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1、自动化专业英语课程性质和目的初步掌握自动化专业的专业词汇和常用表达方法；能够借助专业词典阅读和翻译专业资料、专业教材、与自动化技术有关的说明书、手册或者其它技术资料；能够初步撰写专业论文摘要和常用应用文。文献范围电路（Theory of Circuit）模拟电子技术（Analog Electronics Technology）数字电子技术（Digital Electronics Technology）电机学（Theory of Electric Electric Motors）自动控制理论（Automatic Control Theory）现代控制理论（Modern Control Theor
2、y）微机原理（Principle of Microcomputer）计算机控制技术（Computer Control Techniques）过程控制系统（Process Control System）专业词汇电气工程自动控制计算机考试考试内容全部来自教材内阅读：50%翻译：35%写作：15%不能带词典要求生词记熟每篇课文至少读三遍课前1遍课内1遍课后1遍 课前预习通读课文1遍生词查出在页边按1、5、10标上页内行标。页内行标的标注办法：大标题、图形、图题、表格不算一行，公式、小标题算一行。 阅读方法Skimming：浏览或者略读。只需要理解文章内容的大约50%，快速地获取中心意思和重点。Sca
3、nning：浏览或者查阅。查阅只需要从文章中有目的地迅速查找某一具体事实或者特定信息。Fast reading：快速阅读。速度为200350 WPM。要求基本上理解文章内容。精读：在阅读的同时对文章从各方面进行分析。 New wordspower electronics technology: 电力电子技术 resultant a. （作为）结果（而产生）的、结局的、最后的be proportional to： 与成比例summation n. 相加、累加、求和 proportionality constant 比例常数、比例系数voltage source 电压源 current sourc
4、e 电流源magnitude 幅值 equivalent electrical circuit 等效电路Kirchhoff Law 基尔霍夫定律inductor voltage 电感电压定律 law：各种现象之间恒定关系的简洁陈述。Ohms Law, Faradays law, Kerchhoffs first law, the law of gravity.定义 definition：表达基本特征的说明定理 theorem: 在已明晰的假设基础上已被证明或将被证明的命题New wordsPower factor ：功率因数phasor ：相图、相量vector ：向量，矢量the distr
5、ibution of three-phase power requires only three-fourths as much line copper as does the single-phase distribution of the same amount of power. 用三相传输法所消耗的铜只相当于单相传输法所传输同等电量所用铜的四分之三。 New wordsGain 增益on the order of 在数量级KVL Kirchhoff Voltage LawOne problem with electronic devices corresponding to the g
6、eneralized amplifiers is that the gains, AU or AI, depend upon internal properties of the two-port system.对于一般的放大器。一个问题是其增益AU 或者AI取决于两端口系统的内部特性。 Operational amplifiers are differential devices运算放大器为差动装置通读“Transistors”一至两遍。并回答以下问题：What is semiconductor material?Normally how many leads does a transist
7、or get?What are the three polarities of a transistor?2、Please translate the second paragraph of “The Operational Amplifier” into Chinese. 英语阅读时要注意的几个问题 注意转折词 以意群为单位进行阅读 注意文章的类型 注意整体把握 UNIT 5 A：One of the DC-to-DC Switch-mode Converters-buck ConverterNew words buck converter 降压变换器boost converter 升压变换
8、器 steady state 稳态 filter n. 滤波器 impedance n. 阻抗 duration n. 持续（时间）saw-tooth 锯齿（波） kilohertz n. 千赫芝 dissipate vt. 消耗low-pass 低通 instantaneous ad. 瞬间的fluctuate v. 波动、起伏force commutated 强制换流 duty ratio 占空比 The control voltage signal generally is obtained by amplifying the error, or the difference betwe
9、en the actual output voltage and its desired value. 控制信号通常是由将实际的输出电压与期望的电压之差放大后得到。 B：Switch-mode DC-to AC InvertersRectifying:整流, 将交流电能变成直流电能Inverting:逆变, 而将直流电能转变成交流电能，相应的装置就称为逆变器（Inverter）。 New words sinusoidal a. 正弦的 kinetic energy 动能power flow 功率流regenerative braking 再生制动cancellation n. 补偿utilit
10、y grid 公用电网block diagram 方框图lag v 滞后quadrant n. 象限 To slow down the ac motor in Fig 1-5B-1, the kinetic energy associated with the inertia of the motor and its load is recovered and the ac motor acts as a generator. 为了制动图1-5B-1,中的交流电动机，电动机和电动机负载的动能被转化为电能；此时电动机成为一个发电机。 The energy recovered during the
