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1、当代研究生英语读写教程上课件Unit2TextA教案Unit 2BookOneContentWarming-upWarming-upReadingReadingWritingWritingTextATextATextBTextBBookOneWarming-upBookOnenWatchthistalkshowprogramanddiscussinwhatwaysthefriendshipsbetweenmensfriendshipandwomensaredifferent.BookOne1. Questions: 1) Who do you prefer to chat with, peop
2、le of your own gender or the opposite gender? Is your best friend of your own gender? 2) Do you have any difficulty in communicating with people of the opposite gender? 3) Have you noticed any similarities or differences between your ways of communicating with your boy friends and girl friends? 2. E
3、ach group appoint one representative to give a presentation about the groups discussion. Group discussion BookOneWHYISITSOHARDFORMENANDWOMENTOTALKTOEACHOTHER?DeborahTannenBookOneReadingText ATextStudyTextStudyMainIdea&StructureMainIdea&StructureSentenceAnalysisSentenceAnalysisLanguagePointsLanguageP
4、ointsBookOne Main Idea and StructurenFirstreading:Scanthetextandtrytocatchthemainidea. The following words are for your reference toorganizetheidea: Communication crisis，in public, at home, childhood socializtion, norms, expectation, cross-cultural communication, accept, understandnSecondreading:rea
5、dthepassageagainandtrytoidentifythestructureofthispassage.For your referenceFor your referenceBookOneThis article focuses on the communication crisis in marriage, and analyze the reasons behind it. It finds that due to the difference in childhood socializtion men and women have different interactive
6、 norms and expectation. And these difference make male-female talk like cross-cultural communication. To solve this problem, both men and women need to accept the difference and try to understand each other. MainIdeaBookOneStructureA small episode of the crisis Para. 6-18The sound of silence Mainide
7、a:Men tend to talk More in public situations than at home. Lack of communication has become a crisis in marriage. Mainidea:Male-female communication is like cross-cultural communication. Men and women have different way of communication, conversation habits and dexpectation of good commuincation.Mai
8、nidea:The communication problems require a new conceptual framework about the role of talking in marriage. Women need to accept the difference and understand their hunsbands.Linguistic battle between men and women Para. 19-22Para. 1-5BookOneText StudyBookOne1IwasaddressingasmallgatheringinasuburbanV
9、irginialivingroomawomensgroupthathadinvitedmentojointhem.Throughouttheevening,onemanhadbeenparticularlytalkative,frequentlyofferingideasandanecdotes,whilehiswifesatsilentlybesidehimonthecouch.Towardtheendoftheevening,Icommentedthatwomenfrequentlycomplainthattheirhusbandsdonttalktothem.Thismanquickly
10、concurred.Hegesturedtowardhiswifeandsaid,“Shesthetalkerinourfamily.”Theroomburstintolaughter;themanlookedpuzzledandhurt.“Itstrue,”heexplained.“WhenIcomehomefromworkIhavenothingtosay.Ifshedidntkeeptheconversationgoing,wedspendthewholeeveninginsilence.”2ThisepisodecrystallizestheironythatalthoughAmeri
11、canmentendtotalkmorethanwomeninpublicsituations,theyoftentalklessathome.Andthispatterniswreakinghavocwithmarriage.BookOneParas.3-53SociologistCatherineKohierRiessman,whoreportsinhernewbookDivorceTalkthatmostofthewomensheinterviewedbutonlyafewofthemengavelackofcommunicationasthereasonfortheirdivorces
12、.4Inmyownresearch,complaintsfromwomenabouttheirhusbandsmostoftenfocusednotontangibleinequitiessuchashavinggivenupthechanceforacareertoaccompanyahusbandtohis,ordoingfarmorethantheirshareofdailylife.Instead,theyfocusedoncommunication:“Hedoesntlistentome,”“Hedoesnttalktome.”Ifoundthatmostwiveswanttheir
13、husbandstobe,firstandforemost,conversationalpartners,butfewhusbandssharethisexpectationoftheirwives.5Inshort,theimagethatbestrepresentsthecurrentcrisisisthestereotypicalcartoonsceneofamansittingatthebreakfasttablewithanewspaperheldupinfrontofhisface,whileawomanglaresatthebackofit,wantingtotalk.BookO
