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1、實驗動物使用者職業健康與安全OccupationalHealthandSafetyOccupationalHealthandSafety intheCareandUseLaboratoryAnimalsintheCareandUseLaboratoryAnimals黃彥智國家實驗動物中心Email:实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety 演講目的 1. 讓學員瞭解人員使用實驗動物之讓學員瞭解人員使用實驗動物之職業健康與安全的風險評估職業健康與安全的風險評估 2. 職業健康與安全應注意事項及適職業健康與安全應注意事項及適當的防護方法當的防護方法实验动物
2、使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety職業健康與安全之定義職業健康與安全之定義(Occupational Health and Safety)uInstitutional employees, fellows, students and visitors who in the course of their work with research animals might be exposed to hazards that could adversely affect their health and safety.uAll individuals hav
3、e direct contact with animals, living tissues, body fluids, wastes实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety從事動物實驗者可能遭遇到的工作傷害從事動物實驗者可能遭遇到的工作傷害1. Allergens2. Biological hazards-Zoonotic diseases3. Physical and chemical hazards4. Protocol related hazards实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety職業健康與安全職
4、業健康與安全(Occupational Health and Safety) 計畫設計及管理 (Program design and management)計畫 (Programs):1. Knowing the hazard 2. Avoiding and controlling exposures3. Training and education4. Rules and guidelines5. Consistency 6. Record keeping and monitoring7. Commitment and coordination实验动物使用者职业健康与安全Occupation
5、alHealthandSafety職業健康與安全職業健康與安全(Occupational Health and Safety)管理 (Management):1. Animal care and use2. Research3. Environmental health and safety4. Occupational health5. Administration and management6. IACUC provide links among the five above institutional functions.实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealth
6、andSafety動物房過敏原動物房過敏原(Allergens in the Animal Facility)实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety動物房過敏原動物房過敏原(Allergens in the Animal Facility)主要過敏原uRats and Mice: urine protein, rat n 1A (pre-albumin), rat n 1B (a2-euglobulin), Mus m 1 (produced in liver and saliva and secreted in urine, 100 times i
7、n serum, male 4 times female) uRabbits: Ag-1, fur (glycoprotein, major) ； Ag-2, saliva、urine (minor)uCats: Fel d 1, produced in sebaceous glands of the skin and coats of the hair shafts实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety動物房過敏原動物房過敏原(Allergens in the Ani
8、mal Facility)預防 (Prevention):1. Facility design: HEPA filter, filter top, air changes and HVAC etc., (RH: 5477%)2. Work practices (Workers should be made aware of the risks and avoid exposure as much as possible)3. Personal protective equipment (Once a person develops allergic symptoms, surgical dis
9、posable masks are usually not effective)4. Evaluation of the allergic workers (medicines or avoid exposure completely)实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety減少暴露於動物性過敏原的方法減少暴露於動物性過敏原的方法uVentilated hood, biosafety cabinet, dust/ surgical maskuAnimal rooms should deliver at least 10 air changes per
10、houruDont wear your street clothes when working with animals. Wear protective clothing. Reduce your skin contact with animals by wearing gloves and long-sleeved lab coatsuWash your hands frequently. Wash hands, face and neck before leaving the work areauAvoid touching your hands to your face while w
11、orking with animals and animal equipmentuKeep cages and your work area clean实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety人畜共通疾病的防治人畜共通疾病的防治(Control of zoonotic diseases in the animal facility)1. Engineering control (facility design)2. Animal quarantine and stabilization3. Work practices and procedures4.
