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1、A Brief History of English Literature1.Theline“Whatspastisprologue”isfrom_s Tempest.凡是过去，皆为序章。 暴风雨1.Theline“Whatspastisprologue”isfrom_s Tempest.凡是过去，皆为序章。 暴风雨凡是过去，皆为序章。2.Thefamousaphorism,“Knowledgeispower”,isfoundintheMeditationsby_. Francis Bacon3.Theaphorism“Awisemanwillmakemoreopportunitiesthan
2、hefinds”isby_.智者创造机会，而不是等待机会。 Francis Bacon Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯 培根(1561-1626)Sir Francis BaconAstatesman,scientist,philosopher,andessayistofthelateRenaissanceEngland(1561-1626)ContemporaryofShakespeare,ElizabethI,GalileiandGuiYouguang1.MetQueenElizabethI(9)LifeFamously replied “Two years younger than
3、 Your Majestys happy reign” 2.EnteredTrinityCollege,Cambridge(12)3.In1584,electedtoParliament(23).4.In1603,Knighted(42),5.In1617,becameLordKeeperoftheGreatSeal(highestpossibleposition)(56)6.In1618,madeLordChancellorLife7.In1618,elevatedtopeerage(Britishnobles)8.In1621,chargedwithcorruptionandbribery
4、(60)9.In1626,diedindisgrace(65)BaconsliterarypowerandsuccessfindfineexpressionchieflyinhisbestknownliteraryworkEssays.Shortastheyare,theseessaysshowBaconsprofundityinunderstandingmanandsociety.Bacons EssaysHisEssaysisthefirstexampleofthatgenreinEnglishliterature,whichhasbeenrecognizedasanimportantla
5、ndmarkinthedevelopmentofEnglishprose.Baconsessaysarefamousfortheirbrevity,compactnessandpowerfulness.Andtheneatness,thepreciseness,thegravity,andtheweightinessaretheessentialqualitiesofhiswritings.Balanceandoppositionarethemostcommonstrategiesheusestoachieveboththeappearanceofbalanceandtheconcealmen
6、tofhisownopinionsunderthecloakoftheopposingalternatives.Essay: A DefinitionItisarelativelyshortliterarycompositioninprose,inwhichawriterdiscussesatopic,usuallyrestrictedinscope,ortriestopersuadethereadertoacceptaparticularpointofview.An Analysis of Of StudiesOfStudies:MainideaItdiscussesthebenefitso
7、fstudying.Studyingisapplyingthemindtolearningandunderstandingasubject,especiallythroughreading,whichisperhapswhybystudying,SirFrancisBaconmostlyreferstoreading.Inthisshortessay,hestrivestopersuadeustostudy,andtellsushowtostudyifwearetomakethebestofwhatweread.OfStudies:Details1.Whatdostudiesservefor?
8、2.Whatattitudesandwaysareadoptedbydifferentpeopletostudy?3.Howdostudiesinfluencehumancharacter?(1)theuseandabuseofstudies(2)theproperandimproperwaystopursueonesstudies(3)theeffectofthedifferentkindsofstudiesuponhumancharacter最广为流传的译作是论学习等，该译语言精炼优美传神，为广大读者视为是最权威的版本。王佐良(1916-1995)浙江上虞人。诗人、翻译家、教授、英国文学研
9、究专家。1.Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgementanddispositionofbusiness.读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。1.Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.
