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1、1MusculoskeletalsystemProfessionalenglishofmedicine讲授内容、章节讲授内容、章节骨骼肌肉系统骨骼肌肉系统肿瘤（肿瘤（cancer）干细胞干细胞血液与免疫系统血液与免疫系统凋亡凋亡心血管系统心血管系统泌尿系统泌尿系统DNA克隆克隆内分泌系统内分泌系统神经系统神经系统23Themusculoskeletalsystem(alsoknownasthelocomotorsystem)consistsofthebones,joints,cartilage,muscles,ligaments,andtendons.becomposedofWaterisco
2、mposedofhydrogenandoxygen.RootsformusculoskeletalsystemROOTMEANINGoste/obonemyel/obonemarrowchondr/ocartilageten/o,tendin/o tendonmy/omusclearthr/ojointEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLEOsteolyticdestroyingordissolvingbonemyeloblastimmaturebonemarrowcellchondromalacia softeningofcartilagetenorrhaphysutureof
3、atendonmyositis*inflammationofmusclearthrosisjoint;conditionaffectingajoint56Primaryfunctionsofthemusculoskeletalsystemincludesupportofthebody,provisionofmotion,andprotectionofvitalorgans.AbodyorganthatisessentialforlifeSynonyms:vitalsvitalityn.活力,生命力vitalizevt.给与.生命力vitalizationn.赋予生命7Themusculoske
4、letalsystemreferstothesystemhavingitsmusclesattachedtoaninternalskeletalsystemandisnecessaryforhumanstomovetoamorefavorableposition.internal：内部的：内部的external：外部的：外部的8Thebonesprovidethestabilitytoabody.Muscleskeepbonesinplaceandalsoplayaroleinmovementofthebones.Toallowmotion,differentbonesareconnected
5、byjoints.9Cartilagepreventstheboneendsfromrubbingdirectlyontoeachother.Musclescontract(bunchup)tomovetheboneattachedatthejoint.Contract：收缩：收缩Relax：舒张：舒张diastole：心脏舒张：心脏舒张Systole：心脏收缩：心脏收缩10TheSkeletalSystemHumansarebornwithabout300to350bones,however,manybonesfusetogetherbetweenbirthandmaturity.Asare
6、sultanaverageadultskeletonconsistsof206bones.11Thehumanskeletoniscomposedofbothfusedandindividualbonessupportedbyligaments,tendons,musclesandcartilage.Itisacomplexstructurewithtwodistinctdivisions.Thesearetheaxialskeletonandtheappendicularskeleton.Appendix：阑尾；附录：阑尾；附录【pl.】appendicesAppendiceal：阑尾的：阑
7、尾的Appendage：附属物：附属物Appendicle：小附属物：小附属物Appendicular：附属物的，四肢的附属物的，四肢的FIGURE1.Theskeleton.Theaxialskeletonisshowninyellow;theappendicularskeletonisshowninblue.13The type of boneTherearefivegeneralclassificationsofbones.Thesearelongbones,shortbones,flatbones,irregularbones,andsesamoidbones.14a.Longbone
8、sarelongerthantheyarewide.b.Shortbonesarecubeshaped;theirlengthsandwidthsareaboutequal.c.Flatbonesareplatelikeandhavebroadsurfaces.d.Irregularboneshavevariedshapeswithmanyplacesforconnectionswithotherbones.e.sesamoidbonesarecircular.15LongbonesLongbonesareslightlycurvedforstrength.Acurvedboneisstruc
9、turallydesignedtoabsorbthestressofthebodyweightatseveraldifferentpointssothestressisevenlydistributed,16ifsuchboneswerestraight,theweightofthebodywouldbeunevenlydistributedandthebonewouldeasilyfracture.Examplesoflongbonesincludebonesofthethighs,legs,toes,arms,forearms,andfingers.指骨指骨趾骨趾骨胫骨胫骨腓骨腓骨股骨股骨
10、桡骨桡骨肱骨肱骨humerusUlna尺骨尺骨radiusphalangesfemurfibulaTibia18ShortbonesShortbonesaresomewhatcube-shapedandnearlyequalinlengthandwidth.Theirtextureisspongyexceptatthesurface,wherethereisathinlayerofcompactbone.Examplesofshortbonesarethewristandanklebones.腕骨腕骨跗骨跗骨carpalstarsals20FlatbonesFlatbonesaregenera