11、 braking of the ac motor can be dissipated in a resistor, which can be switched in parallel with the dc-bus capacitor for this purpose in Fig 1-5B-1.交流电动机制动过程所转换的电能可以消耗在一个电阻上。该电阻在制动过程中被接入，并且与直流母线上的电容相并联。 UNIT 6The Utility Interface with Power Electronic System New words Uninterruptible power supplie
12、s (UPS) 不间断电源utility grid 公用电网malfunction n. 故障line frequency 工频 substantial a. 基本的、本质的cosine n. 余弦distortion n. 畸形、畸变resonance n. 谐振utility relay 继电保护notch n. 缺口proliferation n. 扩大、扩散electromagnetic interference 电磁干扰 unipolar a. 单极性的 unidirectional a. 单方向的 However, all power electronic converters (
13、including those used to protect critical loads) can add to the inherent power line disturbances by distorting the utility waveform due to harmonic currents injected into the utility grid and by producing electromagnetic interference. 然而， 所有的电力电子变换装置（包括那些保护关键负载的）都会由于谐波电流注入公共电网而产生波形失真或者电磁干扰而产生对电力线的干扰。
14、 The importance of the high power factor has been recognized by residential and office equipment manufacturers for their own benefit to maximize the power available from a wall outlet. 居民和办公设备制造商都已经认识到提高功率因数的重要性。他们都可以通过提高功率因数而获得最大的电能并从中获益。 Mal- : 坏, 错误malfunction 故障malnutrition 营养不良malformation 畸形ma
15、ladministration 管理不善tort 词根 =twist 扭Distort 失真， 畸变Torticollis 斜颈contortion 曲解、扭曲 作业Please translate the second paragraphs of The Utility Interface with Power Electronic System into Chinese. PART 2 Control TheoryUnit 1A：The World of ControlNew Wordstedious a. 令人厌烦的、冗长乏味的 proponent n. 支持者、辩护者detractor
16、 n. 反对者、贬低者 In a modern aircraft, for example, the power boost controls amplify the force applied by the pilot to move the control surface against large aerodynamic forces.例如在现代飞行器中，动力助推控制系统将飞行员的力放大以推动受到很大的气流作用的机翼表面。 Lumped parameter systems are those for which physical characteristics are assumed t
17、o be concentrated in one or more lumps and thus independent of any spatial distribution. 集中参数系统是指这样一些系统，其物理特性都集中在一个或者多个集中体上，因此与空间分布无关。 In effect, bodies are assumed rigid and treated as point massed; sprigs are massless and electrical leads resistanceless, suitable corrections are made to the system
18、 mass or resistance; temperature are uniform; etc. 在效果上，物体被假设为是刚体并且质量都集中在一点上，弹簧的质量可以忽略；导线的电阻为零；或者是可以得到合适的关系式使得系统的质量、电阻和温度的分布是均匀的。 B：The Transfer Function and the Laplace Transformation New Words transfer function 传递函数 Laplace transformation 拉普拉斯变换order n. 阶次 stationary n. 稳定 initial condition 初始条件po
19、lynomial n. 多项式complex Laplace variable 复拉普拉斯变量denominator n. 分母 numerator n. 分子 characteristic function 特征函数operational mathematics 运算数学ordinary differential equation 常微分方程homogeneous solution 通解 particular solution 特解 superposition n. 迭加initial value 初值final value 终值shifting theorem 平移定理piecewise
20、a. 分段的 For physical systems N(s) will be of lower order than D(s) since nature integrates rather than differentiates. 对于实际的系统，由于其积分特性要强于微分特性，所以N(s)的阶次要低于D(s)的阶次。 This combination or reduction process is termed block diagram algebra. 这一合并和化简过程称为方框图代数。The Laplace transform is an evolution from the uni
