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1、“英语词汇学英语词汇学”课件课件7-107-10章剖析章剖析2) Specialization/narrowing (缩小）缩小）Originally, they mean:garage-安全的地方poison- 饮料hospital- 休息娱乐场所3) Elevation （升格）a.贬义贬义/中性义中性义- 褒义（或高级别）褒义（或高级别）Marshall-马夫马夫-元帅元帅Executive一般执行者一般执行者-行政官员行政官员4) Degradation （降格）（降格）中性中性/褒义褒义 贬义贬义Cunning有学问的有学问的-狡猾的狡猾的Sly- 熟练的熟练的- 偷偷摸摸的；狡猾的
2、偷偷摸摸的；狡猾的5. Transference(transfer) of MeaningA word used to designate one thing, but later it began to mean something elsePaper papyrus(纸莎草纸莎草)-纸纸mainly:(1) Associated Transfertooth, lip, nose can used to refer to things:the lip of a wound, the nose of a plane(2) Transfer between abstract and Concre
3、te MeaningsRoom- space- 房间(concrete)Grasp 抓-understand (abstract)(3) Transfer between Subjective and Objective thingsDreadful somethng/sb full of dread something/sb that causes dreadPitiful(4) synesthesia 联觉联觉 (感官词之间感官词之间)sweet music, warm colors, clear sounding6. Euphemism 委婉语ToiletRestroom, bathro
4、om, John, convenience, washroom, comfort room, powder room, ladys, gentlemans, DieCauses of change:1)extra-linguistic factors such as historical reason(pen), class reason(revolution, communism.human rights) and psychological reason(garbage collectorsanitation engineer)2) Linguistic factors(1)Interna
5、l factors cause the changegold medal- gold;light bulb bulb(2) Influence of alien wordsDeerrefers to animal, but “animal”from Latin was later introduced into English, so the meaning of deer was narrowed. (3) analogy Fruition- 享用,享受- 结果(fruit),实现Chapter 8 Meaning and ContextThe meaning of a word is of
6、ten decided by where it is used, either in a spoken or written discourse. - contextMeaning lives in context typesTypes of Context: Linguistic context, extra(non)-linguistic contextLinguistic context may be divided into 2:lexical context and grammatical context.A piece of paper, a term paper, todays
7、paper, examination paper, etc.What context do you think the above belong to?do ones teeth; do the flowers; do fish; do well(at school)Loot at the following sentences with “become”, which context are they related to to understand its meaning?He became very excited about the final exam.(link verb)The
8、coat doesnt become you at all.( transitive verb)Sometimes the meaning of a word can be decided only after a paragraph, a chapter or even a book is read. For example, “Janet! Donkeys!”Extra-linguistic ContextCulture, situation, cognition 3 basic elements John is quick(quick-minded; fast, hot-yempered
9、.)Look out! Trade union: strong political meaning in the WestAggressiveLoverThe role of Context1)get rid of ambiguityThe ball was very attractive. Tom ran the race.They saw her duck. Noun? Verb?2) help define referentsThis/that, now/then, etc.3) provide clues for inferring word-meaningexample: Kines
10、ics, the study of body movement, was suggested by Professor Bird-whistell.Chapter 9 English Idioms Expressions that are not readily understandable from the literal meanings of individual elements. (set phrases and sort sentences)In a broad sense, they can include colloquialisms, slang expressions, p
11、roverbs, etc.Characteristics:(1)Semantic Unity1)rain cats and dogs; Its a piece of cake.How do you do! (2) Structural Stability lip serviceout of the questionGod bless you!Classification of idiomsMany ways. In this book, grammmatical function is the criterion1. Idioms nominal in nature-functions as
12、a nounA white elephant, Jack of all tradesbrain trust(智囊团智囊团)2. Idioms adjectival in natureas poor as a church mouse, cut and dried(常规的、例行的常规的、例行的)beyond the pale （ 发疯的）发疯的）3. idioms verbal in naturelook intoget away withmake itfall flat let the dog see the rabbit4. Idioms adverbial in natureheart a
13、nd soulin nothing flat（ in a very little time)through thick and thin（不顾艰难险阻）tooth and nail (竭尽全力）如何区分一般短语和习语？如何区分一般短语和习语？Can you tell us? 1.可否从字面意义确定意义可否从字面意义确定意义2.已有知识已有知识5) sentential idiomsNothing succeeds like success.Feed a cold and starve a fever.Nothing venture, nothing have.He laughs best wh
14、o laughs last.A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.Use of IdiomsUse of IdiomsWe have to know some characteristics of idioms to use them peoperly in real communication.1. stylistic featuresformal, informal(colloquial)1) colloquialismsHang in Tom! (Do not give up)She is a big wheel in the commu
15、nity.(influential person)2) slangCancer stickHit the sack( go to bed) 3) literary expressions 书面语书面语Terrible things came to pass last year.Famine followed in the wake of war.2. Rhetorical Features1) Phonetic ManipulationA. alliterationmight and main （全力以赴 ）part and parcel（most important part)B. rhym
16、eby hook and by crook（千方百计）fair and square (honest)wear and tear 磨损 2） Lexical ManipulationA. reiteration 同义反复Scream and shoutPick and chooseB. Repetitionby and by(soon), out and out 彻头彻尾的 neck and neck 并驾齐驱C. juxtaposition并置（反义词）Rain or shine, here and there, penny wise and pound foolish 3) Semanti
17、c ManipulationA. simile Asas. As mute as a fish; as graceful like a swanAs busy as a _; as strong as _ / likeB. metaphorHe is a snake in the grass（暗藏之敌）C. metonymyFrom cradle to grave, he has never told a lie.D. synecdoche Two heads are better than oneE. PersonificationFailure is the mother of succe
18、ssF. euphemism the call of nature Variations of IdiomsP.194(self-study)Chapter 10 English DictionaryTypes:1) Monolingual and bilingual2) linguistic and encyclopedicLinguistic ones can be either monolingual or bilingual (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)大英百科全书（大英百科全书（20卷），卷）， 美国大百科全书（美国大百科全书（30卷）卷）Characteristics of American and British dictionaries:按规模还可分为：按规模还可分为：1）大型词典）大型词典(All the words theoretically) 韦氏第三版新国际词典（韦氏第三版新国际词典（45万词左右）万词左右）2）案头词典）案头词典(515万词）万词）3） 袖珍词典（袖珍词典（5万以下）万以下）4）专用词典）专用词典结束结束
