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1、Excellence on a Global ScaleLaboratory Biosafety实验室生物安全Excellence on a Global ScaleObjectives目的n n了解:n nClassifications of biohazardous materialClassifications of biohazardous material 危险生物材料分类危险生物材料分类n nRisk group pathogensRisk group pathogens 病原体危险性分组病原体危险性分组 定义定义n nRoutes of exposureRoutes of exp
2、osure 接触途径接触途径n nBarriers for containmentBarriers for containment 隔离设施隔离设施n nMethods of decontaminationMethods of decontamination 排除污染的方法排除污染的方法2024/8/62024/8/62 2OHS 4OHS 4Excellence on a Global ScaleDefinition定义BiohazardousBiohazardous Materials Materials危险生物材料危险生物材料危险生物材料危险生物材料: : Biological agen
3、ts or substances present in, or Biological agents or substances present in, or arising from, the work environment which arising from, the work environment which presents, or may present, a hazard to the presents, or may present, a hazard to the health or well being of the worker or health or well be
4、ing of the worker or communitycommunity存在、或产生于工作环境，可能导存在、或产生于工作环境，可能导致群体或个人的健康危害的生物介质或物质致群体或个人的健康危害的生物介质或物质2024/8/62024/8/63 3OHS 4OHS 4Excellence on a Global ScaleBiohazardous Agents危险生物介质n nClassified into eight groups分为8组:n ncultured animal cells and the potentially cultured animal cells and the
5、potentially infectious agents these cells may containinfectious agents these cells may contain培养培养的动物细胞，并可能发生感染的动物细胞，并可能发生感染n nprimate body fluids and other potentially primate body fluids and other potentially infected clinical specimensinfected clinical specimens灵长类动物体液和灵长类动物体液和可能传染的医用样品可能传染的医用样品n
6、 nmicroorganisms including Bacteria, Viruses, microorganisms including Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Fungi, RickettsiaeRickettsiae and and ChlamydiaeChlamydiae微生物类包微生物类包括细菌、病毒、真菌、立克次氏体和括细菌、病毒、真菌、立克次氏体和ChlamydiaeChlamydiae等等2024/8/62024/8/64 4OHS 4OHS 4Excellence on a Global ScaleBiohazardous Agents危险生物介
7、质n nParasites寄生虫n nAllergens过敏原、n ntissues from experimental animals including animal dander实验动物组织包括动物头屑n nplant viruses, bacteria and fungi植物病毒、细菌和真菌n ntoxins (bacterial, animal or plant)生物毒素（细菌、动物或植物）2024/8/62024/8/65 5OHS 4OHS 4Excellence on a Global ScaleLaboratory Biosafety实验室生物安全n nTwo main so
8、urces of Biohazardous material in use in most Laboratories实验室常用危险生物材料的两个主要来源:n nPathogens used and tested for in Micro DeptPathogens used and tested for in Micro Dept微生物实验室试验用病原体微生物实验室试验用病原体n nBiological fluid samples (Biological fluid samples (egeg. Plasma, urine), . Plasma, urine), submitted for c
9、hemical analysissubmitted for chemical analysis用于化学分析用于化学分析的生物液体样品（如血浆、尿）的生物液体样品（如血浆、尿）2024/8/62024/8/66 6OHS 4OHS 4Excellence on a Global ScaleLaboratory Biosafety实验室生物安全n nThe risk group of pathogens as classified by The risk group of pathogens as classified by WHOWHO世界卫生组织对病原体危险性分组世界卫生组织对病原体危险性分组
10、世界卫生组织对病原体危险性分组世界卫生组织对病原体危险性分组n nRisk Group 1 Agents Risk Group 1 Agents 第一组介质第一组介质第一组介质第一组介质n n Low individual and community risk Low individual and community risk 低个体和群落风险低个体和群落风险低个体和群落风险低个体和群落风险n nRisk Group 2 AgentsRisk Group 2 Agents第二组介质第二组介质第二组介质第二组介质n nModerate individual risk, limited commu