14、neParas.6-8LinguisticBattleBetweenMenandWomen6Howcanwomenandmenhavesuchdifferentimpressionsofcommunicationinmarriage?Whyisthereawidespreadimbalanceintheirinterestsandexpectations?7IntheApril1990issueofAmericanPsychologist,StanfordUniversitysEleanorMaccobyreportstheresultsofherownandothersresearchsho
15、wingthatchildrensdevelopmentismostinfluencedbythesocialstructureofpeerinteractions.Boysandgirlstendtoplaywithchildrenoftheirowngender,andtheirsex-separategroupshavedifferentorganizationalstructuresandinteractivenorms.8Ibelievethesesystematicdifferencesinchildhoodsocializationmaketalkbetweenwomenandm
16、enlikecross-culturalcommunication.Myresearchonmensandwomensconversationsuncoveredpatternssimilartothosedescribedforchildrensgroups.BookOneParas.9-119Forwomen,asforgirls,intimacyisthefabricofrelationships,andtalkisthethreadfromwhichitiswoven.Littlegirlscreateandmaintainfriendshipsbyexchangingsecrets;
17、similarly,womenregardconversationasthecornerstoneoffriendship.Soawomanexpectsherhusbandtobeanewandimprovedversionofabestfriend.Whatisimportantisnottheindividualsubjectsthatarediscussedbutthesenseofcloseness,ofalifeshared,thatemergeswhenpeopletelltheirthoughts,feelings,andimpressions.10Bondsbetweenbo
18、yscanbeasintenseasgirls,buttheyarebasedlessontalking,moreondoingthingstogether.Sincetheydontassumetalkisthecementthatbindsarelationship,mendontknowwhatkindoftalkwomenwant,andtheydontmissitwhenitisntthere.11Boysgroupsarelarger,moreinclusive,andmorehierarchical,soboysmuststruggletoavoidthesubordinatep
19、ositioninthegroup.Thismayplayaroleinwomenscomplaintsthatmendontlistentothem.BookOnePara.1212Oftenwhenwomentellmen,“Youarentlistening,”andthemenprotest“Iam”,themenareright.Theimpressionofnotlisteningresultsfrommisalignmentsinthemechanicsofconversation.Thismisalignmentbeginsassoonasamanandawomantakeph
20、ysicalpositions.WhenIstudiedvideotapesmadebypsychologistBruceDorvalofchildrenandadultstalkingtotheirsame-sexbestfriends,Ifoundateveryage,thegirlsandwomenfacedeachotherdirectly,theireyesanchoredoneachothersfaces.Ateveryage,theboysandmensatatanglestoeachotherandlookedelsewhereintheroom,periodicallygla
21、ncingateachother.Butthetendencyofmentofaceawaycangivewomentheimpressiontheyarentlisteningevenwhentheyare.Ayoungwomanincollegewasfrustrated:whenevershetoldherboyfriendshewantedtotalktohim,hewouldliedownonthefloor,closehiseyes,andputhisarmoverhisface.Thissignaledtoher,“Hestakinganap.”Butheinsistedhewa
22、slisteningextrahard.Normally,helooksaroundtheroom,soheiseasilydistracted.Lyingdownandcoveringhiseyeshelpedhimconcentrateonwhatshewassaying.BookOnePara.13-1513Switchingtopicsisanotherhabitthatgiveswomentheimpressionmenarentlistening,especiallyiftheyswitchtoatopicaboutthemselves.Thegirlsinmystudytende
23、dtotalkatlengthaboutonetopic,buttheboystendedtojumpfromtopictotopic.14Mystudyofthe10th-gradechildrenfoundthatwhenagirltoldafriendaboutaproblem,thefriendrespondedbyaskingprobingquestionsandexpressingagreementandunderstanding.Buttheboysdismissedeachothersproblems.ToddassuredRichardthathisdrinkingwas“n
24、obigproblem”.AndwhenToddsaidhefeltleftout,Richardresponded,“Whyshouldyou?Youknowmorepeoplethanme.”15Womenperceivedsuchresponsesasbelittlingandunsupportive.Buttheboysseemedsatisfiedwiththem.Whereaswomenreassureeachotherbyimplying,“YoushouldntfeelbadbecauseIvehadsimilarexperiences,”mendosobyimplying,“
25、Youshouldntfeelbadbecauseyourproblemsarentsobad.”BookOnePara.16-1716Thereareevensimplerreasonsforwomensimpressionthatmendontlisten.LinguistLynetteHirschmanfoundthatwomenmakemorelistener-noise,suchas“mhm”,“uhuh”,and“yeah”,toshow“Imwithyou”.Men,shefound,moreoftengivesilentattention.Womenwhoexpectastre
26、amoflistener-noiseinterpretsilentattentionasnoattentionatall.17Womensconversationalhabitsareasfrustratingtomenasmensaretowomen.Menwhoexpectsilentattentioninterpretastreamoflistener-noiseasoverreactionorimpatience.Also,whenwomentalktoeachotherinaclose,comfortablesetting,theyoftenoverlap,finisheachoth
27、erssentencesandanticipatewhattheotherisabouttosay.Thispractice,whichIcall“participatorylistenership”,isoftenperceivedbymenasinterruption,intrusionandlackofattention.BookOnePara.18 18Aparalleldifferencecausedamantocomplainabouthiswife,“Shejustwantstotalkaboutherownpointofview.IfIshowheranotherview,sh