21、lateral Fourier integral拉氏变换是由单边富立叶变换的演变而来的Since the definite integral of Eq. 2-1B-4 is improper, not all functions are Laplace transformable由于方程2-1B-4是奇异的，所以并非所有的函数的拉氏变换都存在。 New Words discrete a. 离散的intuitively adv. 直观地excitation n. 激励equilibrium n. 平衡点criterion n. criteria pl. 指标、尺度、准则exponential
22、a. 指数的 oscillation n. 振荡qualitatively a. 定性地factored form 因式分解的形式real a. 实（数）的Routh criterion 劳斯判据sign n. 符号unit step input单位阶跃响应force solution 强迫解transient solution 瞬态解 time constant 时间常数real axis 实轴permissible overshoot 允许超调machine tool 机床 gouge vt. 在某物上胡乱地或者破坏性地凿 The output will pass through a tr
23、ansient phase and set down to a steady state response that will be of the same form as, or bounded by, the input. 输出经过瞬态阶段后将回到与输入有相同形式的稳态或者是在输入的附近。 B：Steady States New Words:ramp n. 斜坡A control system is designed to control the behavior (the time response) of a plant subject to commands or disturban
24、ces. 控制系统设计就是使装置在有指令信号或者干扰时有满意的行为（时域响应）。An accuracy of a system is a measure of how well if follows commands. 系统的精度是衡量其是否能够跟踪指令的一个指标。 UNIT 3A：The Root LocusNew Words:performance criteria 性能指标 Routh-Hurwitz criterion 劳斯-霍尔维茨判据 transient response 瞬态响应 characteristic equation 特征方程 unfactored a. 未因式分解的
25、depict v. 描述Angle and magnitude criteria 相角与幅值准则complex conjugates 复数共轭 vector n. 向量、矢量 horizontal n. 水平counterclockwise a. 逆时针的 odd multiple 奇数倍的 facilitate v. 使容易coincide n. 一致、重合 The sn term represents n poles, all equal to zero and located at the origin of the s plane. sn 表示n 个极点，其值为零，位于s 平面的原点。
26、The angles are uniformly distributed. 各个角度是均匀分布的。If the part of the real axis between two o.l.poles (o.l.zeros) belongs to the loci, there must be a point of breakaway form, or arrival at, the real axis. 如果实轴的一部分位于两个开环极点（或者开环零点）之间且属于轨迹，则在其间必有分离点（或者会合点）。 B：The Frequency Response Methods: Nyquist Diag
27、rams New Words:amplitude n. 幅值 thereof adv. 在其中、其 antenna n. 天线superimpose v. 添上、加上、附加上 gust n. 阵风 partial fraction expansion 部分分式展开inverse transform 逆变换 undamped oscillation 无阻尼振荡 displace v. 转移 radian n. 弧度 polar plot 极坐标图 gain margin 增益裕量phase margin 相角裕量 The frequency response is a steady-state
28、response. Although some information can be obtained about the transient response, it is only approximate and is subject to misinterpretation. 翻译见注解。From these equations we see that a sinusoidal input to a linear stable system produces a steady state response that is also sinusoidal, having the same
29、frequency as the input but displaced through a phase angle and having an amplitude that may be different. 根据以上方程，我们可以看到将正弦输入信号加至一个稳定的线性系统时，其输出也是一个同频率的正弦信号，但是相角和幅值会有所不同。 练习：1、将下列名词翻译成英文：时域响应、传递函数、方框图、反馈控制系统、零点、极点 2、朗读下列几个英文单词并翻译成中文。Afghanistan, Argentina, Bangladesh, Burma, Cambodia, Lebanon, Iraq, I
30、ran, Israel, Nigeria, Palestine, Saudi ArabiaUNIT 4A：The Frequency Response Methods: Bode PlotsNew words decibel n. 分贝common logarithm 常用对数 Bode plot 伯德图 minimum phase 最小相位unit n. 单位 polar plot 极坐标图 interpret v. 解释、口译slope n. 斜率 lag n. (相位)滞后lead n. (相位)超前 asymptote n. 渐进线 deviation n. 偏差 decade n.
