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1、Chapter 5 EcosystemContents1 Structure and Characteristics of Ecosystem The Ecosystem is a whole. The Ecosystem is a whole. ItincludesnotonlyorganicItincludesnotonlyorganiccomplexes,butalsothecomplexes,butalsothecomplexthatformallphysicalcomplexthatformallphysicalfactorsofenvironment.factorsofenviro
2、nment. TansleyTansley1.1 Definition of Ecosystem (1.1 Definition of Ecosystem (生态系统生态系统生态系统生态系统) )1.2 Component of Ecosystem1.2 Component of Ecosystem1.2.1 1.2.1 DefinitionDefinition All material on the Earth may be components of All material on the Earth may be components of the ecosystemthe ecosys
3、tem 1.2.2 Component1.2.2 ComponentEcosystemEcosystem Biological Biological componentscomponents Non-living Non-living componentscomponentsProducersProducersMacro-consumerMacro-consumerMicro-consumer : Micro-consumer : Temperature, LightTemperature, LightSolidSolidHH2 2OO、 CO CO2 2 、OO2 2Organic matt
4、ersOrganic mattersPlantsPlantsPhototrophic bacteria and Phototrophic bacteria and other autotrophother autotrophPrimary consumer : Herbivore Primary consumer : Herbivore Secondary consumer : Carnivore Secondary consumer : Carnivore Tertiary consumer : Large carnivore Tertiary consumer : Large carniv
5、oreMicroorganism, meiobenthosMicroorganism, meiobenthosAbiotic environmentAbiotic environment（非生物环境）（非生物环境）（非生物环境）（非生物环境）Including:Including: Climaticfactors,suchaslight,heat,water,air,etc.Climaticfactors,suchaslight,heat,water,air,etc. Inorganicsubstances,suchasC,H,OInorganicsubstances,suchasC,H,O2
6、 2,N,N2 2,andmineral,andmineralsalts,etc.salts,etc. Organicsubstances,e.g.carbohydrates,proteins,lipids,Organicsubstances,e.g.carbohydrates,proteins,lipids,andhumusetcandhumusetcThat all are sources of ecosystem material and energyThat all are sources of ecosystem material and energyProducersProduce
7、rs areautotrophicareautotrophicorganismsusingsolarenergyorganismsusingsolarenergytosynthesizethesimpletosynthesizethesimpleinorganiccompoundintotheinorganiccompoundintotheorganiccomplexmattersorganiccomplexmatters TheytransformlightenergyTheytransformlightenergyintochemicalenergyintochemicalenergy T
8、hebasicofalltheenergyThebasicofalltheenergyoftheecosystemneededoftheecosystemneededBiological componBiological components ents ConsumersConsumers areheterotrophicorganismswhichrelyonareheterotrophicorganismswhichrelyonautotrophyorotherbio-energyfromfeedingtosurvive,autotrophyorotherbio-energyfromfee
9、dingtosurvive,mainlyallkindsofanimals.mainlyallkindsofanimals. HerbivoresHerbivoresPrimaryConsumersPrimaryConsumers CarnivoreCarnivoreSecondaryConsumersSecondaryConsumers Two types of special consumersTwo types of special consumersRotten food consumers Rotten food consumers -feedonplantsandanimalsfe
10、edonplantsandanimalsdeadbodiesdeadbodiesParasitesParasites -ParasiticonthebodyoritssurfaceofaliveParasiticonthebodyoritssurfaceofaliveanimalsandplants,livingbyabsorbingnutrientsinahostanimalsandplants,livingbyabsorbingnutrientsinahostBiological Biological environment environment Disintegrators Disin
