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1、 What we discuss in the first part? 心动周期- cardiac cyclecardiac cycle 心音- heart soundsheart soundsCan you describe a cardiac cycle in a simple way?Cardiac Cycle and Heart SoundsCardiac Cycle and Heart Soundsvocabularysimultaneoussimultaneous constrictionconstriction of the two atria of the two atriaa
2、tria relaxatria relax simultaneous simultaneous contraction ofcontraction ofthe two ventriclesthe two ventricles ventricles relax ventricles relax constriction of the two constriction of the two atria(atria(inin cycle cycle) )Cardiac Cycle and Heart SoundsCardiac Cycle and Heart SoundsThe movement o
3、f blood veinvein the atria the atria thethe ventricles ventricles arteriesarteriesFrom From veinvein into both into both atriaatria blood blood accumulates its pressure forces accumulates its pressure forces open the right and left AV valves open the right and left AV valves Atria constractAtria con
4、stract the remainingthe remaining blood blood flows intoflows into the the ventriclesventriclesAVAV valves- valves- atrioventricalatrioventrical valves valves (心房与心室瓣膜）Cardiac Cycle and Heart SoundsCardiac Cycle and Heart SoundsAtriaAtria relax relax the ventricles the ventricles begin to contractbe
5、gin to contract force blood against the flaps of the right force blood against the flaps of the right and left and left AV valvesAV valves and close them and close them blood blood opensopens the aortic and pulmonary the aortic and pulmonary semi-lunarsemi-lunar valvesvalves the the ventricles ventr
6、icles continue to contract continue to contract blood into the blood into the arteriesarteriesCardiac Cycle and Heart SoundsCardiac Cycle and Heart SoundsCardiac CycleWhy the proper functioning of the ventricles is much more crucial to survival than is atrial functioning?Cardiac Cycle and Heart Soun
7、dsCardiac Cycle and Heart SoundsSystoleSystole(心脏收缩）-ContractionDiastoleDiastole (心 脏 舒 张 ） -relaxationBloodsBloods pressure readings pressure readings ( (血压读数）血压读数）Cardiac Cycle and Heart SoundsCardiac Cycle and Heart Soundsatrialatrial/ ventricular systole/ ventricular systoleatrialatrial/ ventric
8、ular diastole/ ventricular diastoleHow do they work ? (L.29)How do they work ? (L.29)SystoleSystole (心脏收缩）DiastoleDiastole (心脏舒张）Cardiac Cycle and Heart SoundsCardiac Cycle and Heart SoundsWhen When the the atriaatria are are in in systolesystole, , the the ventricles ventricles are are in in diasto
9、lediastole; ; and and when when the the ventriclesventricles are are in in systole, systole, the the atria atria are in diastole.are in diastole.The The cardiacardia cycle cycle also also creates creates the heart the heart soundssoundsTwo soundsTwo soundsCardiac Cycle and Heart SoundsCardiac Cycle
10、and Heart Sounds1.By By ventricular ventricular systole systole closing closing the the AV valvesAV valves2.By By the the closure closure of of the the aortic aortic and and pulmonary semi-lunar valves.pulmonary semi-lunar valves.The cardiac cycle is regulated The cardiac cycle is regulated by by my
11、ocardiummyocardium ( (心肌层）心肌层）Cardiac muscle cells (Cardiac muscle cells (心肌细胞）心肌细胞）have the ability to contract have the ability to contract spontaneously (spontaneously (that is, the that is, the heart generates its own beatheart generates its own beat) )Cardiac Conduction Pathway Cardiac Conducti
12、on Pathway ( (心脏的传导途径）心脏的传导途径）心脏的传导途径）心脏的传导途径）SinoatrialSinoatrial (SA) (SA) node node ( ( 窦房结）窦房结）心脏的自然起搏器心脏的自然起搏器1. 1. It It isis Located in the wall of the Located in the wall of the right atriumright atrium2. It has the most rapid rate of 2. It has the most rapid rate of contractioncontraction.