11、nity riskModerate individual risk, limited community risk中度个中度个中度个中度个体风险，有限群落风险体风险，有限群落风险体风险，有限群落风险体风险，有限群落风险 n nRisk Group 3 AgentsRisk Group 3 Agents第三组介质第三组介质第三组介质第三组介质n nHigh individual risk, low community riskHigh individual risk, low community risk高个体风险，低群高个体风险，低群高个体风险，低群高个体风险，低群落风险落风险落风险落风险n
12、nRisk Group 4 AgentsRisk Group 4 Agents第四组介质第四组介质第四组介质第四组介质n nHigh individual risk, high community riskHigh individual risk, high community risk高个体风险，高高个体风险，高高个体风险，高高个体风险，高群落风险群落风险群落风险群落风险2024/8/62024/8/67 7OHS 4OHS 4Excellence on a Global ScaleRisk Group 1 Agents第一组介质第一组介质n nNon-pathogenic bacteria
13、, fungiNon-pathogenic bacteria, fungi非病原体细菌、真菌非病原体细菌、真菌n nNo special facilities, equipment or procedures are No special facilities, equipment or procedures are requiredrequired无需特殊设备或操作无需特殊设备或操作n nStandard well-designed experimental animal and Standard well-designed experimental animal and laborator
14、y facilities and basic safe laboratory practices laboratory facilities and basic safe laboratory practices sufficesuffice标准的设计合理的实验动物、实验设备及满足基本标准的设计合理的实验动物、实验设备及满足基本安全试验操作安全试验操作n nHand-washing facilities must be providedHand-washing facilities must be provided必须提供洗手池必须提供洗手池n nDisinfectants must be p
15、roperly usedDisinfectants must be properly used必须合理使用消毒剂必须合理使用消毒剂2024/8/62024/8/68 8OHS 4OHS 4Excellence on a Global ScaleRisk Group 2 Agents第二组介质第二组介质n nE. Coli, Salmonella, ringworm fungi, influenza virus, herpes E. Coli, Salmonella, ringworm fungi, influenza virus, herpes simplex virussimplex vir
16、us大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、 ringwormringworm真菌、流行性真菌、流行性感冒病毒和单纯疱疹病毒感冒病毒和单纯疱疹病毒n nLaboratory separated from other activities, biohazard sign, Laboratory separated from other activities, biohazard sign, room surfaces impervious and readily cleanableroom surfaces impervious and readily cleanable实验室与其实验室与其它活
17、动分开，贴有危险生物标志，室内台面防渗，随时可进它活动分开，贴有危险生物标志，室内台面防渗，随时可进行清洁行清洁n nEquipment should include an autoclave, certified HEPA Equipment should include an autoclave, certified HEPA filtered class I or II biological safety cabinet filtered class I or II biological safety cabinet 实验设施包括实验设施包括高压灭菌锅、高压灭菌锅、 高效空气过滤器、一级
18、或二级生物安全柜高效空气过滤器、一级或二级生物安全柜n nAll contaminated material to be properly decontaminatedAll contaminated material to be properly decontaminated所所有污染材料须经净化有污染材料须经净化2024/8/62024/8/69 9OHS 4OHS 4Excellence on a Global ScaleRisk Group 3 Agents第三组介质第三组介质第三组介质第三组介质n nAnthrax, tuberculosis, HIV, hanta virus炭疽、
19、结核、爱滋和hanta病毒n nSpecialized design and construction of laboratories, with controlled access double door entry and body shower实验室须专门设计，双道门和淋浴n nAll wall penetrations must be sealed所有墙体渗漏必须进行密封n nVentilation system design must ensure that air pressure is negative to surrounding areas at all times, wit
20、h no recirculation of air通风系统必须保证与周围区域一直呈负压，不可使空气再流通2024/8/62024/8/61010OHS 4OHS 4Excellence on a Global ScaleRisk Group 3 Agents第三组介质第三组介质n nAir exhausted through a dedicated exhaust or HEPA filtration system空气排放须经过专用排气系统或高效空气过滤器系统n nLaboratory windows sealed and unbreakable实验室窗户须密闭并不可击碎n nBackup p
21、ower available应有备用发电机n nCertified HEPA filtered class II biological safety cabinet经鉴定的高效空气过滤器二级生物安全柜n nDedicated handwashing sink with foot, knee or automatic controls, located near the exit在出口处设有专门的可用脚、膝盖或自动控制的洗手池2024/8/62024/8/61111OHS 4OHS 4Excellence on a Global ScaleRisk Group 4 Agents第四组介质第四组介