11、tegrators ( (分解者分解者)arereducersbelongingto)arereducersbelongingtoHeterotrophicorganisms.Heterotrophicorganisms.Including:Including:BacteriaFungiBacteriaFungiActinomycetesProtozoaActinomycetesProtozoaTheyalldecomposethecomplexorganictosimpleinorganicTheyalldecomposethecomplexorganictosimpleinorganicm
12、atters,thenreturnthematterstotheenvironmentformatters,thenreturnthematterstotheenvironmentforrecapturerecaptureBiological componBiological components ents CaseCase：（mainlymainly greenplants)greenplants)OrganismsusesimpleOrganismsusesimpleinorganicmatterstomanufactureinorganicmatterstomanufactureorga
13、niccompoundsorganiccompounds（ mainlymainly animal)animal)OrganismsfeedonotherOrganismsfeedonotherorganismsasfoodorganismsasfood(Saprophyticbacteria&Epiphyte)(Saprophyticbacteria&Epiphyte)OrganismdecomposeOrganismdecomposevarietyofplants,animalsandvarietyofplants,animalsandtheirdroppingstoinorganicth
14、eirdroppingstoinorganicmattersmattersProducersProducersConsumersConsumersReducersReducers1.3 Structure of Ecosystem1.3 Structure of Ecosystem Morphologic structureMorphologic structureSpeciesSpeciesPopulationsPopulationsSpeciesspatialconfigurationSpeciesspatialconfiguration(horizontalandverticaldist
15、ribution)(horizontalandverticaldistribution)Timechangeofgenus(developmentandseasonal)Timechangeofgenus(developmentandseasonal) Trophic StructureTrophic StructureThefoodwebsandtherelationshipThefoodwebsandtherelationshipFood chain and Food webFood chain and Food webFood chain (Food chain (食物食物食物食物链链)
16、 )Theone-waylinkofchain-typeTheone-waylinkofchain-typeformedthroughthefeedingformedthroughthefeedingRelationshipsamongRelationshipsamongorganismsorganisms ThefoodchainintertwinedThefoodchainintertwinedconnectiontoanetwork,knownconnectiontoanetwork,knownastheastheFood web (Food web (食物网食物网食物网食物网) )Ty
17、pes of Food ChainTypes of Food Chain-Predacityfoodchain(-Predacityfoodchain(捕食性食物链捕食性食物链) )plantplantanimalanimalcarnivorousherbivorousanimalscarnivorousherbivorousanimals-Choppedfreshfoodchain(-Choppedfreshfoodchain(碎食性食物链碎食性食物链) ) BrokenFoodBrokenFoodbrokenFoodConsumerbrokenFoodConsumersmallsmalll
18、argecarnivorousanimalcarnivorousanimalslargecarnivorousanimalcarnivorousanimals -Saprophyticfoodchain(-Saprophyticfoodchain(腐生性食物链腐生性食物链) )plantandanimalresiduesinsoilanimalsplantandanimalresiduesinsoilanimals MicroorganismsMicroorganismssoilanimalsoilanimal-Parasiticfoodchain(-Parasiticfoodchain(寄生
19、性食物链寄生性食物链) ) mammalsormammalsorbirdsbirds fleasfleasprotozoonprotozoonviralviral哺乳类或鸟类哺乳类或鸟类跳蚤跳蚤原生动物原生动物滤过性病毒滤过性病毒 Guilds (Guilds (同资源种团同资源种团同资源种团同资源种团) ) BiologicalspeciesthathaveBiologicalspeciesthathaveverysimilarecologicalverysimilarecologicalcharacteristicsintheuseofcharacteristicsintheuseofco
20、mmonresourcescommonresources “Equivalentpopulation”“Equivalentpopulation”Such as:Such as: HummingbirdGuildsHummingbirdGuilds（蜂雀）（蜂雀） Trophic levels and Ecological pyramidTrophic levels and Ecological pyramidTrophic level Trophic level ThesumofallspeciesinsomelinkoffoodchainThesumofallspeciesinsomeli