28、egetsmadatme.”Whenmostwomentalktoeachother,theyassumeaconversationalistsjobistoexpressagreementandsupport.Butmanymenseetheirconversationaldutyaspointingouttheothersideofanargument.Thisisheardasdisloyaltybywomen,andrefusaltooffertherequisitesupport.Itisnotthatwomendontwanttoseeotherpointsofview,butth
29、attheypreferthemphrasedassuggestionsandinquiriesratherthanasdirectchallenges.BookOneParas.19-20 TheSoundsofSilence19Thesedifferencesbegintoclarifywhywomenandmenhavesuchdifferentexpectationsaboutcommunicationinmarriage.Forwomen,talkcreatesintimacy.Marriageisanorgyofcloseness:youcantellyourfeelingsand
30、thoughts,andstillbeloved.Theirgreatestfearisbeingpushedaway.Butmenliveinahierarchicalworld,wheretalkmaintainsindependenceandstatus.Theyareonguardtoprotectthemselvesfrombeingputdownandpushedaround.20Thisexplainstheparadoxofthetalkativemanwhosaidofhissilentwife,“Shesthetalker.”Inthepublicsetting,hefel
31、tchallengedtoshowhisintelligenceanddisplayhisunderstanding.Butathome,wherehehasnothingtoproveandnoonetodefendagainst,heisfreetoremainsilent.Forhiswife,beinghomemeanssheisfreefromtheworrythatsomethingshesaysmightoffendsomeone,orsparkdisagreement,orappeartobeshowingoff;athomesheisfreetotalk.BookOnePar
32、as.21-22n21Thecommunicationproblemsthatendangermarriagecantbefixedbymechanicalengineering.Theyrequireanewconceptualframeworkabouttheroleoftalkinhumanrelationships.Manyofthepsychologicalexplanationsmaynotbehelpful,becausetheytendtoblameeitherwomen(fornotbeingassertiveenough)ormen(fornotbeingintouchwi
33、ththeirfeelings).Asociolinguisticapproachbywhichmale-femaleconversationisseenascross-culturalcommunicationallowsustounderstandtheproblemandforgesolutionswithoutblamingeitherparty.n22Oncetheproblemisunderstood,improvementcomesnaturally.Womenwhofeelabandonedanddeprivedwhentheirhusbandswontlistentoorre
34、portdailynewsmaybehappytodiscovertheirhusbandstryingtoadaptoncetheyunderstandtheplaceofsmalltalkinwomensrelationships.Butiftheirhusbandsdontadapt,thewomenmaystillbecomfortedthatformen,thisisnotafailureofintimacy.Acceptingthedifference,thewivesmaylooktotheirfriendsorfamilyforthatkindoftalk.Andhusband
35、swhocantprovideitshouldntfeeltheirwiveshavemadeunreasonabledemands.Somecoupleswillstilldecidetodivorce,butatleasttheirdecisionswillbebasedonrealisticexpectations.BookOneSentence AnalysisBookOne1.Andthispatterniswreakinghavocwithmarriage.(Para. 2, Line 2)pattern:phenomenonwreak:Tobringabout;cause,giv
36、eeffectto带来；引起；造成：e.g.Theyhavewreakeddreadfulhavocamongthewildlifebyshootingandtrapping.他们射杀和诱捕野生动物，造成了严重的破坏。havoc:disaster,damage,destruction灾难，破坏，毁坏wreakhavoc带来灾难e.g.Thestormwreakedhavocalongthecoast.暴风雨给海岸带来灾难。Paraphrase:Thispatterniscausingdisasterswithinmarriages.译文：文：这一现象使婚姻受到严重威胁。II. BookOne2
37、.Inmyownresearch,complaintsfromwomenabouttheirhusbandsmostoftenfocusednotontangibleinequitiesashavinggivenupthechanceforacareertoaccompanyahusbandtohis,ordoingfarmorethantheirshareofdailylife.(Para. 4, Line 1-3)tangible:discerniblebythetouch;palpable,practicle通过触摸可以感知的；可触知的；实际的e.g.thetangiblebenefit
38、softheplan该项计划带来的实际利益accompany:gowith,occurordoatthesametime陪同，与一同发生e.g.Everydaythemotheraccompaniedherlittlesontoschool.这位母亲每天送小儿子上学。Willyouaccompanymeindrinkingaglassofwine?愿意陪我喝一杯吗？BookOneParaphrase:Inmyownresearch,womencomplainabouttheirhusbands,notbecausetheygiveuptheirchancesforacareertogototh
39、eplacewherethehusbandswork,ortheyhavetodomostofthehomework.译文：文：在我本人的研究中，女性对丈夫的抱怨大多不是集中在一些实际的不平等现象，例如为了跟随丈夫的事业而放弃了发展自己事业的机会，或者她们所承担的日常生活琐事远远超过她们份内的部分。BookOne3.Theimpressionofnotlisteningresultsfrommisalignmentsinthemechanicsofconversation.(Para. 12, Line 2-3)misalignment:failuretocoincidewitheachoth
40、er未对准；错位mechanics:themethodor/andtechnicalaspectsofanactivity某种活动的方法与技术Paraphrase:Womenhavetheimpressionthatmenarenotlisteningwhentheytalkbecausethemethodmenadoptinconversationisdifferentfromwomens.译文文:这种给人没有在听的印象是由于男女对话方式的不同而引起的。BookOne4.Womenperceivedsuchresponsesasbelittlingandunsupportive.(Para.