11、llythinandcomposedoftwomoreorlessparallelplatesofcompactboneenclosingalayerofspongybone.21Flatbonesaffordconsiderableprotectionandprovideextensiveareasformuscleattachment.Examplesofflatbonesincludethecranialbones(whichprotectthebrain),thesternumandribs(whichprotectorgansinthethorax),andthescapulae.肩
12、胛骨肩胛骨胸骨胸骨craniumsternumscapula颅骨颅骨23Irregularboneshavecomplexshapes.Theyalsovaryintheamountofspongyandcompactbonepresent.Suchbonesincludethevertebraeandcertainfacialbones.Vertebra：椎骨：椎骨Vertebrae：复数：复数Vertebral：椎骨的，脊椎的：椎骨的，脊椎的24Sesamoidbonesaresmallbonesintendonswhereconsiderablepressuredevelops,fori
13、nstance,inthewrist.These,likesuturalbones,arealsovariableinnumber.Twosesamoidbones,thepatellas(kneecaps)arepresentinallindividuals.25TheSkeletalSystemservesmanyimportantfunctions.Support:Theskeletonprovidestheshapeandformforthebodyand,assuch,itsupportssofttissuesandprovidesapointofattachmentformanym
14、uscles.26Protection:TheSkeletalSystemservesasaframeworkfortissuesandorganstoattachthemselvesto.Thissystemactsasaprotectivestructureforvitalorgans.Forexample,thebrainisprotectedbythecranialbones,thespinalcordbythevertebrae,theheartandlungsbytheribcage,andinternalreproductiveorgansbythepelvicbones.27M
15、ovement:Bonesserveasleverstowhichmusclesareattached.Whenthemusclescontract,thebonesactasleversproducemovement.28Mineralstorage:Bonesstoreseveralmineralsthatcanbedistributedtootherpartsofthebodyondemand.Theprincipalstoredmineralsarecalciumandphosphorus.Sodium钠Potassium钾Magnesium镁Ferri铁Zinc锌Sulfur硫Chl
16、orine氯29Bloodcellproduction:Redmarrowincertainbonesiscapableofproducingbloodcells,aprocesscalledhematopoiesisorhemopoiesis.hem/o,hemat/oMeaningbloodEg：hemorrhagehemoglobin，hemolysishematuria30Redmarrowconsistsofbloodcellsinimmaturestages,fatcells,andmacrophages.Redmarrowproducesredbloodcells,somewhi
17、tebloodcells,andplatelets.31MuscularsystemThehumanbodyhasmorethan600majormuscles.About240ofthemhavespecificnames.Ingeneral,musclesareclassifiedintothreetypescardiac,skeletal,andsmooth.32Onlyskeletalandsmoothmusclesarepartofthemusculoskeletalsystemandonlytheskeletalmusclescanmovethebody.33Skeletalmus
18、clesareattachedtobonesandarrangedinopposinggroupsaroundjoints.Theymakeupalargepartofthelegs,arms,abdomen,chest,neck,andface.Skeletalmuscles3435Whenapersonstandserect,manyskeletalmusclescontracttomakethebodyrigid.Skeletalmusclesalsocanmakeonepartofthebodymovewhileanotherpartstaysstiff.Skeletalmuscles
19、36Skeletalmusclesactbothwaysbecausetheyworkinpairs.Onemuscleofeachpairiscalledtheflexor.Itbendsajointandbringsalimbclosertothebody.Theothermuscle,theextensor,doestheopposite.Skeletalmuscles37Forexample,thebicepsmuscleinthefrontoftheupperarmisaflexor.Whenthismusclecontracts,theelbowbendsandtheforearm
20、andhandmovetowardtheshoulder.Skeletalmuscles38Thetricepsmuscleinthebackoftheupperarmisanextensor.Whenitcontracts,theelbowstraightensandtheforearmandhandmoveawayfromtheshoulder.Atthesametime,thebicepsrelaxessothetricepscanpullitbacktoitsoriginallength.Skeletalmuscles3940SkeletalMusclesareinnervated,t