12、 Personal protective equipment5. Training and education6. Role of the facility director and IACUC7. Institutional policies and rules实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety實驗動物病原分類A: 人畜共通傳染病人畜共通傳染病B: 實驗動物致死病原實驗動物致死病原C: 非致死但可引起實驗非致死但可引起實驗動物發生疾病或生理功動物發生疾病或生理功能改變能改變D: 實驗動物機緣性病原實驗動物機緣性病原E: 非病原但可為實驗動非病原
13、但可為實驗動 物微生物條件的指標物微生物條件的指標实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety各種動物實驗可能風險各種動物實驗可能風險(Risks by animal species)RodentWild rodentWild MammalDog & CatRuminantPigPrimate AllergyOOXOOXOCampylo-bacterXOOOOXOCrypto-spridiossisXOOOOOOEnteric BacteriaXOOOOOOPhysical injuryXXOOOOORabiesXXOOOXOspecificXHantaX
14、Toxopl-asmosisQ FeverJETB实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety人畜共通傳染疾病人畜共通傳染疾病囓齒類囓齒類病原病原媒介動物媒介動物人類症狀人類症狀傳染途徑傳染途徑Hantavirus大鼠大鼠肌痛、頭痛肌痛、頭痛吸入、咬傷吸入、咬傷LCMV小鼠、倉鼠小鼠、倉鼠似流行性感冒似流行性感冒接觸糞尿咬傷接觸糞尿咬傷Sendai virus小鼠、大鼠、小鼠、大鼠、倉鼠倉鼠呼吸道症狀呼吸道症狀空氣空氣鼠咬熱鼠咬熱囓齒類囓齒類肌痛、頭痛肌痛、頭痛咬傷咬傷Salmonella囓齒類囓齒類急性胃腸炎急性胃腸炎食物飲水食物飲水錢癬錢癬囓齒類囓齒類
15、皮屑、掉毛髮皮屑、掉毛髮接觸接觸肺囊虫肺囊虫囓齒類、兔囓齒類、兔咳嗽、呼吸難咳嗽、呼吸難空氣空氣实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafetyHantavirus (漢他病毒漢他病毒)实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety如何在實驗室預防漢他病毒感染如何在實驗室預防漢他病毒感染(I)uHantaviruses are a genus in the family Bunyaviridae, which are lipid- enveloped viruses with a negative-stranded RNA
16、genome.uThey are susceptible to most disinfectants (e.g., dilute hypochlorite solutions, 70% alcohol, or most general-purpose household disinfectants). Limited studies with Hantaan virus have shown sensitivity to a pH of less than or equal to 5. uInfectivity has been reported to persist in neutral s
17、olutions for several hours at 37 C and for several days at lower temperatures, as well as in dried cell-culture medium for up to 2 daysuThat is why one of the most important ways to prevent transmitting HPS is to carefully wet down dead rodents and areas where rodents have been with disinfectant and
18、/or bleach. 实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety如何在實驗室預防漢他病毒感染如何在實驗室預防漢他病毒感染(II)uLaboratory transmission of hantaviruses from rodents to humans via the aerosol route is well documented. Exposures to rodent excreta, fresh necropsy material, and animal bedding are presumed to be associated with r
19、isk. Other potential routes of laboratory infection include ingestion, contact of infectious materials with mucous membranes or broken skin, and, in particular, animal bites.u Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2) facilities and BSL-2 practices are recommended for laboratory handling of sera from persons potent
20、ially infected with the agents of HPS. 实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety如何在實驗室預防漢他病毒感染如何在實驗室預防漢他病毒感染(III)uPotentially infected tissue samples should be handled in BSL-2 facilities uCell-culture virus propagation should be carried out in BSL-3 containment facilities uLarge-scale growth of the