13、.Cardiac Conduction Pathway Cardiac Conduction Pathway ( (心脏的传导途径）心脏的传导途径）心脏的传导途径）心脏的传导途径）AtrioventricularAtrioventricular (AV)(AV) node node ( (房室结）房室结）It It isis Located in the lower Located in the lower interatrialinteratrial septumseptum ( (心房间隔膜）心房间隔膜） Cardiac Conduction Pathway Cardiac Conduct
14、ion Pathway ( (心脏的传导途径）心脏的传导途径）心脏的传导途径）心脏的传导途径）ithinithin the upper the upper interventricularinterventricular septum is septum is the Bundle of Histhe Bundle of His (AV (AV bundle) (bundle) (希斯束）希斯束）. .（L.56)L.56)Cardiac Conduction Pathway Cardiac Conduction Pathway ( (心脏的传导途径）心脏的传导途径）心脏的传导途径）心脏的传导
15、途径） Blood from Blood from the Bundle of Histhe Bundle of His Purkinje fibersPurkinje fibers ( (普肯野纤维）普肯野纤维）the the rest of the rest of the ventricular myocardiumventricular myocardium （心室心肌层）（心室心肌层）bring about bring about ventricular systole.ventricular systole.Cardiac Conduction Pathway Cardiac Con
16、duction Pathway ( (心脏的传导途径）心脏的传导途径）心脏的传导途径）心脏的传导途径） Arrhythmias Arrhythmias ( (心律失常）心律失常）heart palpitationsheart palpitations ( (心悸心悸) )-usually not serious-usually not seriousventricular fibrillationventricular fibrillation ( (心室纤维颤动）心室纤维颤动）-much more serious-much more seriousCardiac Conduction Pat
17、hway Cardiac Conduction Pathway ( (心脏的传导途径）心脏的传导途径）心脏的传导途径）心脏的传导途径）A healthy heartA resting heart rate (静息状态下的心率）of 60 to 80 bpm.Heart RateHeart Rate（心率）（心率）（心率）（心率）A healthy heartA resting heart rate (静息状态下的心率）of 60 to 80 bpm.The higher rate is not The higher rate is not related to age, but rather
18、to related to age, but rather to size.size.Heart RateHeart Rate（心率）（心率）（心率）（心率）Why a certain level of Why a certain level of cardiac output is needed at cardiac output is needed at all times?all times?1. To transport oxygen1. To transport oxygen to to tissuestissues 2. to remove waste products.2. to
19、 remove waste products.Cardiac Output ( Cardiac Output ( 心输出量）心输出量）心输出量）心输出量）How to calculate cardiac output?How to calculate cardiac output?1. Pulse rate (1. Pulse rate (脉搏率）脉搏率）2. how much blood is pumped per beat2. how much blood is pumped per beat (stroke volume- (stroke volume-每搏量）每搏量）Formula:F
20、ormula:心输出量心输出量每搏量每搏量每搏量每搏量 心率心率心率心率Cardiac Output ( Cardiac Output ( 心输出量）心输出量）心输出量）心输出量）What is the average resting cardiac What is the average resting cardiac output? output? 5 to 6 5 to 6 liters perliters per minute minuteWhy the athlete has a low resting Why the athlete has a low resting pulse?
21、 pulse? 为什么运动员心率较低？为什么运动员心率较低？Cardiac Output ( Cardiac Output ( 心输出量）心输出量）心输出量）心输出量）Why the athlete has a low resting Why the athlete has a low resting pulse? pulse? 为什么运动员心率较低？为什么运动员心率较低？The athletes The athletes resting stroke volumeresting stroke volume is significantly higher than the is signifi
22、cantly higher than the average.average. (The heart pumps more (The heart pumps more blood with each beat.-it can blood with each beat.-it can maintain a normal resting cardiac maintain a normal resting cardiac output with fewer beats)output with fewer beats)Cardiac Output ( Cardiac Output ( 心输出量）心输出
23、量）心输出量）心输出量）How the heart respond to exercise?How the heart respond to exercise? (L. 115) (L. 115)Heart rate increases during exercise.Heart rate increases during exercise.Cardiac Output ( Cardiac Output ( 心输出量）心输出量）心输出量）心输出量）What is What is Starlings Law of the HeartStarlings Law of the Heart? ? (
24、(斯塔林心脏定律斯塔林心脏定律L. 117)L. 117)cardiac muscle fibers (cardiac muscle fibers (心肌纤维）心肌纤维）venous return (venous return (静脉回流）静脉回流）Formula:Formula: 心输出量心输出量心输出量心输出量100ml100bpm100ml100bpmThis exercise This exercise cardiac outputcardiac output is is greatly increased.greatly increased.Cardiac Output ( Card