31、十倍abrupt a. 陡峭的、突然的 crossover frequency 穿越频率 gain margin 增益裕量 phase margin 相角裕量 product n. 乘积 Unit 5A: Introduction to Modern Control TheoryNew Words:advent n. （事件、时期）的出现、到来 stimulus n. 刺激 realistic a. 实际的、现实的 optimal control 最优控制 applicability n. 适用性 bandwidth n. 带宽phase-plane 相平面 describing functi
32、on 描述函数 alleviate v. 减轻、减小 prominently adv. 显著地、突出地 numeric solution 数值解 n-dimensional a. n维的 When differential equations are encountered, they are linearized and subjected to whatever constraints are necessary to establish useful input-output relationships.当使用微分方程时，要对其进行线性化并受限于一定的约束条件才能建立有用的输入-输出关系
33、。A recognition of the applicability of well-known methods in other fields of knowledge. 认识到其他领域的一些有名的方法的适用性。Optimal control theory often dictates that nonlinear time varying control law be used, even if the basic system is linear and time-invariant. 即使系统是线性定常的，最优控制理论通常给出非线性时变控制律。 When nonlinearities
34、 and time variation are present, the very basis for classical techniques is removed. Some successful techniques such as phase-plane, describing function, and ad hoc methods, have been developed to alleviate this shortcoming . 当系统存在非线性和时变特性时，经典方法赖以存在的基础就不存在了。一些成功的方法，如相平面法、描述函数法以及一些特定的方法可以改进经典控制理论。翻译8
35、0页最后一段（从In the Bode plot, 到as shown in Fig.2-4A-2.）。写出下列中文术语：阶跃响应、斜坡（ramp）响应、超调量、调节时间、开环系统、闭环系统，复数、实轴、频率域。 B: State equationsNew WordsControllability n. 可控性 Observability n. 可观性 coordinate n. 坐标unit matrix 单位矩阵adjoint n. 伴随矩阵 determinant n. 行列式 eigenvalue n. 特征值Part 3 Computer Control Technology Uni
36、t 1 A: Fundamentals of Computer and Networks New Words:Workstation n. 工作站 touch screen 触摸屏bus n. 总线Parallel port 并口 serial port 串口 operating system 操作系统Job management 作业管理ultimately adv. 最终的、最后的separation n. 区别，分别 facility n. 设备、设施 provision n. 供应作业翻译下列中文术语：矩阵、向量、特征值、特征方程、行列式、坐标、共扼复数、微分方程、分子、分母、多项式
37、预习：PART 3 UNIT 2: A and BUnit 2 A: The Application of Computer New Word:trajectory n. 轨迹 artillery shells n. 炮弹simultaneous equations 联立方程retrieve v. 检索 virtual reality 虚拟现实numerical control 数控 adaptive control 自适应控制 unrivalled a. 无敌的 algorithm n. 算法terative a. 重复的、迭代 joint n. 关节 civil work 土木工程manu
38、al n. 手册decisive a. 决定性的asynchronous a. 异步的subdivision n. 分支stereotype a. 陈规、旧套expertise n. 专门知识、专长 For example, calculating the trajectory of artillery shells requires resolving a set of simultaneous algebraic equations which may have up to hundreds of variables may take mathematicians years, but c
39、an be done by a computer program in hours. 例如计算弹道轨迹要求在数秒钟内解一组微分方程或者设计一个大坝可能有数百个变量也许要数学家数年的时间，但是计算机只要数小时的时间即可完成。Virtually computer simulation is based on mathematical models representing the nature of the object under study or examination. The mathematical model comprises a series of equations that d
40、epict the inherent process of the object in mathematical terms. A computer simulation program includes algorithms that are derived from those equations. 虚拟的计算机仿真是建立在能够代表要研究或检查的对象的数学模型之上的。该数学模型包含了一组描述了对象内在过程的数学方程。一个计算机仿真程序包含了从以上方程推导出来的算法。 CAD is software that can help engineering in their designs for
41、 new products building, print circuit boards, civil works like bridge and airports, relieving them from the tedious, back=breaking and time consuming jobs like drafting and drawing. CAD是这样的软件，可以帮助工程师设计新产品、建筑、印刷线路板、桥梁和机场等土木工程；使他们从绘图等繁琐、累人和费时的工作中解脱出来。Management is one of the decisive factors that tell