22、质n nInfectious agents are all viruses具有传染性的介质全部为病毒n nEbola virusesEbola viruses埃博拉病毒埃博拉病毒n nHerpes B virus (Monkey virus) B Herpes B virus (Monkey virus) B 疱疹病毒疱疹病毒n nFoot and Mouth VirusFoot and Mouth Virus脚和口病毒脚和口病毒Foot and Mouth VirusFoot and Mouth Virus2024/8/62024/8/61212OHS 4OHS 4Excellence on
23、 a Global ScaleRisk Group 4 Agents第四组介质第四组介质n nHighest level of containment最高级别屏蔽n nRepresents an isolated unit that is completely self-contained to function independently设立一个设备齐全的隔离单元，完全能够独立操作n nFacilities are highly specialized, secure with an air lock for entry and exit设备专门设计，由空气锁控制出入n nClass III
24、 biological safety cabinets or positive pressure ventilated suits三级生物安全柜，正压通风n nSeparate ventilation system with full controls to contain contamination为全面控制污染物，采用单独的通风系统2024/8/62024/8/61313OHS 4OHS 4Excellence on a Global ScaleRoutes of Exposure接触途径n nThe most common routes of exposure are主要为:n nOra
25、l口n nRespiratory呼吸n nSkin puncture皮肤划伤n nPenetration through unbroken skin皮肤渗透n nConjunctival结膜n nVectors (mosquitoes, fleas, ticks)带菌者（蚊子、跳蚤、虱子）2024/8/62024/8/61414OHS 4OHS 4Excellence on a Global ScaleRoutes of Exposure接触途径n nRespiratory exposures account for 65-75% of all infections for which a c
26、ause is known.传染途径中有65-75%是呼吸造成的 n nIt is therefore critical for people working with biohazardous and potentially infectious materials to know the risks associated with them and the appropriate laboratory techniques to prevent unnecessary exposures.因此实验操作中接触危险生物材料或潜在传染性材料时，了解其危害，采用适当技术防止不必要的接触十分关键20
27、24/8/62024/8/61515OHS 4OHS 4Excellence on a Global ScalePrimary Barriers第一道隔离n nprimary containment is the first line of defense when working with infectious organisms当工作中与传染性生物体接触时，第一道隔离是第一道防卫n nglove boxesglove boxes手套箱手套箱n nbiological safety cabinetsbiological safety cabinets生物安全柜生物安全柜n nanimal c
28、aging equipmentanimal caging equipment动物笼养动物笼养2024/8/62024/8/61616OHS 4OHS 4Excellence on a Global ScalePrimary Barriers第一道隔离The general principles applicable to containment within a The general principles applicable to containment within a primary barrier system include the following:primary barrie
29、r system include the following:第一道隔离第一道隔离一般原则一般原则n nMinimize the volume to be contained.Minimize the volume to be contained.隔离体积隔离体积最小化最小化n nProvide safe (i.e. non-contaminating) transfer Provide safe (i.e. non-contaminating) transfer of material into and out of the container of material into and ou
30、t of the container without destroying the barrier.without destroying the barrier.采用安全的从容采用安全的从容器中取放材料的方法，勿毁坏隔离器中取放材料的方法，勿毁坏隔离n nProvide means for decontamination of the Provide means for decontamination of the enclosure and effluents.enclosure and effluents.采用净化隔离栏和污采用净化隔离栏和污物的方法物的方法2024/8/62024/8/6
31、1717OHS 4OHS 4Excellence on a Global ScaleBiological Safety Cabinets生物安全柜n nThree types分为3种n nClass I Class I 一级一级 protects worker and protects worker and environmentenvironment保护操作者和环境保护操作者和环境n nClass IIClass II二级二级 protects worker, environment protects worker, environment and productand product保护操