21、nkoffoodchain EnergyflowinginonedirectionEnergyflowinginonedirection TheenergyofeachtrophiclevelisprogressivelyreducedTheenergyofeachtrophiclevelisprogressivelyreducedintheprocessintheprocessEcological pyramidEcological pyramid EnergypyramidEnergypyramid BiomasspyramidBiomasspyramid NumberpyramidNum
22、berpyramid1.4 The characteristics of ecosystem1.4 The characteristics of ecosystem 1.4.1 Ecosystem is a system with dynamic function1.4.1 Ecosystem is a system with dynamic function EnergyexchangeEnergyexchange MaterialtransferMaterialtransferEcosystemisalwaysindevelopmentandevolutionEcosystemisalwa
23、ysindevelopmentandevolution ItcanbedivideditintodifferentstagesItcanbedivideditintodifferentstages1.4.2 1.4.2 Ecosystem has certain regional characteristicsEcosystem has certain regional characteristics Ecosystemassociatedwithaparticularspace,includingEcosystemassociatedwithaparticularspace,includin
24、gspatialconceptspaceforacertainareaandscopespatialconceptspaceforacertainareaandscope DifferentecologicalconditionsdifferentspeciesDifferentecologicalconditionsdifferentspecies DifferentregionalnaturalenvironmentDifferentregionalnaturalenvironmentTropicalrainforestinHainanIslandTropicalrainforestinH
25、ainanIslandMixedconiferousforestinChangbaiMountainareaMixedconiferousforestinChangbaiMountainarea1.4.3 Ecosystem is an open self-sustaining system1.4.3 Ecosystem is an open self-sustaining system EnergyandMaterialinputandoutputEnergyandMaterialinputandoutput DischargesDischargesthetheentropyentropy(
26、 (熵熵)producedproducedduringduringmetabolismmetabolismtothesurroundingstothesurroundings Producers,Consumers,DecomposersProducers,Consumers,Decomposersthestructuralbasisofecosystem“self-maintaining”thestructuralbasisofecosystem“self-maintaining” 1.4.4 Ecosystem have the function of self-regulation1.4
27、.4 Ecosystem have the function of self-regulation Whenecosystemsubjecttoexternalinterference,theWhenecosystemsubjecttoexternalinterference,thesystemcouldreturntostabilitybysystemcouldreturntostabilitybySelf-RegulationSelf-Regulation ThemaximumloadofpollutantsforanecosystemThemaximumloadofpollutantsf
28、oranecosystemEnvironmentalcapacityEnvironmentalcapacityThe open and integrity Theory of EcosystemThe open and integrity Theory of EcosystemEcosystemisanopensystemEcosystemisanopensystemExchangetheinformationwiththeoutsideworldExchangetheinformationwiththeoutsideworldEntropyEntropy（熵）（熵）exchangeexcha
29、ngeHolismprincipleHolismprinciple（EssenceandCoreEssenceandCore） 整体论整体论Three thesis about integrityThree thesis about integrityThewholeisgreaterthanthesumofitspartsThewholeisgreaterthanthesumofitspartsOnceitformsthesystem,theelementswillbebrokenOnceitformsthesystem,theelementswillbebrokendownintosepa
30、ratepartsdownintoseparatepartsThefeatureandactionofelementsareusefulfortheThefeatureandactionofelementsareusefulfortheintegrityofthesystemandareintegrityofthesystemandare expressedbytheexpressedbytheinteractioninteractionClassification of EcosystemClassification of Ecosystem Accordingtothenatureofth