21、ocommunicatenervousenergyto,bynerves,whichconductelectricalcurrentsfromthecentralnervoussystemandcausethemusclestocontract,soskeletalmusclesarealsocalledvoluntarymuscles.Skeletalmuscles41Avoluntarymuscleconsistsofafleshypartorbellyandendsinacod-likesinewortendon,thefleshybellyisattachedtoonebonewhil
22、ethetendonpassesoverajointtobecomefirmlyattachedtotheadjoiningbone.Skeletalmuscles42Shorteningofthefleshypartofthemuscleproducesmovementatthejointbypullingonthetendon.Thetendonitselfdoesnotchangeinlength43Skeletalmuscleisalsotermedvoluntarystriatedmuscles.Thenamestriatedcomesfromthecharacteristiccro
23、ssstriationsofthemusclefiberswhenviewedunderamicroscope.Skeletalmuscles44Thesestriationsarecausedbythearrangementoftheproteinmoleculeswithinthefibersthatproduceshorteningorcontractionofthefiber.45Anatomyofamusclefiber.Amusclefibercontainsmanymyofibrilswiththecomponentsshown.Amyofibrilhasmanysarcomer
24、esthatcontainmyosinandactinfilamentswhosearrangementgivesrisetothestriationssocharacteristicofskeletalmuscle.Musclecontractionoccurswhensarcomerescontractandactinfilamentsslidepastmyosinfilaments.46SmoothmusclesSmoothmusclesareusedtocontroltheflowofsubstanceswithinthelumensofholloworgans,forexamples
25、,bloodvesselsandthealimentarycanal,andarenotconsciouslycontrolled.47SmoothmusclesItisusuallyfoundasasheathofmusclefiberssurroundingatube-likestructure.Whenviewedfromamicroscope,thereisnostriationpresentedinthemuscle,andmoreover,sinceitisnotcontrolledbyourwillpower,soitiscalledinvoluntarynonstriatedm
26、uscle.48CardiacmusclesCardiacmusclesarefoundintheheartandareusedonlytocirculateblood.Theyhavesomecharacteristicsofbothskeletalandsmoothmuscles.Likeskeletalmusclefibers,cardiacmusclecellshavestriations.49Likesmoothmusclefibers,eachcardiacmusclecellhasonlyonenucleusanditscontractionandrelaxationarenot
27、underconsciouscontrol.Therefore,itisalsocalledinvoluntarystriatedmuscle.50Table151Nerves and blood SupplyMuscletissueconsistsofverysmallfibers.Thenervefibersseparatewithinamusclewithaterminalbranchofthenervegoingtoeachmusclefiber.Ifthenervesupplytoamuscleiscut,agradualchangetakesplaceinthemusclefibe
28、r.52Thefibersbecomesmaller,thetotalsizeofthemuscledecreases,andthemuscleissaidtobeatrophied.Ifthemuscledoesnotreceiveanynervefiberswithintwelvemonths,themusclefibersarereplacedbyfibrousconnectivetissue,andthemuscleispermanentlylost.53Muscleshaveanextensivebloodsupply,andexerciseisapowerfulstimulusfo
29、rincreasingtheflowofbloodtoamuscle.Inolderpeoplebloodvesselsmaybenarrowedbydisease,andmusclecrampsareoftentheresultofaninsufficientbloodsupply.54Acompletecutoffofthebloodsupplytoamusclewillcausethedeathofthemusclefiberswithinashortperiodoftime.55Whenatourniquetisappliedtolimbtocontrolarterialbleedin