41、15,Line1)perceive:Toachieveunderstandingof;apprehend,see获得对的理解；理解belittle:Torepresentorspeakofascontemptiblysmallorunimportant轻视，小看：当作渺小或不重要来描述或叙说；e.g.apersonwhobelittledoureffortstodothejobright.一个小看我们为做好工作而付出的努力的人unsupportive:拒绝提供支持的，不支持的Paraphrase:Womentakesuchresponsesasseeingtheirproblemunimpor
42、tantandrefusingtosupportthem.译文文:女性把这种回答看作是轻视她们的问题和不支持她们。BookOne5.“Aparalleldifferencecausedamantocomplainabouthiswife,.” (Para. 18, Line 1)parallel:(adj.)havingthesamedirection,tendency,orcause具有同样的方向、倾向e.g.Theyhaveparallelinterests.他们有相同的兴趣。Paraphrase:Anotherdifference,similartothedifferenceinconv
43、ersationalhabitsdiscussedinparagraph17,makesamancomplainabouthiswife,.译文文:同样，男女之间的差别也使丈夫抱怨妻子BookOne6.Itisnotthatwomendontwanttoseeotherpointsofview,butthattheypreferthemphrasedassuggestionsandinquiriesratherthanasdirectchallenges.(Para. 18, Line 5-7)这是个复合句。主句是“Itisnotthatbutthat”，从句“preferratherthan
44、”修饰”butthat”，句中“them”指代“otherpointsofview”。phrase:expressParaphrase:Itisnotthatwomendontwanttoseeotherpointsofview,butthattheyprefertohearthesedifferentpointsofviewexpressedintheformofsuggestionsandinquiries,notdirectchallenges.译文文:这不是因为女性不想听到别的观点，而是因为女性更喜欢将这些观点以建议或询问的言词表达出来，而不是以直接了当的挑战形式表达出来。BookOn
45、eLanguage PointsBookOnedistractvt.drawsomeonesattentionawayfromsomething分散（注意力等，使分心）e.g.Childrenaresoeasilydistracted.儿童的注意力很不容易集中。Thefilmmanagedtodistractmefromtheseproblemsforawhile.这部影片分散了我的注意力，让我暂时忘记了这些难题。vt.disturbinmindormakeuneasyorcausetobeworriedoralarmed弄糊涂，使心神不安，担心e.g.Hewasdistractedbetwe
46、entwoobjects.他被这两件东西所迷惑。Griefdistractedhim.悲伤使他精神错乱。BookOnereassurevt.restoreconfidenceto;dispeltheapprehensionsof安慰，使放心e.g.Theyneedtobereassuredbyparentsandteachersthattheyarestillwanted.他们需要由家长和教师再三给以保证，使之相信他们不是多余的。Hiswordsreassuredme.听了他的话我释然了。Thepolicereassuredheraboutthechildssafety.警察让她放心，她的孩子
47、很安全。BookOneintrusionn.anunwantedeventorpersoninasituationthatisprivate(讨厌的事或人的)干扰，侵扰into/on/upone.g.SheconsideredPamspresenceinthekitchenanintrusion.她认为帕姆待在厨房是一种干扰。Iresentedthisintrusionintomydomesticaffairs.我讨厌这种对我家事的干扰。ThisistheintrusionofWesternvaluesonaculturethathasexistedforcenturies.这是西方价值观对一
48、种已存在几百年的文化的侵袭。v.intrude(into/on/upon)闯入，侵入，侵扰，打扰，把强加于e.g.Atranslatorshouldntintrudehisownopinionsintowhathestranslating.译者不应该擅自把自己的意思加进译文中。Hehadnowishtointrudeontheirprivacy.他原本就不想触犯他们私人活动的自由。BookOneinclusiveadj.includingmuchoreverything;andespeciallyincludingstatedlimits包括的，包含的e.g.Reservedoubleroom
49、,Junefourthtotenthinclusive.预订双人房间，六月四日至十日anall-inclusivecharge包括一切费用在内的价格inclusiveofe.g.Therentis50RMBaweek,inclusiveofheatingandlighting.房租每星期50元，包括暖气费和照明费Themonthlyrentis$20inclusiveofeverything.月房租总共二十美元，包括一切费用在内。例例题：Theteamconsistsof15people,inclusive_thecaptain.A.ofB.inC.forD.from句意：句意：那支队伍包括船