32、作者、环境和产品保护操作者、环境和产品n nClass III Class III 三级三级 for Group 4 work, maximum for Group 4 work, maximum protection of worker, environment and protection of worker, environment and productproduct用于第用于第4 4类危险品的操作，最大限度保类危险品的操作，最大限度保护操作者、环境和产品护操作者、环境和产品2024/8/62024/8/61818OHS 4OHS 4Excellence on a Global Sca
33、leClass I BSC一级生物安全柜n nSimilar to chemical fumehood except exhaust passes through HEPA filter类似化学实验室的通风橱，排出的气体要通过高效空气过滤器n nOften used to enclose equipment such as centrifuges or balances常常用于放置离心机和天平2024/8/62024/8/61919OHS 4OHS 4Excellence on a Global ScaleClass I BSC Schematic一级生物安全柜示意图2024/8/62024/
34、8/62020OHS 4OHS 4Excellence on a Global ScaleClass II BSC二级生物安全柜n nSupplies a downward flow of HEPA filtered air to protect product提供气流向下的经高效空气过滤器净化的空气，保护产品n nFurther classified based on ratio of exhausted vs. re-circulated air进一步基于排气/再循环空气比值进行细化为A、B1、B2和B3型n nType A 75 fpm face velocity, 30% intern
35、al Type A 75 fpm face velocity, 30% internal exhaust exhaust n nType B1 100 fpm, 50% external exhaustType B1 100 fpm, 50% external exhaustn nType B2 100 fpm, 100% external exhaustType B2 100 fpm, 100% external exhaustn nType B3 100 fpm, 30% external exhaustType B3 100 fpm, 30% external exhaust2024/8
36、/62024/8/62121OHS 4OHS 4Excellence on a Global ScaleClass II BSC二级生物安全柜Type AType B1The cabinet exhaust needs to be connected to The cabinet exhaust needs to be connected to the building exhaust.the building exhaust.2024/8/62024/8/62222OHS 4OHS 4Excellence on a Global ScaleClass III BSC二级生物安全柜n nFor
37、 Risk Group 4 materials第四组介质n nSealed unit 密闭单元 “glove box” “手套箱”n nExhaust is passed through double HEPA filters or otherwise treated (e.g. air incineration) to prevent escape of level 4 material to the environment排气须经过双层的高效空气过滤器或其它处理方法（如空气焚烧），阻止第四组介质进入环境2024/8/62024/8/62323OHS 4OHS 4Excellence on
38、a Global ScaleClass III BSC二级生物安全柜A.A.glove ports with O-ring for attaching arm-length gloves to cabinetglove ports with O-ring for attaching arm-length gloves to cabinet圆形手套固定端口，圆形手套固定端口，B.B. 可戴手臂长度的手套在安全柜中操作可戴手臂长度的手套在安全柜中操作B.B. sash sash窗框窗框C.C. exhaust HEPA filter exhaust HEPA filter 排气滤膜排气滤膜D.D.
39、 supply HEPA filter supply HEPA filter 供气滤膜供气滤膜E.E. double-ended autoclave or pass-through box double-ended autoclave or pass-through box双头高压灭菌锅或贯通箱双头高压灭菌锅或贯通箱2024/8/62024/8/62424OHS 4OHS 4Excellence on a Global ScaleSecondary Barriers第二道隔离If primary barriers fail第一道隔离失败n nclothing and other items o
40、f personal protective equipment become an important line of defense 工作服及其它个人防护用品成为重要的防线2024/8/62024/8/62525OHS 4OHS 4Excellence on a Global ScaleDecontamination净化n nSterilization杀菌n nComplete inactivation of the infective potential Complete inactivation of the infective potential of a biological age
41、ntof a biological agent完全阻止生物介质的可能完全阻止生物介质的可能传染传染n nUsually by autoclaveUsually by autoclave常用高压灭菌锅常用高压灭菌锅n nDisinfection消毒n nReduction in number or viability of pathogenic Reduction in number or viability of pathogenic microorganisms below the point of being able microorganisms below the point of b
42、eing able to transmit diseaseto transmit disease减少微生物病原体的数量和减少微生物病原体的数量和繁殖，使其无法传播疾病繁殖，使其无法传播疾病2024/8/62024/8/62626OHS 4OHS 4Excellence on a Global ScaleSterilization杀菌n nBy steam at a temp. of 121C. for 15 minutes 121C蒸15分钟n nBy dry heat at a temperature of 160-170 C. for 2-4 hours干燥加热需160-170 2-4 小