42、 success or failure of any bank, corporation, firm, university, research institute in competition. 管理是一个银行、公司、学校、研究机构在竞争中是否成功的决定性因素。 B: Multimedium Information SuperhighwayNew Words: optic-fiber 光纤 animation n. 动画hype n. 皮下注射 v. 使热烈liquid crystal 液晶 megabyte n. 兆位encyclopedia n. 百科全书insatiable a. 不能
43、满足的、贪得无厌的 resolution n. 分辨率Internet n. 因特网internet n. 互连网 image n. 图象video n. 视频live a. 现场直播的distance education (distance learning) 远程教育Combined with digital television set, videodiscs can not only present films but also offer surround sound which provides theater quality-amazing reality by which th
44、e viewer may have an illusion that were at the scene and witnessed everything happening just around them. 加上数字式电视，影碟不仅能够提供电影，还能提供影院效果的环绕立体声，使观众有身临其境的感觉。 预习Unit 3 A: Intelligent RobotsUNIT 4 A：Computer Structure and FunctionAbstract Guidelines摘要是论文的梗概，是对论文的简单描述 科技论文文摘应该有四个组成部分研究的目的研究的过程和采用的方法结果结论 好的科
45、技文摘应具备以下条件完整性：complete in and of itself; that is, it should be able to serve as a stand-alone description which provides a complete picture of the resource at the selected level of specificity; 可读通俗：comprehensive in its representation of the key concepts or significant content that are present in th
46、e resource; 精炼准确：concise, precise, and accurate in its use of terminology; 清晰紧凑客观：written in a clear, terse, non-critical style; and 结构逻辑性：logically structured in its presentation of the selected data and information.Unit 3 A: Intelligent RobotsIf ambient lighting serves as illumination source, the
47、imaging process is passive. This type of imaging is common in military applications since the position of the viewer is beyond the control of the viewer. But in industrial application, controlled illumination or active imaging can be used as freely as possible.如果周围的光作为照明源，则成像过程为被动的。这种成像通常用于军事，因为观察者很
48、难控制自己的位置。但是在工业应用中，受控的照明或称主动成像可以尽可能自由地使用。 UNIT 4 A：Computer Structure and FunctionNew Words architecture n. 体系结构 interpret v. 解释、翻译（口译） address n. 地址addressing a. & v. 寻址 location n. 单元 word length 字长enable v. 使能 alter v. 改变、改动 field n. 段、域、字段opcode n. 操作码 operand n. 操作数 bit n. 位 byte n. 字节single-pre
49、cision n. 单精度 floating-point 浮点的erasable a. 可擦除的participation n. 参与、分区 flag register 标志寄存器UNIT 5A: Fundamentals of Single-Chip MicrocomputersNew Words:culmination n. 结果、结局、顶点、极点arguably adv. 可论证的volatile a. 易挥发的volume n. 体积、容量emulation n. 模拟、模仿 stack n. 堆栈 solid state relay 固体继电器fluorescent a. 荧光的pr
50、otocol n. 协议 frame n. 帧 parity n. 奇偶校验 Clearly, this implies a rigorous approach to ROM code development since changes cannot be made after manufacture. 显然，这就意味着ROM代码的开发必须十分精确，因为一旦生产出来就无法更改。This type of device can behave functionally as the single-chip microcomputer from which it is derived albeit w
51、ith restricted I/O and modified external circuit. 这种设备从单片机上派生出来，尽管带有受限制的I/O和更改过的外部电路，在功能上表现为一个单片机。 The use of these ROMless devices is common even in production circuits where the volume does not justify the development costs of custom on-chip ROM, there can still be a significant saving in I/O and