50、长在内共有15人。A.ofBookOne例例题:1.Theadvertisements,alongthebridge,havetobedoneawaywith,fortheysometimes_theattentionofmotorists.A.attractB.distractC.absorbD.avert句意：句意：桥两边的广告必须拆除，因为他们分散驾车者的注意力。2.Althoughhewasonadiet,thedeliciousfood_himenormously.A.distractedB.stimulatedC.inspiredD.tempted句意：句意：他虽然在减肥，不过还是
51、强烈地被那些美食吸引。3.Pleasedonotbe_byhisoffensiveremarkssinceheismerelytryingtoattractattention.A.distractedB.disregardedC.irritatedD.intervened句意：句意：请不要因为他冒犯的言辞而心烦，他不过是想吸引别人的注意罢了。B.distractA.distractedA.distractedBookOneclarify makeclearand(more)comprehensible讲清楚，阐明近义词：clearup,elucidatee.g.Theteachersexpla
52、nationclarifythepuzzlingproblem.老师的说明澄清了困扰的问题。IhopethatwhatIsaywillclarifythesituation.我希望我说的话能澄清这一情况。Theexplanationinthefootnoteclarifiedthedifficultsentence.注脚的解释使这一难句容易明了。例例题：Highgradesaresupposedto_academicability,butJohnsactualperformancedidnotconfirmthis.A.certifyB.clarifyC.classifyD.notify句意：
53、句意：高分应该高能，但是约翰的实际表现却不尽然。B.clarifyBookOnefrustratevt.preventfromaccomplishingapurposeorfulfillingadesire挫败，阻挠e.g.Theterribleweatherfrustratedourhopesofgoingout.恶劣的天气使我们外出的愿望无法实现。Theirattemptstospeaktohimwerefrustratedbytheguards.他们想跟他说话，但被警卫拦住了。vt.makesomebodyannoyedorangrybecauseyouareunabletodowhat
54、youwant使得某人恼怒，灰心丧气e.g.Imfeelingratherfrustratedinmypresentjob;Ineedachange.我感到现在干得很不顺心，需要换一换工作。Hewasfrustratedbyhispoverty.他因贫穷而灰心丧气。BookOnefrustrating:discouragingbyhindering使人沮丧的，令人泄气的e.g.apieceoffrustratingnews令人沮丧的消息IfinditfrustratingthatIcantspeakotherlanguages.我不会说别的语言，感到很沮丧。Aftertwohoursfrust
55、ratingdelay,ourtrainatlastarrived.经过两小时令人厌烦的耽搁后，我们的火车终于到达了目的地。BookOnedepriveV. ( sb. Of sth. )takeawaypossessionsfromsomeone剥夺，使丧失近义词：strip,diveste.g.Ifyoudonotdrivecarefully,Ishallbeobligedtodepriveyouofyourlicense.如果您不谨慎驾驶，我将不得不没收您的执照。Whatwillastudentdoifheweredeprivedofhisbooks?一个学生如果没有了书籍，将怎么办？V
56、.keepfromhaving,keeping,orobtaining使不能有；使不能享受e.g.Thetreesoutsidethewindowsdeprivethehouseoflight.窗外的树木把房子遮挡得暗然无光。Sicknessdeprivedmeofthepleasureofmeetingyou.疾病使得我未能和你经常欢聚。BookOne例例题：1.Theaccident_himofhissightandtheuseofhislegs.(97年一月份六级真题第45题)A.excludedB.disabledC.deprivedD.gripped句意：句意：那场意外夺去了他的视力
57、和双腿。2.Noonecanfunctionproperlyiftheyare_ofadequatesleep(2000年6月六级真题第57题)A.deprivedB.rippedC.strippedD.contrived句意：句意：没有充足的睡眠，没人能够正常工作。3.Theprisonerwas_ofhiscivillibertyforthreeyears.(2001年1月六级真题第51题)A.dischargedB.derivedC.deprivedD.dispatched句意：句意：这名犯人被剥夺三年人身自由。C.deprivedA.deprivedC.deprivedBookOneU
58、seful ExpressionBookOneburstintotosuddenlybegintomakeasound,especiallytostartsinging,crying,orlaughing突然起来（尤指唱，哭，笑）e.g.Theaudienceburstintoapplause.观众爆发出一阵掌声。Whenshesawmesheburstintotears.她一看见我就放声大哭。Theyburstintolaughters.他们爆发出一阵笑声。Theplanecrashedintothehillsideandburstintoflames.飞机撞到山坡上突然燃起了大火。Ever
