpack,fitsmypurposeintwoways:becausehei
12、sassociatedinmymindwiththeHangedGodofFrazer,andbecauseIassociatehimwiththehoodedfigureinthepassageofthedisciplestoEmmausinPartV.In-text notes (author-datesystem)Usedintherunningtextorattheendofablockquotationconsistof:theauthorslastnamethepublicationdateofthework,(bothenclosedinparentheses).e.g.(Wie
13、be1993)(FlemingandLevie1993)nopunctuationseparatingtheelementsofthenote,Exception:thereisareferencetoaspecificpage,volumeorotherdivisionofthework.e.g.(Wiebe1993,27)(Suzuki1990,3:45)ibid.ibid:Latinabbreviation,shortforibidem,meaning“inthesameplace”forconsecutivenotestothesamework(同一作品连续的标注)Function:a
14、voidunnecessaryrepetitionExamples:1.Weiss,Leon,ed.,CellandTissueBiology(Baltimore,Md.:UrbanandSchwarzenberg,1988),p.1144.2.Ibid.3.Ibid.,1062 Note:Reference2istothesamepagenumber.Reference3istoanotherpagenumberofthesamework.参考文献与注释的区别参考文献是作者写作论著时所参考的文献书目，一般集中列表于文末；注释是对论著正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明，一般排在该页页脚。
15、Learning Aid Methods of documentationTheauthor-datestyle：Withthenaturalandsocialsciences,theuseofparentheticalnotes(prnetikl插句的)andanotelistisgenerallyrecommended.TheModernLanguageAssociation(MLA)hasitsownguidelinesforaparentheticaldocumentationstyle. Using notesfootnotesarepreferred:allowsthereader
16、toreadthepapercontinuallywithoutsearchingforareferenceinthebackmatter.Forthesesanddissertations,particularlythoseinthehumanities,footnotesandreferencesarepreferred.Tables,outlines,lists,letters,andthelikethatarenotimmediatelyrelevanttothetextarebestplacedinappendix.Word中的插入脚注和尾注的功能创建脚注和尾注创建脚注和尾注1）首先
17、将光标移至所需插入脚注的地方，然后点击主菜单“插入引用脚注和尾注”。2）根据需要可选择脚注或尾注，并设置注释区域的位置。3）在“格式”选项中，可设置：标记编号格式、自定义标记、起始编号、编号方式（即编号应用方式）。4）在“应用更改”中，可设置是应用在整篇文档，还是应用于当前节。5确定后在该处就插入了一个上标“1”，而光标自动跳到文章最后，前面就是一个上标“1”，这就是输入第一个注释的地方。6将文章最后的上标“1”的格式改成正常（记住是改格式，而不是将它删掉重新输入，否则参考文献以后就是移动的位置，这个序号也不会变），再在它后面输入所插入的注释（格式按杂志要求来慢慢输）。7对着注释前面的“1”双
18、击，光标就回到了文章内容中插入注释的地方，可以继续写文章了。AcknowledgementFunction:Byacknowledgements,thewriterthankssupportersandcolleagues,liststheindividualsorinstitutionsthatsupportedtheresearch,givescredittoworkscitedinthetextforwhichpermissiontoreproducehasbeengranted.Tipsonemayproperlyomitformalthanksfortheroutinehelpgiv
19、enbyanadviserorathesiscommittee.Thegenericheading:ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSTheheadingappearsonlyonthefirstpage,isusuallyinuppercase(大写)andcenteredoverthetext.Theformatofthispageshouldbethesameasforthefirstpageofachapter.Format of acknowledgementsVarietiesmayexist,butthefollowingpointsmustbepresent:Thankstoth
20、esupervisor(exceptroutinehelp)ThankstocolleagueswhohavehelpedacademicallyThankstoallthathaveprovidedhelp,includingsubjectsoftheresearch,etc.UsefulExpressionWeexpressthankstoMr.Aforprovidingtheequipmentfortheelectricalmeasurements.TheauthorswishtothankXfortheirfinancialsupportoftheresearchdescribedin
21、thepaper.WearegratefultoXforsupportingthiswork.WewishtothankMr.AandMr.Bfortheirassistanceinconstructingthetest-rig(检测平台),andfinallyDr.Cforhelpingwiththeprovisionofmaterials.WethankMr.Aforencouragingthiswork.WealsothankMr.Bforhishelpfulcomments.IamgreatlyindebtedtoMr.Afordiscussionaboutthispaperandfo
22、rtheguidanceovermanyyears.TheauthorswishtoacknowledgethecontinuoussupportoftheUniversityofX.ThisworkwassupportedinpartbyXandtheUniversityofY.WealsowouldliketoacknowledgehelpfulsuggestionsandcommentsformDrAandDrB.TheworkwassponsoredbyX.PartialsupportfromYisgratefullyappreciated.Sample1:Theauthorsexpr