52、other chips compared to a conventional microprocessor based circuit. 无ROM的设备普遍使用，即使在产品电路中批量使得片内ROM开发成本过高，和基于微处理器的传统电路相比还是可以显著地节省I/O和其他芯片。 Both the common asynchronous and synchronous communication schemes require protocols that provide framing(start and stop) information. This can be implemented as
53、a hardware facility or UART relieving processor(and applications programmer) of this low-level, time-consuming, detail.异步和同步通信策略需要协议提供（启动、停止）帧信息。这种工作可以使用硬件或者UART来实现，可以将处理器或者应用程序从这种底层的、费时的和琐碎的工作解脱出来。 B: PLC New Words: query v. 询问、咨询mushroom v. 迅速发展ladder logic 梯形逻辑flowcharting n. 流程图cite v. 引用intertw
54、ine v. 相互影响、缠绕 outweigh v. 胜过 embrace v. 包含proprietary a. 专用的bandwagon n.（马戏团等吹打过闹市的）乐队彩车、宣传车broadband n. 宽带disproportionate a. 不相称的、太大的 ”One”, he says, “is where the size of the process control system thats being automated doesnt justify DCS. With the starting price tags of those products being rel
55、atively high, a programmable controller makes sense for small, low loop count applications. The second is where you have to integrate the loop closely with the sequential logic. Batch controllers are prime examples, where the sequence and maintaining the process variables are intertwined so closely
56、that the benefits of having a programmable controller to do the sequential logic outweighs some of the disadvantages of not having a distributed control system. 第一点，考虑到集散控制系统的初始价格比较高，一些要进行自动控制的过程控制系统的规模并不适合使用DCS。对于小型、底层的应用，一个可编程控制器更为合理。第二点是，人们必须将一些控制环与顺序逻辑控制更紧密地集成。批量控制器就是一个主要的例子，这里顺序量和保持过程参量稳定相互影响，使
57、用可编程控制器做顺序逻辑控制的好处胜于不使用DCS的坏处。MAP（Manufacturing Automation Protocol）制造自动化协议。制造自动化协议是美国通用汽车公司GM提出的一种用于制造自动化的局域网协议 。 MAP基于ISO的OSI基本参考模型，它有七层结构 。While there are concerns about the lack of compatible communications between PLCs from different vendors, the connection at the other end-the I/O is even more
58、fragmented.当人们考虑不同制造商的PLC系统之间的通信兼容性问题时，可别忘了，I/O接口终端的连接更为困难。注：fragment，形容词，意思是碎片，意指各个I/O段无法通信。Part 4 Electric DriveUNIT 1 A: DC MachineNew Words:slot n. 槽 periphery n. 圆周armature n. 电枢iron core 铁芯 Laminate v. 分成薄片eddy n. 涡流 conductor n. 导体flux n. 磁通commutator n. 换向器、整流子brush n. 碳刷quadrature n. 正交 tur
59、ns n. 匝rheostat n. 变阻器stator n. 定子 rotor n. 转子The brushes are so placed that when the sides of an armature turn (or coil) pass through the middle of the region between field poles, the current though it changes direction. This makes all the conductors under one pole carry current in one direction.电刷
60、是这样安排：当电枢绕组（或者线圈）的边通过励磁磁极区域中部时，流经其的电流就会改变方向。这样就可以保证流经导体的电流在一个磁极下的方向不变。What kinds of vocabulary do we need most?4 vocabulary categoriesHigh-frequency wordsAcademic wordsTechnical wordsLow-frequency wordsHigh-frequency wordsIncluding almost all and many content wordsfunction words: e.g. I, me, butcont
61、ent words: government, forest, production, adoption, represent2500-3000 core wordsThere are around 2,000 word families (A word family consists of a base word, its inflected forms and its closely related derived forms), consisting of almost 80% of the running words.e.g. base words and their typical w
62、ord familiesbase words: think (v) sure (adj)Regular inflection: thinks, thinking surer, surestirregular inflection:thoughtTransparent derivatives:thinker (n) surety (n)Unthinking (adj) assure (v)Academic wordsAcademic words refer to many words that are common in different kinds of academic text, e.g