59、yoneonthebusburstintosongaswegotclosertohome.当我们快到家时，公车上所有的人都放声大唱起来。BookOneshowshowup:露面，出现showsb.theway:给指路；给做个样子(榜样)showsb.thedoor:让离开showonescolors:说出真实意图givetheshowaway:泄露天机BookOnesenseinallsenses:从任何意义上说ina/one/sense:从某种意义上说innosense:决不（是）makesense:讲得通，有意义makesenseofsth.:理解，弄懂的意思cometoonessense
60、s:恢复理性BookOne lengthatlength:最终；长时间地；详细地keepsb.atarmslength:与保持距离gotoalllengths:（为达到目的）不遗余力，无所顾忌know/findthelengthofsbsfoot:深知某人的弱点；摸清某人的特点BookOneinterpret sth. asregardorexplainsthas把.理解为,解释为e.g.Weinterpretedhissilenceasarefusal.我们认为他的沉默是拒绝的表示。TheECsrefusaltointerveneinBosniashouldnotbeinterpreteda
61、sasignofweakness.不应该把欧共体拒绝干涉波斯尼亚的局势视为软弱的表现。BookOneshow offtotrytoimpresspeopleandmakethemadmireyourabilities,achievementsofpossessions.炫耀，夸耀，卖弄e.g.Peterwaskeentoshowoffhisnewcar.彼得很喜欢炫耀他的新车。Hewroteinthatstylejusttoshowoff.这种文体写文章，完全是为了卖弄文采。PaynoattentiontoSusansheisjustshowingoff.别理苏珊,她只是在卖弄自己。BookO
62、neput downtokeepcriticizingsomeoneinfrontofotherpeople一再当众批评某人，贬低某人putsb.downe.g.Dontputyourselfdown.你不应该贬低你自己。IhatethewayDaveputsmedownthewholetime.我讨厌戴夫老是当众批评我。BookOne译文文 1那是在弗吉尼亚郊区一个住所的客厅里，我正在一次小型聚会上发言这是一次女性的聚会，但也邀请了男性参加。整晚，一位男士表现得极为健谈，他不断地发表自己的看法，讲述奇闻轶事。而他的妻子却安静地坐在他身旁的沙发上。聚会接近尾声时，我说，一些妻子经常抱怨丈夫不与
63、她们交谈，这位男士立刻表示同意。他指着妻子说：“在家里爱说话的是她。”于是满屋子哄堂大笑，这位男士一脸茫然和委屈。“这是真的，”他解释说，“我下班回家后总是无话可说，如果她不说话，我们会整晚沉默。”2这段小插曲反映了一种具有讽刺意味的现象，即美国的男性尽管在公共场合比女性健谈，在家里却比女性说话少。而正是这一现象使婚姻受到严重威胁。BookOne3社会学家凯瑟琳凯尔里兹曼在她的新作离婚谈中说，她采访过的大多数女性将离婚的原因归咎于缺乏交谈，但只有少数男性将此当作离婚的理由。4在我本人的研究中，女性对丈夫的抱怨大多不是集中在一些实际的不平等现象，例如为了跟随丈夫的事业而放弃了发展自己事业的机会，
64、或者她们所承担的日常生活琐事远远超过她们份内的部分。她们的抱怨总是集中在交流问题上，如“他不听我说话”，“他不和我说话”。我发现多数做妻子的都期望丈夫首先是自己的交谈伙伴。但是很少有丈夫对妻子抱有同样的期望。5简言之，最能体现目前这种危机的是一个老套的卡通画面：一个男人坐在早餐桌旁，手中拿着一张报纸看着，而他的妻子愤怒地盯着报纸背面，渴望与他交谈。BookOne两性两性间的唇的唇枪舌舌剑6在婚姻中的交流问题上，为何男女会持有如此不同的观点？为什么男女的兴趣和期望普遍不一致？7斯坦福大学的埃莉诺麦科比在1990年4月美国心理学家刊物上发表了她自己和他人研究的结果。研究结果表明，儿童的发展主要受同
65、龄伙伴交往过程中社交结构的影响。无论男孩女孩都喜欢与同性伙伴玩耍。不同性别的儿童小群体有不同的组织结构和交际准则。8我相信，儿童时代社交过程中的不同规则，导致了两性间的交谈如同跨文化交流一样难。我本人通过对男女对话的研究发现，成年男女对话的模式类似于儿童群体交流过程中的模式。BookOne9成年女性同女孩一样，彼此亲密是她们感情关系的纽带。而交谈是编织这种纽带的线。小女孩通过相互交换秘密来建立和维持友谊。同样，成年女性也把交谈看作友谊的基础。因此，女性期望丈夫成为自己新的、更好的知心朋友。对她们来说重要的不是某个具体的讨论话题，而是在说出自己的想法、感受和印象时所表现出来的那种亲密的、分享生活
66、的感觉。10男孩间的关系和女孩一样紧密。但男孩间的关系与其说建立在交谈基础上，不如说建立在共同动手基础上。既然他们不认为交谈能够巩固感情关系，他们不知道女人需要何种交谈，也不会因为没有交谈而感到遗憾。11男孩的群体比女孩的要大，所包括的人更广泛,也更具有等级特色。因此，男孩们势必要努力争取不在群体中处于从属地位。这也许是为什么女人抱怨男人不听她们说话的根源之一。BookOne12当女的对男的说“你没有在听”，而男的反对说“我在听”时，常常男的是对的。这种给人没有在听的印象是由于男女对话方式的不同而引起的。这种不同在男女各自就位时就已表现出来了。我对心理学家布鲁斯多维尔录制的关于儿童与成人分别与
67、他们的同性好友交谈时的录像带进行了研究。研究发现，无论多大年龄的女孩和成年女性，都采取面对面的姿势，眼睛看着对方的脸。而各种年龄的男孩和成年男子就座时，相互位置都成一定的角度，眼睛看着屋子别的地方，只有时不时瞥对方一眼。男性这种看着别处的习惯，可能给女性一种印象，那就是他们没有在听，即使他们在听也会给人以没有在听的印象。一个年轻的女大学生感到很失望，因为每当她告诉男朋友她想跟他谈谈时，他总是躺在地上，闭上眼睛，并用手臂挡住脸。她对此的理解是，“他想睡一会儿”。而他则坚持说他在非常认真地倾听。在一般情况下，他会环顾屋子四周，所以容易分心。而躺在地上，蒙住眼睛会使他专心致志听女友说话。BookOn
68、e13转移话题是男人的另一种习惯，这种习惯也给女人一个印象：他们没有在听。特别是当他们把话题转移到自己身上时更是如此。在我的研究中，女孩往往就一个话题谈得很详细，而男孩倾向于不断改变话题。14我对10年级的孩子所进行的研究发现，当女孩对朋友倾诉烦恼时，对方总是刨根问底，并且表示同意和理解。男孩却不把对方的问题看得那么严重。例如，托德安慰理查德说他饮酒“不是什么大问题”。当托德说他遭受冷落时，理查德回答说：“你怎么会这么想？你认识的人比我还多。”15女性把这种回答看作是轻视她们的问题和不支持她们。但男性似乎对这种回答很满意。女性的回答暗示：“你不应该感到难过，因为我也有过类似的经历，”从而彼此安