21、 virus, including preparing and handling viral concentrates, should be performed in BSL-4 containment facilities 实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafetyLCMV(淋巴球性腦膜脈絡膜炎病毒淋巴球性腦膜脈絡膜炎病毒)uLymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a member of the family Arenaviridae. It is another RNA virus.uWild mic
22、e, laboratory mice and Syrian hamsters serve as important natural transmitters to several species, including humans.u The virus is shed in urine, saliva, and milk during chronic, asymptomatic infections. In infected mice, vertical transmission, the direct transmission of the virus from parent to off
23、spring, is considered 100% efficient.uTwo forms of natural LCM infection in mice- 1. asymptomatic, viremia with viral shedding. -2. animals appear normal until 7-10 months of age when an immune complex glomerulonephritis develops. Then the mice become emaciated, with rough hair coat and hunched post
24、ure, and die.实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety如何在實驗室預防如何在實驗室預防LCMV病毒感染病毒感染uThe IFA and ELISA are the serologic tests most practical for routine screening. Because of the possibility of viremia and inadvertent human exposure to LCMV, an often used safety measure is to heat the serum sample to
25、 56C for 30 minutes prior to testing. After this heat inactivation procedure, an ELISA can be done safely in a routine manner.uIf LCMV infection is detected in a colony, the colony should be destroyed immediately for public health considerations. Cesarean rederivation is not an option because of the
26、 potential for in utero transmission.实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety人員醫療評估及預防醫學人員醫療評估及預防醫學What immunizations or screening programs should be included?uTetanus (NLAC)uRabies?uHepatitis B? (Anti-HBs)uOther immunizations?uTB testing?uSerum banking?实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety動物感染
27、實驗使用規範Animal biosafety level 14u一般標準操作程序一般標準操作程序工作人員設限並遵守生物安全性手冊工作人員設限並遵守生物安全性手冊洗手洗手禁食禁食個人防護設備並且不要穿戴到別的區域個人防護設備並且不要穿戴到別的區域去污及高壓滅菌去污及高壓滅菌動物房舍門需往內開且能自動關閉動物房舍門需往內開且能自動關閉虫害防制虫害防制实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety動物感染實驗使用規範u二級以上需求二級以上需求人員接受處理病原訓練人員接受處理病原訓練進出實驗室需管制進出實驗室需管制受污尖銳物品需特別處理受污尖銳物品需特別處理操作過程
28、需有防護櫃操作過程需有防護櫃動物房外張貼警告標誌動物房外張貼警告標誌人員接種疫苗及收集血清樣品人員接種疫苗及收集血清樣品任何程序或政策改變時之額外訓練任何程序或政策改變時之額外訓練空氣循環不能至其他動物房空氣循環不能至其他動物房動物房須有去污滅菌鍋動物房須有去污滅菌鍋实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety動物感染實驗使用規範u三級以上需求三級以上需求所有操作程序都必須在生物安全櫃或其它防護裝置下執行所有操作程序都必須在生物安全櫃或其它防護裝置下執行動物籠在清洗前須滅菌處理動物籠在清洗前須滅菌處理所有廢棄物丟棄前必須高壓滅菌處理所有廢棄物丟棄前必須高壓
29、滅菌處理背扣式實驗衣背扣式實驗衣鞋套或消毒池鞋套或消毒池動物籠具有過濾網動物籠具有過濾網雙門走道或氣室雙門走道或氣室自動式洗手台或腳控制自動式洗手台或腳控制動物房門自動關閉且密封動物房門自動關閉且密封非再循環空調系統非再循環空調系統实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety動物感染實驗使用規範u四級以上需求四級以上需求完全隔離之建築物完全隔離之建築物滅菌後拋棄式動物籠滅菌後拋棄式動物籠門上鎖須主管或授權人員管制進出門上鎖須主管或授權人員管制進出工作人員只能由更衣室及淋浴室進出該設施並穿著類似太空工作人員只能由更衣室及淋浴室進出該設施並穿著類似太空裝之安全
30、防護裝之安全防護所有實驗衣物須高壓滅菌處理所有實驗衣物須高壓滅菌處理雙門滅菌鍋煙薰室或氣室雙門滅菌鍋煙薰室或氣室門窗防碎且密封門窗防碎且密封專用的非再循環空調系統，廢氣需經專用的非再循環空調系統，廢氣需經HEPA過濾及去污或燒過濾及去污或燒燬處理燬處理实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety物理性物理性、化學性及研發時相關危害化學性及研發時相關危害(Physical, Chemical and Protocol related hazards)物理性危害 (Physical hazards):1. Animal bites, scratches, ki