30、g,itshouldnotremaintightenedforperiodsofmorethantwentytothirtyminutesbecauseirreparabledamagetothemusclefibermayoccurthroughsuchacutoffofthebloodsupply.WritethenameofeachnumberedpartFIGURE1.Theskeleton.Theaxialskeletonisshowninyellow;theappendicularskeletonisshowninblue.颅颅下颌骨下颌骨胸骨胸骨肋骨状软骨肋骨状软骨脊柱脊柱髂骨髂
31、骨骨盆骨盆骶骨骶骨跟骨跟骨跖骨跖骨指骨指骨趾骨趾骨跗骨跗骨胫骨胫骨腓骨腓骨髌骨髌骨股骨股骨腕骨腕骨掌骨掌骨桡骨桡骨肱骨肱骨肩胛骨肩胛骨锁骨锁骨craniumsacrumMandiblesternumCostalCartilageVertebralColumnpelvisIliumclavicleScapulaCalcaneushumerusUlna尺骨尺骨radiuscarpalsMeta-carpalsphalangesfemurpatellafibulaTibiaTarsalsmetatarsalsFIGURE2.Structureofalongbone.骨骺线远端骨骺Osteoepiph
32、ysis骨干骨外膜骨髓腔medulla密质骨cortex松质骨近端骨骺骨内膜黄骨髓ProximalepiphysisDistalepiphysisDiaphysisMedullarycavitySpongyboneGrowthlinesEndosteumCompactboneYellowmarrowPeriosteumArteryMetaphysis 干骺端FIGURE3.Diagramofamuscleshowingthreeattachmentstobonestwooriginsandoneinsertion.The Structure of Joints The Structure of
33、 Joints Articularsurface关节面Jointspace关节腔Jointcapsule关节囊Synovialmembrane滑膜Synovialcell滑膜细胞Synovialfluid滑液Joint MovementJoint MovementNOUNVERBAbductionAbductbdkt外展AdductionAdductdkt内收PronationPronatepronet旋前SupinationSupinatesupnet旋后FlexionFlexflks 屈ExtensionExtendkstnd伸RootsforBonesandJointsROOTMEANI
34、NGoste/obonemyel/obonemarrowchondr/ocartilageten/o,tendin/o tendonmy/omusclearthr/ojointEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLEOsteolyticdestroyingordissolvingbonemyeloblastmyelitisimmaturebonemarrowcellchondromalacia softeningofcartilagetenorrhaphysutureofatendonmyositis*inflammationofmusclearthrosisjoint;condi
35、tionaffectingajoint6667Defineeachofthefollowingwords:osteogenesis:Theprocessofboneformation.chondroma:abenigntumorofcartilagecells.arthroplasty:plasticrepairofajoint.myeloid:pertainingtobonemarrow.68Wordbuilding.1.deficiency(-penia)ofbonetissue:2.inflammationofboneandbonemarrow:3.anydiseaseofajoint:
36、4.tumorofbonemarrow:5.pertainingtoorresemblingcartilage:6.narrowing(-stenosis)ofajoint:Osteopenia;osteomyelitis;arthropathy;myeloma;chondroid;arthrostenosisWriteawordforeachofthefollowingdefinitions:69RootsPertainingtoMusclesROOTMEANINGmy/omusclemuscul/omusclein/ofiberten/o,tendin/o tendonkine,kines
37、i/okinet/omovement70RootsPertainingtoMusclesEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLEmyositis*inflammationofmusclemusculoskeletalpertainingtomuscleandskeletonino-epitheliomatumoroffibersandepitheliatenorrhaphysutureofatendondyskinesiaabnormalityofmovement71Defineeachofthefollowingadjectives:1.muscular:pertainingto
38、muscle2.fascial:pertainingtofascia3.tendinous:pertainingtoatendon4.kinetic:pertainingtomovement72Defineeachofthefollowingterms:myalgia:paininamusclemusculotendinous:pertainingtomuscleandtendontendinitis:inflammationofatendonhypermyotonia:excessmuscletone73Defineeachofthefollowingterms:kinesiology:st
39、udyofmovementmyofascial:pertainingtomuscleandfasciatenomyoplasty:plasticrepairoftendonandmuscle74Writeawordthathasthesamemeaningaseachofthefollowingdefinitions:inflammationofmany(poly-)muscles:anydiseaseofmuscle:excisionoffascia:incisionofatendon(useten/o):inflammationofamuscleanditstendonPolymyositis;myopathyFasciectomy;tenotomy;myotenositis