23、esstheirgratitudetoA,BandCformanyhelpfuldiscussions.DetailedcommentsbytheeditorDgreatlyimprovedthepaper.WebenefitfromseminarparticipantsatX,Y,andZ.TheauthorsacknowledgesupportfromNSFGrantSBR9709887and9706663respectively.Exercise：Translation:作者对王明礼教授对本手稿详细的阅读并提出有益的建议表示诚挚的谢意。同时非常感谢李佳教授和陈曦博士对数据分析方面给予的支
24、持。作者还要感谢武汉钢铁公司对本研究提供样品所给予的帮助。ReferencesThe difference between a Bibliography and References.Abibliographylistsworksforbackgroundorforfurtherreading,thesemaybebookswhichyoureadaspartofyourresearch,butwhichwerenotactuallyused.Referenceslistsspecificworksthatyouusedinyourwork.GeneralIntroductionReferen
25、celistsbooksandarticlesrelatedtoageneralorhighlyspecializedfieldofstudyFunction:helpthereaderlocateandconsultaparticularbookorarticle.Referenceworksshouldalwaysbelistedinthesamemannerwithinasinglebibliographyforreasonsofprecision,uniformityandclarity.GeneralIntroductionVarioustypesofreferencesarepos
26、sible,dependingonthenatureofthebookordocumentinwhichtheyaretoappear.Thefollowingaresomeofthepopulardocumentationstyles:APA,MLA,Chicago,andAMA.PopulardocumentationstylesAPA(AmericanPsychologyAssociation):forpsychology,education,andothersocialsciences.MLA(ModernLanguageAssociation):mostcommonlyusedtow
27、ritepapersandcitesourceswithintheliberalartsandhumanities.Chicago(TheChicagoManualofStyle):usedwithallsubjectsbybooks,magazines,newspapers,andothernon-scholarlypublications.AMA(AmericanMedicalAssociation):formedicine,health,andbiologicalsciences.Format of APA stylePrintbook:Author,A.A.,&Author,B.B.(
28、yearofpublication).Titleofbook.Locationofpublication:Publisher.Example:Mook,D.(2004).Classicexperimentsinpsychology.Westport,CT:Greenwood.Editedbook:Editor,A.A.,&Editor,B.B.(Eds.).(yearofpublication).Titleofbook(edition).Locationofpublication:Publisher.E.g.Williams,J.M.(Ed.).(2006).Appliedsportpsych
29、ology:personalgrowthtopeakperformance(5thed.).Boston:McGraw-Hill.Chapter in a print bookAuthor,A.A.,&Author,B.B.(yearofpublication).Titleofchapter.InA.Editor&B.Editor(Eds.),Titleofbook(pp.xxx-xxx).Locationofpublication:Publisher.Ramsey,J.e.g.K.,&McGrew,W.C.(2005).Objectplayingreatapes:studiesinnatur
30、eandcaptivity.InA.D.Pellegrini&P.K.Smith(Eds.),Thenatureofplay:Greatapesandhumans(pp.89-112).NewYork,NY:GuilfordPress.Scholarly articlesAuthor,A.A.,&Author,B.B.(yearofpublication).Titleofarticle.JournalTitle,volumenumber(issuenumber),page-page.Example:Mellers,B.A.(2000).Choiceandtherelativepleasureo
31、fconsequences.PsychologicalBulletin,126(6),910-924.Basic rulesAuthorsnamesareinverted(lastnamefirst);givethelastnameandinitialsforallauthorsofaparticularworkunlesstheworkhasmorethansixauthors.（姓与名用逗号分开）Then，publishingyearinbracketTwokindsafterthetime:(1) 列出所引用的文章。文章标题的第一个列出所引用的文章。文章标题的第一个单词的首字母要大写。标
32、题中如有冒号，单词的首字母要大写。标题中如有冒号，冒号后的第一个字母也要大写。文章标题冒号后的第一个字母也要大写。文章标题之后为期刊名、期刊号、所引用文章的该之后为期刊名、期刊号、所引用文章的该期刊的页数。其中期刊名和期刊号用斜体期刊的页数。其中期刊名和期刊号用斜体字或下划线标出。期刊名中每个单词的首字或下划线标出。期刊名中每个单词的首字母均要大写。字母均要大写。（2）列出所引用的书籍。书名的第一个单）列出所引用的书籍。书名的第一个单词的首字母要大写。整个书名用斜体字或词的首字母要大写。整个书名用斜体字或用下划线标出。如果不需说明再版号或卷用下划线标出。如果不需说明再版号或卷号，书名后用句号结
33、束。然后书写出版该号，书名后用句号结束。然后书写出版该书的城市，用冒号引出出版社，最后用句书的城市，用冒号引出出版社，最后用句号结束。号结束。Samples：Articlesinjournals（1）期刊文章，只有一个作者。举例：Kember,D.(2001).Orientationstoenrolmentofpart-timestudents.HigherEducationResearch&Development,Vol.20,No.3,265-280.（2）期刊文章，有两个作者。举例：Zhang,W.Y.&Shin,N.M.(2002).Importedorindigenous?Acomp
34、arativestudyofthreeopenanddistanceeducationmodelsinMainlandChina,IndiaandHongKong,OpenLearning,Vol.12,No.2,167-176.（3）期刊文章，有三至六个作者。举例：Kernis,M.H.,Cornell,D.P.,Sun,C.R.,Berry,A.,&Harlow,T.(1993).Theresmoretoself-esteemthanwhetheritishighorlow:Theimportanceofstabilityofself-esteem.JournalofPersonality