31、espaceAccordingtothenatureofthespaceenvironmentenvironment*FreshwaterecosystemFreshwaterecosystem（淡水生态系统）（淡水生态系统）*MarineecosystemMarineecosystem（海洋生态系统）（海洋生态系统）*TerrestrialecosystemTerrestrialecosystem（陆地生态系统）（陆地生态系统） BytheimpactonecosystemsBytheimpactonecosystems *NaturalecosystemNaturalecosystem（自
32、然生态系统）（自然生态系统）*ArtificialecosystemArtificialecosystem（人工生态系统）（人工生态系统）LakesLakesVirginforestVirginforestAgro-ecosystemsAgro-ecosystems2Fundamental Functions of EcosystemPrimary Primary productionproductionTheTheproducersproducers(mainlyplant)(mainlyplant)transferthesolartransferthesolarenergyintochem
33、icalenergyintochemicalenergyenergyPlantproductionPlantproduction Secondary Secondary productionproduction TheTheconsumersconsumers（mainlymainlyanimalanimal）transfertransfertheprimarytheprimaryproductionintoproductionintoanimalenergyanimalenergy AnimalproductionAnimalproductionBiological Biological P
34、roductionProduction2.1 Biological production2.1 Biological productionRelations Relations & Independence& IndependencePrimary productionPrimary production The The solar solar power power fixed fixed by by plant plant or or the the organic organic matters matters Primary productionPrimary production G
35、P=NP+RGP=NP+RGPGPTotalprimaryproductionTotalprimaryproductionNPNPNetprimaryproductionNetprimaryproductionRREnergyusedforrespirationEnergyusedforrespirationGrowth and ReproductionGrowth and Reproduction(Net primary production )(Net primary production )Total Total primary primary productionproductionE
36、nergy used for Energy used for respiration respiration GPGPR RNPNP ProductionProduction:TheThedrydryweightweightofoforganicorganicmattermatterproducedproducedbybyperpersquaresquaremetermeterororthetheenergyenergyfixedfixedbybyperpersquaresquaremetermetereveryyeareveryyear BiomassBiomass:Inaparticula
37、rmoment,theaccumulationof:Inaparticularmoment,theaccumulationoforganicmatterinaunitareaorganicmatterinaunitarea dB/dt=NP-R-H-DdB/dt=NP-R-H-DHere,dB/dtchangesofbiomassinaperiodHere,dB/dtchangesofbiomassinaperiodHBiomassfeedingbythehighertrophicHBiomassfeedingbythehighertrophiclevellevelDBiomasslosing
38、bythedeathDBiomasslosingbythedeathThe Difference of Production and BiomassThe Difference of Production and Biomass The constraints of primary productionThe constraints of primary productionForTerrestrialEcosystemsForTerrestrialEcosystems Basicresources:Basicresources:LightLight，COCO2 2，H H2 2OandnOa
39、ndnutrientsutrients ThemainfactorsofPhotosyntheticefficiencybasedThemainfactorsofPhotosyntheticefficiencybasedonthestabilityonthestability WaterWater TemperatureTemperatureThe constraints of primary productionThe constraints of primary productionForWaterecosystemsForWaterecosystems Watersarethemosti
40、mportantfactorsoftheprimaryWatersarethemostimportantfactorsoftheprimaryproductivityproductivity J.H.Ryther(1965)issuedtheFormulaJ.H.Ryther(1965)issuedtheFormula： Here,PNetprimaryproductivityofphytoplanktonHere,PNetprimaryproductivityofphytoplanktonRRelativephotosyntheticrateRRelativephotosyntheticra