31、cks and related hazards2. Sharp objects: needles, broken glass etc.,3. Flammable materials4. Pressure vessels5. Lighting6. Electricity7. UV radiation8. Lasers9. Ionizing radiation10. Noise11. Machinery实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety放射性動物試驗放射性動物試驗-依原委會規範依原委會規範u動物房設計及使用動物房設計及使用(獨立、不滲透材質、鉛版獨立
32、、不滲透材質、鉛版)u動物飼養管理動物飼養管理(SOP、器具清洗、廢棄物、動物組織、器具清洗、廢棄物、動物組織或屍體、工作人員保護或屍體、工作人員保護)u建立可接受之污染程度範圍建立可接受之污染程度範圍(實驗室、動物房、相關實驗室、動物房、相關器材器材)並例行監測實驗區域及器材並例行監測實驗區域及器材( 2millirem/hr)u使用隔絕板以減少放射線物質暴露、監測工作人員使用隔絕板以減少放射線物質暴露、監測工作人員暴露劑量暴露劑量u正確處置放射線廢棄物正確處置放射線廢棄物u安全訓練及再教育安全訓練及再教育实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety物理
33、性物理性、化學性及研發時相關危害化學性及研發時相關危害(Physical, Chemical and Protocol related hazards)化學性危害 (Chemical hazards):1. Disinfectants, Pesticides, detergents2. Anesthetic gas and chemicals3. Chemical for preserving tissues, formaldehyde4. PharmaceuticsMaterial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealt
34、handSafety物理性物理性、化學性及研發時相關危害化學性及研發時相關危害(Physical, Chemical and Protocol related hazards)研發時相關危害 (Protocol related hazards):1. Involving chemicals of unknown hazards2. Involving chemicals: carcinogens, mutagens and potential hazards3. Involving infectious agents: Levels 1, 2, 3, and 44. Procedures an
35、d manipulation实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety危害物質使用申請程序危害物質使用申請程序 PI送繳使用申請表給IACUC申請使用危害物質於動物實驗之程序申請使用危害物質於動物實驗之程序 IACUC 審核通過實驗動物中心安全計劃書安委會動物飼養管理注意事項員工安全訓練PI動物實驗實驗動物中心实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety實驗動物相關之環保管理u臭氣臭氣：氨氣、體臭氨氣、體臭。隔離動物室、壓差、換氣次。隔離動物室、壓差、換氣次數、飼養密度、更換墊料數、飼養密度、更換墊料u噪音噪音：機器
36、、大型動物機器、大型動物。工作分區、隔音建材、。工作分區、隔音建材、減少發音裝置、防撞片減少發音裝置、防撞片u污水污水：糞尿、清潔消毒劑糞尿、清潔消毒劑。截流設備、廢水處理。截流設備、廢水處理u墊料墊料：最大量廢棄物。每日清運、堆肥、掩埋、：最大量廢棄物。每日清運、堆肥、掩埋、焚化焚化u動物屍體動物屍體：無害性、冷凍；感染性、滅菌後冷凍。：無害性、冷凍；感染性、滅菌後冷凍。掩埋、焚化掩埋、焚化u微生物病原微生物病原：封閉式房舍、空氣過濾、滅菌處理：封閉式房舍、空氣過濾、滅菌處理实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety結論結論職職業健康與人員安全之要件業
37、健康與人員安全之要件u危險物品標示及危險性評估危險物品標示及危險性評估u人員訓練人員訓練u個人衛生及個人防護個人衛生及個人防護u設施及操作程序之監控設施及操作程序之監控(permissible exposure limits)u牽涉危險性物品之動物實驗牽涉危險性物品之動物實驗u人員醫療評估及預防醫學人員醫療評估及預防醫學u動物廢棄物之處理動物廢棄物之處理u危機處理危機處理(意外、天災、人為意外、天災、人為) 、緊急通知系統、緊急通知系統实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety參考資料參考資料u洪昭竹，實驗動物中心職業健康與安全，洪昭竹，實驗動物中心職業
38、健康與安全，92年度實驗動物飼年度實驗動物飼養管理專題講座暨訓練課程講義，台北，養管理專題講座暨訓練課程講義，台北，2003。u實驗動物管理與使用指南，中華實驗動物學會，實驗動物管理與使用指南，中華實驗動物學會，2004。uAnimal Hazard Program Risk Assessment Questionnaire. Campus Health Service. The University of Arizona, 2002.uJohnsHopkinsAnimalCareandUseTraining：OccupationalHealthandSafety.TheJohnsHopkin
39、sUniversity,Baltimore,MD,2001.uOccupationalHealthandSafetyintheCareandUseofResearchAnimals.NationalResearchCouncil,NationalAcademicPress,Washington,DC1997.uOccupationalHealthandSafetyPrograms:AAALACNationalMeeting,Seattle,WA,Oct12-16,2003实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety实验动物使用者职业健康与安全Occupat
40、ionalHealthandSafety实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety实验动物使用者职业健康与安全OccupationalHealthandSafety