63、. policy, phase, adjusted, sustained.They consist of about 9% of the running words in the text.Technical wordsTechnical words are the words closely related to the topic and subject area of the textThey consist of about 5% of the running words in the text.Low-frequency wordsinclude all the words that
64、 are Not High-frequency wordsNot academic wordsNot technical words for a particular subjectLow-frequency words consist oftechnical words for other subject areaProper nounsWords that almost get into the high-frequency listWords we rarely meet in our use of the languageTasksSkim the head-words of the
65、academic word listRead PLC on p159 in 10 minutes and underline the words that you consider academic words.B: Induction (Asynchronous) MachineNew Words:rugged a. 坚固的aluminium n. 铝punch v. 打孔shear v. 剪 Such windings make better use of iron and copper and also improve the mmf waveform and smooth out th
66、e torque developed by the machine.这种绕组可以更好地使用铁和铜,并改善磁动势的波形以及平滑电机所产生的力矩。For example, suppose an induction machine is fed from a variable-frequency supply to control the speed of a drive system. To stop the drive system, the frequency of the supply is gradually reduced. In the process, the instantaneo
67、us speed of the drive system is higher than the instantaneous synchronous speed because of the inertia of the drive system. As a result, the generating action of the induction machine will cause the power flow to reverse and the kinetic energy of the drive system will be fed back to the supply.例如，假设
68、给感应电动机加一个频率可变的电压以控制拖动系统的转速。为了使拖动系统停止，逐渐减小频率；此时，由于惯性的缘故拖动系统的瞬时速度比同步瞬时速度要高。结果，由于感应电动机为发电机，功率流将反向，拖动系统的动能将被反馈回电网。作业：将以下中文翻译成英文“该系统由一个高精度的热电偶(thermocouple)和8031单片机组成，采用自适应PID控制算法。”PART 5 Process ControlUNIT 1A: A Process Control SystemNew Words:composition n. 成分 ensuing a. 后续的 ensue vi. 接着发生、结果是 注意区分：en
69、sure vt. 担保、保证fix v. 牢记 heat exchanger 热交换器 condensing steam 冷凝蒸汽inlet n. 入口 outlet n. 出口deviate vt. 使偏离 correct vt. 校正thermometer n. 温度计 thermistor n. 热敏电阻 transmitter n. 变送器final control system 执行机构As we shall see in the ensuing pages, processes are dynamic in nature. Changes are always occurring,
70、 and if actions are not taken, the important process variablesthose related to safely, product quality, and production rateswill not achieve design conditions. 在后续的章节中，我们可以看到过程的特性是动态的。各种参量总是在变化，如果不采取措施，这些重要的，与安全、产量以及生产率有关的过程变量将无法达到设计值。The engineer designing a control system must be sure that the act
71、ion taken affects the variable to be controlled, that is, that the action taken affects the measured value. Otherwise, the system is not controlling and will probably do more harm than good. 工程师在设计控制系统时，必须确保控制行为是可控的，即，控制行为所影响的变量是可测量的。否则的话，系统不但是不可控的，而且还会有有害的结果。 B: Fundamentals of Process ControlNew W
72、ords:flaw n. 缺点、缺陷transducer n. 变换器、转换器、变送器fluid flow 流体 heat transfer 热传递separation process 分离过程reaction process 反应过程 The manipulated variable is the variable used to maintain the controlled variable at its set point.操纵量是指维持被控变量在设置点的变量。UNIT 2 A: Sensors and TransmittersNew Words:pressure n. 压力tempe