43、时2024/8/62024/8/62727OHS 4OHS 4Excellence on a Global ScaleDisinfection消毒n nMode of actionn nCell Cell lysislysis 细胞溶解细胞溶解n nProtein coagulation or Protein coagulation or denaturationdenaturation 蛋白凝固蛋白凝固或变性或变性n nEnzyme Enzyme denaturationdenaturation or inactivation or inactivation酶变性或酶变性或失活失活n nDe
44、struction of enzyme substrateDestruction of enzyme substrate酶作用物破坏酶作用物破坏2024/8/62024/8/62828OHS 4OHS 4Excellence on a Global ScaleDisinfection消毒n nMany chemical disinfectants available主要化学消毒剂n nAlcoholsAlcohols醇类醇类n nFormaldehydesFormaldehydes甲醛甲醛n nPhenolicPhenolic Compounds Compounds酚化合物酚化合物n nQua
45、ternary Ammonium Compounds or Quaternary Ammonium Compounds or QuatsQuats季铵盐季铵盐n nChlorine CompoundsChlorine Compounds氯化物氯化物n nIodine CompoundsIodine Compounds碘化物碘化物n nGlutaraldehydesGlutaraldehydes戊二醛戊二醛n nHydrogen peroxidesHydrogen peroxides过氧化氢过氧化氢n nChlohexidineChlohexidine compounds compounds六氯
46、化合物六氯化合物2024/8/62024/8/62929OHS 4OHS 4Excellence on a Global ScaleAlcohols醇类n nEthanol or iso-propanol乙醇或丙醇n nDenature proteins蛋白质变性n nEffective against lipid containing viruses, enveloped viruses and vegetative bacteria对含油脂病毒、膜包被病毒和植物细菌有效n nLess effective against mycobacterium and fungi对分支杆菌和真菌作用小n
47、 nFlammable, inactivated by organic matter, volatile可燃、遇有机物活性差、挥发2024/8/62024/8/63030OHS 4OHS 4Excellence on a Global ScaleAldehydes醛类n nFormaldehyde and Formaldehyde and glutaraldehydeglutaraldehyde蚁醛和戊二醛蚁醛和戊二醛n nEffective against a broad spectrum of microorganismsEffective against a broad spectrum
48、 of microorganisms对对广谱微生物有效广谱微生物有效n nRequires long (20-30 min) contact timeRequires long (20-30 min) contact time作用时间长（作用时间长（20-20-3030分钟）分钟）n nLess susceptible to inactivation by organic materialLess susceptible to inactivation by organic material对有对有机体的去活作用小机体的去活作用小n nShort use-lifeShort use-life使
49、用有效期短使用有效期短n nHuman health concerns - respiratory irritant, contact Human health concerns - respiratory irritant, contact dermatitisdermatitis对人体健康有害对人体健康有害- -呼吸刺激、接触性皮炎呼吸刺激、接触性皮炎2024/8/62024/8/63131OHS 4OHS 4Excellence on a Global ScalePhenolics酚类n nUsually phenolic compound with detergent常为分化合物清洁剂
50、n nEffective against vegetative bacteria, fungi and Effective against vegetative bacteria, fungi and lipid-containing viruseslipid-containing viruses对植物细菌、真菌和含脂对植物细菌、真菌和含脂病毒有效病毒有效n nEffective over a wide pH range pH Effective over a wide pH range pH 范围宽范围宽n nSkin and eye irritationSkin and eye irrit
51、ation皮肤和眼的刺激皮肤和眼的刺激n nNot effective against sporesNot effective against spores对孢子无效对孢子无效2024/8/62024/8/63232OHS 4OHS 4Excellence on a Global ScaleQuaternary Ammonia Componds季铵盐化合物n nCationic detergentsCationic detergents阳离子清洁剂阳离子清洁剂 / strong surfactants/ strong surfactants强强表面活性剂表面活性剂n nEffective ag
52、ainst vegetative bacteria (some) Effective against vegetative bacteria (some) and non-lipid-containing virusesand non-lipid-containing viruses对植物细菌对植物细菌（部分）和不含脂病毒有效（部分）和不含脂病毒有效n nStable, Non-irritatingStable, Non-irritating稳定、无刺激稳定、无刺激n nIneffective against Ineffective against mycobacteriamycobacter
53、ia, lipid-, lipid-containing viruses, sporescontaining viruses, spores对分支杆菌、含脂病对分支杆菌、含脂病毒和孢子无效毒和孢子无效n nNeutralized by organic material (esp. proteins)Neutralized by organic material (esp. proteins)与有机物（特别是蛋白）中和与有机物（特别是蛋白）中和2024/8/62024/8/63333OHS 4OHS 4Excellence on a Global ScaleChlorine Componds氯化