69、慰。而男性通过暗示“你不应该感到难过，因为你的问题并不那么糟糕”来彼此安慰。BookOne16还有更简单的原因来解释为什么女人总觉得男人没有在听。语言学家莱内特赫希曼发现，女性比男性发出更多的倾听者的声音，如“对”，“嗯嗯”，“是”等来表示“我理解”。她发现，男人通常是静静地倾听。而女人期待听到一连串倾听者的声音，她们把静静地听理解为根本没有注意听。17男性的对话习惯使女性感到失望，同样，女性的对话习惯也使男性感到失望。男性期望的是静静地注意听，他们将一连串倾听者的声音理解为过头的反应或是不耐烦。此外，当女性在一个亲密、舒适的环境里交谈时，常常互相搭话，说完对方未说完的句子，并且能够预料到对方
70、要说什么。我把这种做法叫做“参与式倾听”，男性往往将此理解为干扰、冒犯和缺乏注意力。BookOne18同样，男女之间的差别也使丈夫抱怨妻子，“她只想表达她的观点。如果我向她表达另一种不同的观点，她就对我生气。”多数妇女在交谈时，认为谈话伙伴要做的事就是表示赞同和支持。而很多男人则认为，谈话时指出问题的另一面才是他们的责任。在女性看来，这样做是一种不真诚的表现，是拒绝给予必要的支持。这不是因为女性不想听到别的观点，而是因为女性更喜欢将这些观点以建议或询问的言词表达出来，而不是以直接了当的挑战形式表达出来。BookOne沉默的声音沉默的声音19上述这些区别可以解释为什么在婚姻内的交流问题上，男女抱
71、有如此不同的期望。对女性来说，交谈可以使关系亲密。婚姻关系是一种无比密切的关系：你可以说出你的感受和想法，对方会依然爱着你。女性最大的恐惧是被排斥。但是，男人生活在一种等级分明的世界里，谈话的目的是保持自己的独立性与地位。他们必须时刻警惕，保护自己，以免受人压制或受人摆布。20这一点也解释了那个健谈的男人说他那沉默的妻子“她才能说呢”这种矛盾局面。在公共场合，他觉得迫不得已要表现自己的聪颖、展示自己的理解力。但在家里，他不需要证明什么，也不需要提防任何人，所以他不想说话就不说话。对他的妻子来说，在家意味着不必担心自己说的话会得罪别人，或者引发矛盾，或者显得炫耀自己。在家里，她可以想说什么就说什
72、么。BookOne21交流问题威胁着婚姻，但不能通过机械的手段来修补。这些问题要求我们用一种新观念来看待谈话在人际关系中所起的作用。从心理学的角度所作的许多解释都无济于事，因为这些解释往往责怪女性（不够自信），或者责怪男性（不关心她们的感情）。如果从社会语言学的角度，将男女对话看作跨文化交流，我们便会理解这个问题，找到问题的答案，而又不责怪任何一方。22一旦问题得到理解，情况自然有所改善。那些通常因丈夫不倾听或不谈论每天发生的事情而感到被遗弃、感到丧失生活乐趣的女性会高兴地发现，她们的丈夫一旦知道了不起眼的谈话在女性关系中的地位后，正努力地在适应。如果丈夫不适应，妻子仍然能够得到安慰，因为她知
73、道，对男人来说，这不是不亲密的表现。当妻子接受了男女存在区别这一事实后，便会去找自己的朋友或家人说一说话。那些不能够给予妻子谈话快乐的丈夫，也不应该觉得妻子提出了无理要求。仍然会有一些夫妻决定离婚，但起码他们的决定是建立在比较现实的期望基础上的。BookOneText BBookOneReadingTextBTextBLanguagePointsLanguagePointsSentenceAnalysisSentenceAnalysisBookOneSentence AnalysisBookOne1.Iwillarguethatalinecanbedrawnandshouldbedrawnto
74、usegenetransferonlyforthetreatmentofseriousdisease,andnotforanyotherpurpose. (Para. 1, Line 4-6) argue：除了“争论”、“辩论”外，还有 “主张”、“认为”的 意思，在议论文里argue经常被用来表明或提出观点。e.g. Hearguedthatmanwasdescendedfromapes.他论证人类的祖先是猿。drawaline：setalimittowhatwillbedone限制 e.g.Wewouldliketoinviteeverybodytoourparty,butwehaveto
75、drawalinesomewhere.我们愿意邀请所有人参加晚会，但我们必须有所限制。译文：文：我认为可以并且应该限制基因移植仅用于严重疾病的治疗， 而不能用来做别的。BookOne 2. The most obvious exle at the moment would be in the insertion of a growth hormone gene into a normal child in the hope that this would make the child grow larger. (Para. 3, Line 4-6)in the hope that: 寄希望于，
76、希望能寄希望于，希望能类似用法：似用法：in the hope of sth.e.g. A man saves money in the hope that inflation will not wipe it out. 人人们之所以存之所以存钱就是希望它不至于被通就是希望它不至于被通货膨膨胀吞没。吞没。译文：目前最明文：目前最明显的例子就是将某种生的例子就是将某种生长激素基因注入一个正常孩子激素基因注入一个正常孩子体体 内希望他能内希望他能长得更高。得更高。BookOne3.Anditwouldbemorallyprecarious,inthatitwouldrequiremoraldeci
77、sionsoursocietyisnotnowpreparedtomake,anditcouldleadtoanincreaseininequalityanddiscriminatorypractices.(Para. 6, Line 3-5)precarious:dangerouslylackinginsecurityorstability不稳当的，不安全的e.g.aprecariousposture不稳当的姿势precariousfootingontheladder在梯子上没站稳Hewasunabletogetdownfromhisprecariouspositionontherocks.