73、rature n. 温度 flow n. 流量 level n. 液位differential pressure sensor 差压传感器differential pressure transmitter 差压变送器nominal a. 标称的 A differential pressure sensor measures the differential pressure, h, across an orifice. This differential pressure is related to the square of the volumetric flow rate F. That
74、is F2ah.差压传感器测量一个孔口两边的压力差。该压力差与体积流量的平方成正比。即F2ah。注：F2ah应该是 之误。This expression shows that the gain is not constant but rather a function of flow.该表达式说明，增益不是常量，而是一个流量的函数。PART 5 Process ControlUNIT 3A: P Controllers and PI ControllersNew Words:reverse-acting controller 反作用控制器direct-acting controller 正作用
75、控制器 ultimate gain 临界增益surge tank 平衡箱The proportional controller is the simplest type of controller, with the exception of the on-off controller, which we shall not discuss here.除了关断控制器（我们在此不讨论）之外，比例控制器是最简单的控制器。Since the input and output ranges are the same(315psig or 420mA), the input and output sig
76、nals as well as the set point, are sometimes also expressed in either fraction or percent of range. 因为输入和输出信号的范围是相同的，输入、输出信号以及设置点有时用分数或者百分比来表示。 In cases in which the process can be controlled within a band from the set point, proportional only controller are sufficient. 在一些场合，过程变量仅仅要求控制在设定值的周围，纯比例控制
77、器就足够了。The smaller the value of 1, the steeper the response curve, which means the faster the controller response become.1的值越小，响应曲线就越陡，即意味着控制器响应越快。PART 6 Power Supplying Technology and Intelligent BuildingUNIT 1A: Electric Distribution SystemNew Words:substation 子站、变电站 neutral conductor 零线、中线 flicker
78、 vi. 闪烁 objectionable a. 令人不愉快的、讨厌的pit n. 坑 drain n. 排水沟brain drain 人才流失voltage surge 浪涌电压insulator 绝缘子dispatcher n. 调度员The use of voltage in the 35kV class is increasing for its lower electric loss.由于35kV电压等级的电能损耗小，所以其应用正在增加。To achieve this result, distribution systems are designed for a plus and m
79、inus voltage spread from the nominal voltage. This is accomplished by proper wire size for the circuits, application of capacitors, both permanently connected and switched, and the use of voltage regulators.为了达到这个结果，配电系统设计在一个标称电压附近波动。这可以通过合理地选择导线尺寸、使用电容和电压调节器来达到。 The electric power substation is an
80、assembly of equipment in an electric power system through which electrical energy is passed for transmission, distribution, interconnection, transformation, conversion, or switching. 电力变电站是电力系统中的一个组成，通过变电站对电能进行传输、分配、连接、变换、转换以及开断等操作。作业:汉译英：和原来的系统相比，温度控制精度提高到0.5，能量消耗下降4%翻译下列中文术语：矩阵、向量、特征值、特征方程、行列式、坐标、
81、共扼复数、微分方程、分子、分母、多项式。“本文介绍了一种新型的触觉测量装置。”主动：This paper introduces a new type tactile sensor.被动：A new type tactile sensor is introduced (in this paper).“本文讨论控制系统稳定性判别方法。”主动：This paper discusses several criteria of the control system stability.被动：Several criteria of the control system stability are disc
82、ussed (in this paper).该系统由一个高精度的热电偶和8031单片机组成，采用自适应PID控制算法。The system is composted of a high accuracy thermocouple and a 8031 single chip computer while adaptive PID control algorithm is employed. 和原来的系统相比，温度控制精度提高到0.5，能量消耗下降4%”Comparing with the original system, the temperature control accuracy of system is up to0.5 while the energy consuming is decreased by 4%.和原来的系统相比，温度控制精度提高到0.5，能量消耗下降4%”Comparing with the original system, the temperature control accuracy of system is up to0.5 while the energy consuming is decreased by 4%.考试阅读理解翻译摘要或写作