54、物n nStrong oxidant强氧化剂n n“Universal” decontaminant“Universal” decontaminant普遍采用的纯化剂普遍采用的纯化剂n nMay be prepared as 1/100 or 1/50 (for spores May be prepared as 1/100 or 1/50 (for spores and and mycobacteriamycobacteria) dilution from household ) dilution from household bleach and tap waterbleach and t
55、ap water用家用漂白剂或自来水稀用家用漂白剂或自来水稀释制备成释制备成1/100 1/100 或或 1/50 1/50 （对孢子和分枝杆菌）（对孢子和分枝杆菌）溶液溶液n nDilute solutions are unstable, prepare Dilute solutions are unstable, prepare frequentlyfrequently稀释溶液不稳定，常配稀释溶液不稳定，常配n nNeutralized by organic materialNeutralized by organic material用有机物质中用有机物质中和和n nCorrosiveC
56、orrosive具腐蚀性具腐蚀性2024/8/62024/8/63434OHS 4OHS 4Excellence on a Global ScaleIodine Componds碘化物n nSimilar in action to chlorine与氯相似n nEffective against vegetative bacteria and Effective against vegetative bacteria and virusesviruses对植物细菌和病毒有效对植物细菌和病毒有效n nLess corrosive and toxic than chlorineLess corro
57、sive and toxic than chlorine比氯的比氯的腐蚀性和毒性低腐蚀性和毒性低n nSelf-indicatingSelf-indicating自显示自显示: brown: brown棕棕-yellow-yellow黄黄- -clearclear无色无色n nMay stain surfacesMay stain surfaces使表面染色使表面染色n nNeutralized by organic materialNeutralized by organic material用有机物中和用有机物中和2024/8/62024/8/63535OHS 4OHS 4Excellen
58、ce on a Global ScaleHydrogen Peroxide过氧化氢n nStrong Oxidant强氧化剂n n6% 6% solnsoln is effective against vegetative is effective against vegetative bacteria, bacteria, mycobacteriamycobacteria, fungi and viruses , fungi and viruses 浓度浓度6% 6% 的溶液即对植物细菌、分支杆菌、真菌和的溶液即对植物细菌、分支杆菌、真菌和病毒有效病毒有效n nLimited Limited
59、 sporicidalsporicidal activity activity杀孢子能力有限杀孢子能力有限n nUnstableUnstable不稳定不稳定n nCorrosive to certain metalsCorrosive to certain metals对某些金属具有腐对某些金属具有腐蚀作用蚀作用2024/8/62024/8/63636OHS 4OHS 4Excellence on a Global ScaleDisinfection消毒n nEffectiveness is dependent on消毒效果由n nthe concentration of the chemic
60、al being usedthe concentration of the chemical being used化学试剂浓度化学试剂浓度n nthe presence of organic materialthe presence of organic material有机体的存在有机体的存在n nthe amount of time required for the chemical the amount of time required for the chemical to be effectiveto be effective化学试剂的作用时间化学试剂的作用时间n nthe temp
61、erature and pH at which the the temperature and pH at which the chemical is effectivechemical is effective化学试剂的温度和化学试剂的温度和pHpH值值n nthe level of contamination involvedthe level of contamination involved污染程度污染程度n nthe type of contamination involvedthe type of contamination involved污染类型污染类型n nthe physi
62、cal characteristics of the the physical characteristics of the contaminated surface/objectcontaminated surface/object污染物污染物/ /表面的物表面的物理性质理性质2024/8/62024/8/63737OHS 4OHS 4Excellence on a Global Scale2024/8/62024/8/63838OHS 4OHS 4Excellence on a Global ScaleSummary小结n nBiohazards have been classified
63、into 4 categories based on levels of risk根据危害程度生物材料分为4个风险等级n nLaboratories must minimize the spread of pathogens by using containment procedures通过隔离屏蔽措施，实验室必须最大限度地减少病原体的扩散n nChemicals for decontamination should be available in the lab实验室中可使用化学试剂去除污染 2024/8/62024/8/63939OHS 4OHS 4Excellence on a Global ScaleLaboratory Biosafety 实验室生物安全n nQuestions or concerns?2024/8/62024/8/64040OHS 4OHS 4