41、tekDecaycoefficient,lightintensityreducedbykDecaycoefficient,lightintensityreducedbythedeepenofthewater.thedeepenofthewater.CChlorophyllcontentinwaterCChlorophyllcontentinwaterNetprimaryproductionNetprimaryproductionconsumptionconsumption（ 消消 耗耗 量量 ,C,C） : thethepartpartwhichwhichisisusedusedininfee
42、dingfeedingtheHerbivorestheHerbivoresassimilationassimilation（同化量（同化量,A,A）粪粪便便量量（F F）: thethe partpart whichwhich isisnotdigested.notdigested.粪粪尿尿量量（FUFU ）: thethe partpart whichwhichputFandUrinetogether.putFandUrinetogether.RespirationRespiration（RaRa） IndividualGrowthIndividualGrowth（PgPg）Reproduc
43、tionReproductionSecondary productionSecondary production2.2 Energy Flow of Ecosystem2.2 Energy Flow of EcosystemEnergyFlowofEcosystemEnergyFlowofEcosystem mainlyreferstotheprocessofmainlyreferstotheprocessofenergygoingthroughthefoodwebinthesystemtoenergygoingthroughthefoodwebinthesystemtotransferand
44、dissipationtransferanddissipationItbeginswiththeprimaryproductionandendsupwithItbeginswiththeprimaryproductionandendsupwiththefunctionofthedisintegrator.Itincludeschangesinthefunctionofthedisintegrator.Itincludeschangesinenergypatterns,energytransfer,utilizationandenergypatterns,energytransfer,utili
45、zationanddissipationdissipation T Th he e p pr ro oc ce es ss s o of f e en ne er rg gy y f fl lo owwThesolarenergyfixedbyproducersThesolarenergyfixedbyproducersTheamountofsolarenergyfixedbyproducersTheamountofsolarenergyfixedbyproducersThestartingpointofenergyflowThestartingpointofenergyflowTotalen
46、ergyflowingthroughecosystemTotalenergyflowingthroughecosystemThepathways(channels)ofenergyflowingThepathways(channels)ofenergyflowingTheenergysourcesandblockedofeachtrophiclevelTheenergysourcesandblockedofeachtrophiclevelEnergydissipationEnergydissipationFoodchainsandfoodwebsFoodchainsandfoodwebs Re
47、spirationRespirationProcessProcessProducersProducers( P l a n t )( P l a n t )Primary Primary consumersconsumers(Plant-eating (Plant-eating animalanimal）Secondary Secondary consumersconsumers(Carnivore)(Carnivore)Tertiary Tertiary consumerconsumerRespirationRespirationRespirationRespirationRespirati
48、onRespirationRespirationRespirationDisintegratorDisintegratorRespirationRespirationOneWayFlowingOneWayFlowing， ProgressivelydecreasingProgressivelydecreasingTransferefficiency:Transferefficiency:10%20%10%20%The characteristics of energy flowThe characteristics of energy flow2.3 Material circulationV
49、ariousofnutritionalelementswhicharenecessaryforVariousofnutritionalelementswhicharenecessaryformaintainingnormallifemaintainingnormallife transferandconversethroughthetransferandconversethroughthefoodchainofthetrophiclevelsfoodchainofthetrophiclevels ThisformsthematerialflowofecosystemThisformsthema
50、terialflowofecosystemBut,itisnotonewayflowingBut,itisnotonewayflowing ReuseReuse CycleCycleRelationship between material Relationship between material circulation and energy flowcirculation and energy flowEnergy flowEnergy flowMaterial cycleMaterial cycleFormsFormsOrganicmattersOrganicmattersInorgan