78、他无法从危险的岩石上下来。BookOneinthat:forthereasonthat;because由于；因为e.g.Mendifferfrombrutesinthattheycanthinkandspeak.人不同于禽兽，在于人会思考、会说话。Hedidntattendthenegotiationinthathewasill.他因为生病，没有参加谈判。译文：文：这在道德上很危险，因为它要求我们这个还没有准备好的社会在道德上进行判断，同时它将加剧社会不公和歧视行为。BookOne4.Whatifahumangenewereclonedthatcouldproduceabrainchemica
79、lresultinginmarkedlyincreasedmemorycapacityinmonkeysaftergenetransfer?(Para. 10, Line 4-6)whatif:如果将会怎样?e.g.Whatifyougointsteadofme?如果你代替我去会怎样？WhatifJackscoresatouchdown?如果杰克底线得分，该怎么办？“thatcouldproduceabrainchemical”是修饰humangene的定语从句，resultingin是修饰werecloned的结果状语从句。译文：文：如果克隆能产生大脑化学物的人类基因并把它移植到猴子的大脑，
80、使得猴子的记忆能力显著增强，那会怎样呢?BookOneLanguage PointsBookOne n.ajointthatholdstwopartstogethersothatonecanswingrelativetotheother铰链，关，关键，枢，枢纽，合，合页e.g.Thedooropenseasilybecausethehingeswereoiled.这门开起来很容易，因开起来很容易，因为合合页上了油。上了油。Acasementisawindowthatopenedbymeansofhingeattheside.竖铰链窗是一种用窗是一种用边上的上的铰链开启的窗开启的窗户。vi.at
81、tachwithahinge,dependon装上合叶；用装上合叶；用铰链接合；取决于接合；取决于e.g.Thisdoorisnotwellhinged.这扇扇门的的铰链不灵活。不灵活。Hehingedhisactiononfuturesales.他的行他的行动取决于将来的取决于将来的销路。路。hingeBookOnehingeon取决于，随取决于，随而定，以而定，以为转移移e.g.Hisacceptancewillhingesontheterms.他接受与否将他接受与否将视条件而定。条件而定。Thisplanhingesonherapproval.这这个个计计划取决于她同意与否划取决于她同意
82、与否。offthehinges脱脱节；损坏；坏；混乱；身体欠佳；惊慌失措混乱；身体欠佳；惊慌失措e.g.Allbusinesshearappearstobeoffthehinges.这里的一切事情都里的一切事情都显得失常。得失常。BookOneawen.anoverwhelmingfeelingofwonderoradmiration敬畏敬畏e.g.Thechildrenstaredattheteacherwithawe.孩子很敬畏地凝孩子很敬畏地凝视着老着老师。Wealllistenedtothevenerablescholarwithawe.我我们都都怀着敬畏之心着敬畏之心倾听着听着这位德
83、高望重的学者的位德高望重的学者的讲话。bestruckwithaweholdsb.inawe畏惧，敬畏畏惧，敬畏对某人敬畏；望而某人敬畏；望而生畏生畏standinaweof/beinaweof对望而生畏；望而生畏；对感到害怕感到害怕vt.inspirewithawe使敬畏，使害怕使敬畏，使害怕e.g.Thesilenceawedtheboy.寂静使寂静使这个小男孩害怕了。个小男孩害怕了。BookOneaweinto:force(sb.)into(astate)throughfearandrespect威吓，使敬畏威吓，使敬畏e.g.Thechildrenwereawedintosilence
84、bythenewteacherscommandingpresence.新老新老师来了，他的来了，他的样子很威子很威严，吓得孩子，吓得孩子们都不敢吱声了。都不敢吱声了。BookOnen.specialskillsorknowledgeinaparticularsubject专门技能技能/知知识e.g.Weareamazedathisexpertiseontheskislope.他斜坡滑雪的技能使我他斜坡滑雪的技能使我们赞叹不已。不已。Aforeigncoachhasspecialknowledgeandexpertise.外国教外国教练具有具有专门的知的知识和和专长。例例题：Theareasof
85、ourmutualcooperationcontinuetoexpand.Wehavealreadyagreedtocooperatemorecloselyintrade,technology,investment,andexchangesofscientificandmanagerial_.A.resultB.knowledgeC.principleD.expertise句意：我句意：我们彼此合作的彼此合作的领域域还在不断增加。我在不断增加。我们已已经商定在商定在贸易、技易、技术、投投资以及科学与管理以及科学与管理专门知知识的交流等方面更密切地合作。的交流等方面更密切地合作。principl
86、eexpertiseBookOnen.unfairtreatmentofapersonorgrouponthebasisofprejudice歧歧视，区，区别对待待近近义词：favoritisme.g.Wearestronglyopposedtoracialdiscrimination.我我们强烈反烈反对种族歧种族歧视。theabilitytodistinguishtwothings辨辨别力，力，识别力力e.g.Hehasafinediscriminationinchoosingwine.他有很好的品酒的他有很好的品酒的鉴别力。力。cultivateasortofdiscrimination培
87、养一种培养一种鉴别能力能力trainartisticdiscrimination培养培养艺术鉴赏能力能力discriminationBookOnedetractvt.take(sb.sattention)away(from)分散，分散，转移（注意）等，使分心移（注意）等，使分心e.g.detractsbsattentionfromtherealissues转移某人移某人对实质性重大性重大问题的注意的注意vi.(from):减减损，诋毁，贬低低e.g.Alittlecrackdetractsfromthevalueofthevase.花瓶上的小裂痕降低了它的价花瓶上的小裂痕降低了它的价值。Tha
88、tdoesnotdetractfromhismerit.那无那无损于他的于他的优点。点。detractfromtheworkofotherpeople诋毁他人的工作他人的工作BookOneadolescent n.ajuvenilebetweentheonsetofpubertyandmaturity;inthestateofdevelopmentbetweenpubertyandmaturity青少年，青春期青少年，青春期近近义词：stripling,teenagere.g.Overgrowthiscommoninadolescents.青少年成青少年成长过快是普遍快是普遍现象。象。adj.relatingtoorpeculiartoorsuggestiveofanadolescent青春期的，青少年的青春期的，青少年的e.g.Manypeoplebelievetheiradolescentperiodsaretheirgoodolddays.很多人很多人认为青少年青少年时期是他期是他们一生中的美好一生中的美好时光。光。BookOneBookOne