25、iac Output ( 心输出量）心输出量）心输出量）心输出量）How the heart respond to exercise?How the heart respond to exercise?The The rate rate of of contractioncontraction can can be be changed changed to to adapt adapt to to different situations.different situations.The The nervous nervous systemsystem can can bring bring
26、 about necessary changes.about necessary changes.Regulation of heart rate (Regulation of heart rate (心率的调节）心率的调节）心率的调节）心率的调节）Medulla Medulla two cardiac centerscardiac centers ( (心搏中枢）心搏中枢）The accelerator center（加速中枢）（加速中枢）The inhibitory center（抑制中枢）（抑制中枢）impulsesimpulses heartheart along autonomic
27、nervesalong autonomic nerves ( (自主神经自主神经）Regulation of heart rate (Regulation of heart rate (心率的调节）心率的调节）心率的调节）心率的调节）Autonomic nervous system (Autonomic nervous system (自主神经系统自主神经系统）1 1SympatheticSympathetic impulses from impulses from accelerator center-increase the accelerator center-increase the
28、heart rateheart rate2.2. Parasympathetic Parasympathetic impulses from the impulses from the inhibitory center-decrease the inhibitory center-decrease the heart rate.heart rate.Regulation of heart rate (Regulation of heart rate (心率的调节）心率的调节）心率的调节）心率的调节）What What information information is is receive
29、d received by by the the medulla to initiate changes?medulla to initiate changes?脑脑髓髓质质接接受受了了什什么么信信息息才才引引起起这这些些变变化化呢呢？ Regulation of heart rate (Regulation of heart rate (心率的调节）心率的调节）心率的调节）心率的调节）What What information information is is received received by by the the medulla to initiate changes?medul
30、la to initiate changes?Changes Changes in in blood blood pressurepressure and and oxygen oxygen level level of of the the bloodblood are are stimuli stimuli for for changes changes in heart rate.in heart rate.血压的变化血压的变化血压的变化血压的变化和和和和血液中含氧量的变化血液中含氧量的变化血液中含氧量的变化血液中含氧量的变化会会会会刺激心率产生相应的变化。刺激心率产生相应的变化。刺激心
31、率产生相应的变化。刺激心率产生相应的变化。Regulation of heart rate (Regulation of heart rate (心率的调节）心率的调节）心率的调节）心率的调节）PressoreceptorsPressoreceptors ( (压力受体）压力受体）压力受体）压力受体）ChemoreceptorsChemoreceptors（化学受体）（化学受体）（化学受体）（化学受体）They They are are located located in in carotid carotid arteriesarteries ( ( 颈动脉）颈动脉）and and aort
32、ic archaortic arch（主动脉弓）（主动脉弓）（主动脉弓）（主动脉弓）. .Regulation of heart rate (Regulation of heart rate (心率的调节）心率的调节）心率的调节）心率的调节）PressoreceptorsPressoreceptors ( (压力受体）压力受体）压力受体）压力受体）Detect changes in blood pressureDetect changes in blood pressureChemoreceptorsChemoreceptors（化学受体）（化学受体）（化学受体）（化学受体）Detect De
33、tect changes changes in in the the oxygen oxygen content content of the blood of the blood Regulation of heart rate (Regulation of heart rate (心率的调节）心率的调节）心率的调节）心率的调节）PressoreceptorsPressoreceptors generate impulses generate impulses impulsesimpulses travel along the travel along the glossopharyngea
34、lglossopharyngeal nervesnerves to the to the medulamedula stimulate the stimulate the accelerator center accelerator center generate impulses generate impulses impulsesimpulses are carried by sympathetic nerves are carried by sympathetic nerves to the SA node, AV node, and to the SA node, AV node, a
35、nd myocardium.myocardium.Regulation of heart rate (Regulation of heart rate (心率的调节）心率的调节）心率的调节）心率的调节）How How the the sensation sensation of of light-headedness light-headedness passes?passes?The heart will also be theThe heart will also be the effectoreffector in a in a reflex stimulated by a decrea
36、se in the reflex stimulated by a decrease in the oxygen content of the blood.oxygen content of the blood.心脏也是一个效应器，反射血液中含氧心脏也是一个效应器，反射血液中含氧量减少。量减少。 Regulation of heart rate (Regulation of heart rate (心率的调节）心率的调节）心率的调节）心率的调节）How How the the sensation sensation of of light-headedness light-headedness passes?passes?1.oxygen-poor bloodoxygen-poor blood2. right atrium3.valve4.pulmonary artery5.lungs6.oxygen-rich blood7.left atrium8.aortic valve9.aorta10.arteriesKeysKeys