51、icmattersInorganicmattersCharacteristicsCharacteristicsOnewayOnewayCycleCycleScopeScopeEverytrophiclevelEverytrophiclevelGlobalGlobalRelationsRelations Fix,store,transferandreleaseofFix,store,transferandreleaseofenergydependsonthesynthesisandenergydependsonthesynthesisanddecompositionofmaterialdecom
52、positionofmaterial MaterialinthevectorMaterialinthevector EnergyisthepowerofthecycleEnergyisthepowerofthecycleConceptsConceptsPoolsPools ( (库库) ):thenumberofasubstanceremaining(tobe:thenumberofasubstanceremaining(tobefixedorstorage)inthebioticorabioticenvironmentfixedorstorage)inthebioticorabioticen
53、vironmentMaterialcyclingintheecosystemisactuallytheMaterialcyclingintheecosystemisactuallythematerialtransferringinthepoolsmaterialtransferringinthepoolsAccordingtolibrarysizeandlevelofactivityofthepools:Accordingtolibrarysizeandlevelofactivityofthepools:Poolsusedforstorage(Poolsusedforstorage(贮存库贮存
54、库) ) ：largevolumeandslowlargevolumeandslowactivity,activity, generallyanon-biologicalcomponents,suchgenerallyanon-biologicalcomponents,suchasrockorsedimentasrockorsedimentConceptsPoolsusedforexchangeorcycle(Poolsusedforexchangeorcycle(交换库或循环库交换库或循环库) )：smallsmallvolumeandactivepartvolumeandactivepar
55、t，suchasplantpools,animalsuchasplantpools,animalpools,soilpoolspools,soilpoolsRateofcirculationRateofcirculation ( (流通率流通率):):theamountofmaterialmovingtheamountofmaterialmovingperday,persquare(volume)perday,persquare(volume) TurnoverratesTurnoverrates ( (周转率周转率) )： FlowrateandpoolsvolumeFlowrateandp
56、oolsvolumeTurnoverratesTurnoverrates =Flowrate/poolsvolume=Flowrate/poolsvolumeTurnovertimeTurnovertime ( (周转时间周转时间):):ThecountdownofTurnoverratesThecountdownofTurnoverratesTurnovertimeTurnovertime =poolsvolume/Flowrate=poolsvolume/FlowrateBiogeochemical cyclesBiogeochemical cyclesBiogeochemicalcycl
57、esBiogeochemicalcycles( (生物地球化学循环生物地球化学循环生物地球化学循环生物地球化学循环) ) ) ) referstoreferstoNutrientsinputandoutputintheecosystem,andtheNutrientsinputandoutputintheecosystem,andtheexchangeintheatmosphere,hydrosphereandsoilexchangeintheatmosphere,hydrosphereandsoil Itisdividedinto:Itisdividedinto: WatercyclesWa
58、tercycles GaseouscyclesGaseouscycles Solid-phasecyclesSolid-phasecyclesWater cycle(Water cycle(水循环水循环水循环水循环) )SolardriveswaterfromoneformintoanotherformSolardriveswaterfromoneformintoanotherform, , Airflow(wind)andthecurrentspushitcyclingintheAirflow(wind)andthecurrentspushitcyclingintheBiosphereBio
59、sphereGasLiquidandSolidGasLiquidandSolid Gaseous cycles (Gaseous cycles (气相循环气相循环气相循环气相循环) )Themajornutrients:CarbonoxygenandnitrogenThemajornutrients:Carbonoxygenandnitrogen N N2 2 in atmosphere in atmosphere Urea andUrea andAnimal remainsAnimal remainsNONO3 3-Microorganisms in the soilMicroorganis
60、ms in the soilNHNH3 3NONO3 3- -Nitrogen Nitrogen fertilizerfertilizerSolid-phase cycleSolid-phase cycles s oror sedimentary cycles sedimentary cycles AlargepartofthematerialAlargepartofthematerialinvolvedinthecycledepositinvolvedinthecycledepositintothecrusttoleavethecycleintothecrusttoleavethecycle