10、Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgementanddispositionofbusiness.Studyasanactivity,inwhateverform,bringsusjoyandenhancesourthinking,speakingandwritingability,addingcharmtoourpersonality.2.Forexpertmencanexecute,andperhapsjudgeofparti
11、culars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairs,comebestfromthosethatarelearned.练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹，全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。3.Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornament,isaffectation;tomakejudgmentwhollybytheirrules,isthehumorofascholar.读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条
12、文断事乃学究故态。Becarefulnottooverindulgeinstudyasthisleadstolaziness,pretentiousnessorinsularity.4.Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience:fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedproyning,bystudy;andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.读书补天然之
13、不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接，而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当Knowledgeimprovesexperienceandexperienceimprovesknowledge5.Craftymencondemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem;fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用
14、书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。5.Craftymencontemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem;fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.Peoplewhoarecunninganddeceitfulhavenoappreciationforstudiesastheyaccomplishtheirobjectivesthroughmanycrookedways.Simplefolks,howeve
15、r,greatlyvaluetheroleofstudiesinhumanlife.Wisepeopleinherentlydrawupontheideasobtainedfromtheirstudieswhilesolvinglifesmyriadproblems.6.Readnottocontradictandconfute;nortobelieveandtakeforgranted;nortofindtalkanddiscourse;buttoweighandconsider.读书时不可存心诘难读者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。Theaimofreadingand
16、acquiringknowledgemustnotbetoaggressivelyrefuteothersviewsoracceptthewritersviewsasgospeltruth.Itshouldalsonotbetoengageinpointlessdiscussionandargumentation.Studyingshouldenableustoweighfactsandanalyzethemrationally.7.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;thatis
17、,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只需读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。7.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;ot
18、herstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.Booksofvaryingcontentandgenrearetobemadeuseofdifferently.Somemaybegivenacursoryreading,someotherscanbequicklysiftedthrough.Otherimportantbooksaretobereadslowlyandminutelysoastotrulyfathomthemeaningandunderlyingsense.8
19、.Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputy,andextractsmadeofthembyothers;butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantarguments,andthemeanersortofbooks,elsedistilledbooksarelikecommondistilledwaters,flashythings.书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏，淡而无味。8.Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputy,andextractsmadeofthembyother
20、s;butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantarguments,andthemeanersortofbooks,elsedistilledbooksarelikecommondistilledwaters,flashythings.Onecanaskanassistanttoreadabookandprepareashortsummaryofit.Butsuchpracticeshouldbefollowedforobtainingguidanceonmattersoflesserimportance.Therearesomebookswhichare,infa
21、ct,shortenedalready.9.Readingmakethafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.Readingaddsperfectiontoamanspersonality.读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。Discussingwithothersaboutthecontentsofabookimpartsspecialpracticalskillstothereader.Writingremovesalltheresidualweaknessesandignorancefromthepersonandenab
22、leshimtorememberthecontentsofabook.10.Andtherefore,ifamanwritelittle,hehadneedhaveagreatmemory;ifheconferlittle,hehadneedhaveapresentwit:andifhereadlittle,hehadneedhavemuchcunning,toseemtoknowthathedothnot.因此不常做笔记者须记忆力特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。So,writinghelpstomemorizefacts.Ifapersonisbashfu
23、lsoasnottodiscusshisreadingwithothers,hewillnotbeabletoimprovehiswit.Ifhedoesnotread,hewillremainasomewhatstupidperson.11.Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtle;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.Abeunt studia in mores.读史使人明智，读人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之
24、学使人善辩；凡有所学，皆成性格。11.Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtle;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.Abeunt studia in mores.Studyinghistorymakesamanwiser,studyingpoetrymakesamanwittier:mathematicsgivessoundlogicalsense,andphilosophyimpartsvaluablelessonsonmorality.S
25、tudiespassintoandinfluencemanners.12.Nay,thereisnostondorimpedimentinthewitbutmaybewroughtoutbyfitstudies;likeasdiseasesofthebodymayhaveappropriateexercises.Bowlingisgoodforthestoneandreins;shootingforthelungsandbreast;gentlewalkingforthestomach;ridingforthehead;andthelike.人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体
26、百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。13.Soifamanswitbewandering,lethimstudythemathematics;forindemonstrations,ifhiswitbecalledawayneversolittle,hemustbeginagain.Ifhiswitbenotapttodistinguishorfinddifferences,lethimstudytheSchoolmen;fortheyarecyminisectoressplittersofhairs.如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演题需全神贯注
27、，稍有分散即须重演；如不能辩异，可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特效可医。14.Ifhebenotapttobeatovermatters,andtocalluponethingtoproveandillustrateanother,lethimstudythelawyerscases.Soeverydefectofthemindmayhaveaspecialreceipt.如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特效可医。Ifapersonisunabletogarnerfa
28、ctsandmanipulatethemtoputacrosshisviewsconvincingly,studyinglawwillhelphim.Thus,everydeficiencyofmindcanbeaddressedbyappropriatereading.1.Studyingishelpfulforbetterunderstandingandprovidesaknowledgethatdevelopsexperience,aswellasacharacterthatgrows.2.Readingprovidesdelightandfun,ornamentandshowingoff,andtheabilityforsuccess.3.Baconexpandedupondifferentfieldsofstudydependingononesgoal;forexample,tomasterclaritywithlanguage,studypoetry.