35、andSocialPsychology,No.65,1190-1204.Two or more works by the same authorUsetheauthorsnameforallentriesandlisttheentriesbytheyear(earliestcomesfirst出版的先后顺序).Berndt,T.J.(1981).MentalSpaces.NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress.Berndt,T.J.(1999).Mappingsinthoughtandlanguage.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPres
36、s.Same first author and different secondReferencesarearrangedalphabeticallybythelastnameofthesecondauthore.g.Desai,R.,&Ghose,H.(1990)Desai,R.,&Smith,M.(1990)morethanonereferencebythesameauthorpublishedinthesameyearorganizetheminthereferencelistalphabeticallybythetitleofthearticleorchapter.e.g.Berndt
37、,T.J.(1981a).Agechangesandchangesovertimeinprosocialintentionsandbehaviorbetweenfriends.DevelopmentalPsychology,17,408-416.Berndt,T.J.(1981b).Effectsoffriendshiponprosocialintentionsandbehavior.ChildDevelopment,52,636-643.ReferenceofChaptersinthebookJeffrey,W.E.(1969).Earlystimulationandcognitivedev
38、elopment.InP.Hill,Ed.,MinnesotaSymposiaonChildDevelopment(vol.3)(pp.46-61).Minneapolis:UniversityofMinnesotaPress.ExercisePleaserearrangethefollowingreferenceentriesaccordingtoAPAstyle.(I)Connor,ULinguistic/rhetoricalmeasuresforinternationalpersuasivestudentwriting,1990ResearchintheTeachingofEnglish
39、,24(6),67-68(2)1978,HollenbeckA,UniversityParkPress,Baltimore,InG.Sackett,Ed.,Observingbehavior:Datacollectionandanalysismethods.(书名)pp.79-98,Problemsofreliabilityinobservationalresearch(3)Minneapolis:UniversityofMinnesotaPress,MinnesotaSymposiaonChildDevelopment46-61,Jeffrey,W.E.Earlystimulationand
40、cognitivedevelopment.InJ.P.Hell,Ed.1969FindoutandcorrectthemistakeswithregardtoformsandsequenceinthefollowingreferenceentriesaccordingtoAPAstyle.Grant,S.,Contoreggi,C.,&London,E.D.(2000).DrugAbusersShowimpairedperformanceinalaboratorytestofDecisionMaking.Neuropsychologia,38,1180-1887.Kirby,K.N.,Perr
41、y,N.M.,&W.K.Bickel.(1999).Heroinaddictshavehigherdiscountratesfordelayedrewardsthannon-drug-usingcontrols.3ournalofExperimentalPsychology:General,128,78-87.Gibbon,3.(1986).Thestructureofsubjectivetime:20,105-135.Howtimeflies.PsychologyofLearningandMotivation.Blough,D.S.(1998).Contextreinforcementdeg
42、radesdiscriminativecontrol:amemoryapproach.JournalofExperimentalPsychology:AnimalBehaviorProcesses,24,185-199.Leshner,A.I.(1997).Addictionisabraindisease,anditmatters.Science,278,45-47.Lasher,A.L.(1996).Understandingdrugaddiction:implicationfortreatment.HospitalPractice,31,47-59.Crystal,J.D.(1999).S
43、ystematicnonlinearitiesinthePerceptionoftemporalintervals.JournalofExperimentalPsychology:AnimalBehaviorProcesses,2,303-312.Roberts,S.(1993).Useofindependentandcorrelatedmeasurestodivideatime-discriminationmechanismintoparts.InD.E.Meyer,&S.Kornblum(Eds.),Attentionandperformance14:Synergiesinexperime
44、ntalpsychology,artificialintelligence,andcognitiveneuroscience(pp.589-610).Cambridge,MA:MITPress.L.V.Panlilio,Weiss,S.3.,&Schindler,C.W.(2000).Effectsofcompoundingdrug-relatedstimuli:escalationofheroinself-administration.JournaloftheExperimentalAnalysisofBehavior,73,211-224.Brannon,E.M.,Wusthoff,C.,
45、Gallistel,C.R.,&Gibboson,J.Numericalsubtractioninthepigeon:evidenceforalinearsubjectivenumberscale.PsychologicalScience,12,238-243.(2001).(1)Connor,U.(1990).Linguistic/rhetoricalmeasuresforinternationalpersuasivestudentwriting.ResearchintheTeachingofEnglish,24,67-68.(2)Hollenbeck,A.(1978).Problemsof
46、reliabilityinobservationalresearch.InG.Sackett,(Ed.),Observingbehavior:Datacollectionandanalysismethods(pp.79-98).Baltimore:UniversityParkPress.(3)Jeffrey,W.E.(1969).Earlystimulationandcognitivedevelopment.InP.Hill,(Ed.),MinnesotaSymposiaonChildDevelopment(vol.3)(pp.46-61).Minneapolis:UniversityofMinnesotaPress.