61、forashortperiodorlongforashortperiodorlongThisisauncompletecycle.Thisisauncompletecycle. Including:phosphorus,Including:phosphorus,potassium(potassium(钾钾)andsulfur)andsulfurExampleExample: :PhosphoruscyclesPhosphoruscycles2.4 Information Transfer 2.4 Information Transfer l lPhysicalInformation(Physi
62、calInformation(物理信息物理信息) )： TheinformationTheinformationtransferredinphysicalprocesses,suchaslight,sound,transferredinphysicalprocesses,suchaslight,sound,color.Animalcourtshipbehavior,intimidation,alarmcolor.Animalcourtshipbehavior,intimidation,alarmbehavior,andphysicalinformationareallrelatedbehavi
63、or,andphysicalinformationareallrelatedl lChemicalinformation(Chemicalinformation(化学信息化学信息) )： SomesubstancesSomesubstancesproducedbybiologicalmetabolism,especiallyvariousproducedbybiologicalmetabolism,especiallyvarioustypesofglandssecretehormonesandotherchemicalsaretypesofglandssecretehormonesandoth
64、erchemicalsaretransmittinginformationtransmittinginformationl lBehaviorinformation(Behaviorinformation(行为信息行为信息) ) ：theinformationtheinformationsendedfromtheabnormalactofplantsandanimalssendedfromtheabnormalactofplantsandanimalsl lNutritionInformation(NutritionInformation(营养信息营养信息) ) ： Intheecosyste
65、m,foodIntheecosystem,foodchainisaBioNutritionInformationsystem.ThefoodchainisaBioNutritionInformationsystem.Thefoodchainhasacertainratiorequirementschainhasacertainratiorequirements EcologicalEcologicalPyramidLaw(PyramidLaw(生态金字塔规律生态金字塔规律) )3.2TheCharacteristicsoftheEcosystemBalance3.2TheCharacteris
66、ticsoftheEcosystemBalance3.3EcosystemImbalance3.3EcosystemImbalance3.4TheMechanismofEcosystemBalance3.4TheMechanismofEcosystemBalance3.1TheConceptofEco-systemBalance3.1TheConceptofEco-systemBalance3Stability and regulatory of the Stability and regulatory of the ecosystemecosystem3.5EstablishTheOptim
67、izationofecosystems3.5EstablishTheOptimizationofecosystemsEcologicalBalanceEcologicalBalance EcologicalEcologicalbalanceisbalanceisthestabilitythestabilitycoordinationcoordinationbetweenbetweenorganismsorganismsandtheirandtheirEnvironment.Environment.EcologicalEcologicalbalanceisbalanceisdefinedas:d
68、efinedas:eco-systemeco-systemmaterialmaterialandenergyandenergyBalanceBalancebetweenbetweeninputandinputandoutputoutputNegativeNegativeentropyflowentropyflowfromthefromtheinputoftheinputoftheenvironmentenvironmentensureensurestabilityofstabilityofthesystemthesystemandeliminateandeliminateconfusionco
69、nfusionTheBalanceTheBalanceoftheoftheecosystemecosystemincreasedincreasedwiththewiththenumberofnumberofcommunitycommunityThienemannThienemannE.P.OdumE.P.OdumStollGreenStollGreenMacArthurMacArthurUnityofUnityoforganismsorganismsandandtheirlivingtheirlivingenvironmentenvironmentThermodynamicThermodyna
70、mictheoryoftheoryofecologicalecologicalsystemsystemEcosystemEcosystemstructurestructureandtheandthestabilityprinciplestabilityprincipleEcologicalEcologicalbalancebalanceofinputofinputandoutputandoutputBasisBasis DynamicDynamicRelativeRelative3.1 Eco-system Balance3.1 Eco-system Balance马世骏马世骏马世骏马世骏19
71、871987侯学煜侯学煜侯学煜侯学煜19801980诸葛阳诸葛阳诸葛阳诸葛阳19871987金以圣金以圣金以圣金以圣19871987在一定时间和相对稳在一定时间和相对稳在一定时间和相对稳在一定时间和相对稳定的条件下，生态系定的条件下，生态系定的条件下，生态系定的条件下，生态系统各部分的结构与功统各部分的结构与功统各部分的结构与功统各部分的结构与功能处于相互适应与协能处于相互适应与协能处于相互适应与协能处于相互适应与协调的调的调的调的动态平衡动态平衡动态平衡动态平衡之中之中之中之中当一个生态系统中的当一个生态系统中的当一个生态系统中的当一个生态系统中的能量流动和物质循环能量流动和物质循环能量流动
72、和物质循环能量流动和物质循环过程，在一个相当长过程，在一个相当长过程，在一个相当长过程，在一个相当长期而不是暂时的保持期而不是暂时的保持期而不是暂时的保持期而不是暂时的保持稳态，该生态系统中稳态，该生态系统中稳态，该生态系统中稳态，该生态系统中的有机体种类和数量的有机体种类和数量的有机体种类和数量的有机体种类和数量最多，生物量最大，最多，生物量最大，最多，生物量最大，最多，生物量最大，生产力也最高，这就生产力也最高，这就生产力也最高，这就生产力也最高，这就是平衡状态的标志是平衡状态的标志是平衡状态的标志是平衡状态的标志生态系统在一定时间生态系统在一定时间生态系统在一定时间生态系统在一定时间内内
73、内内结构和功能结构和功能结构和功能结构和功能处于相处于相处于相处于相对稳定状态，即受到对稳定状态，即受到对稳定状态，即受到对稳定状态，即受到外来干扰能够通过外来干扰能够通过外来干扰能够通过外来干扰能够通过自自自自我调节我调节我调节我调节以恢复到原来以恢复到原来以恢复到原来以恢复到原来的稳定状态的稳定状态的稳定状态的稳定状态生态平衡是指在生态平衡是指在生态平衡是指在生态平衡是指在一定时间内生态系统一定时间内生态系统一定时间内生态系统一定时间内生态系统中的生物和环境之间，中的生物和环境之间，中的生物和环境之间，中的生物和环境之间，生物各个种群之间，生物各个种群之间，生物各个种群之间，生物各个种群之
74、间，通过能量流动，物质通过能量流动，物质通过能量流动，物质通过能量流动，物质循环和信息传递使它循环和信息传递使它循环和信息传递使它循环和信息传递使它们相互之间达到们相互之间达到们相互之间达到们相互之间达到高度高度高度高度适应、协调和统一的适应、协调和统一的适应、协调和统一的适应、协调和统一的状态状态状态状态侧重于生态系统侧重于生态系统侧重于生态系统侧重于生态系统结构和功能结构和功能结构和功能结构和功能过程过程过程过程 强调为强调为强调为强调为一种一种一种一种状态状态状态状态既肯定是一种既肯定是一种既肯定是一种既肯定是一种状态状态状态状态，同时也考虑，同时也考虑，同时也考虑，同时也考虑了维持这种
75、状态的了维持这种状态的了维持这种状态的了维持这种状态的机制机制机制机制 3.2 The Characteristics Of the Ecosystem BalanceCharacteristicsofbiologicalenergyFoodNetworkFeaturesThecharacteristicsofnutrientcyclingCharacteristicsofcommunityStructureSelectionpressureSteady-stateDynamicRelativeThebasicfeaturesoftheecosystembalanceisthemeasurei
76、ndicatorThetotalproductionofecosystem(生态系统总生产量P)Communityrespiration(群落呼吸量R)Childhood,P/R1，Matureandstableeco-system,P/Rapproaching1P/Rthebestindicatorsrefertotherelativelymatureofecologicalsystems(1) Characteristics of biological energyChildhoodFoodchainissimpleMatureandstableeco-system:Foodwebstru
77、ctureisverycomplex,mostgothroughtherottenfoodchain.Thecomplexstructurehavegreaterresistance.（2） Food Network Features EcosystemBalancemaintainthenutrientsThemainnutrients,suchas：N、P、K、Ca(3) The characteristics of nutrient cycling SpeciesDiversityIncreaseComplexityNutritionStructure(4) Characteristic
78、s of communityVolumeproductionischaracteristicofchildhoodecosystem.Qualityofproductionandfeedbackcontrolaresignsofmatureecosystems.(5) Selection pressure(6) Steady-state Keeponthestrengthenofnutrition,greatresistance,largeamountofinformationandlowerentropy.3.3 Ecosystem Imbalance（1）Naturalfactors:Vo
79、lcaniceruption,seachange,lightningfire,tsunamis,earthquakes,floodsandlandslides,aswellaschangesinthecrustandsoon.Thereasoncausetheecologicalimbalance.（2） Humanfactors:Pesticides,largequantitiesofpollutants,forestexploitation,grasslanddegradation,theconstructionofwaterconservancy.NaturalfactorsHumanf
80、actorsDestructivelevelsSeriousandthoroughdestructioncloselyrelatedinthetimeandtheintensityTimelinessSuddenGradual,longeffectRegionalLocalLargeareaFrequencyRequencyisnothighCommonAffectSecondaryPrimary（3）ThedifferenceindamagingeffectsbetweenNaturalfactorsandhumanfactorsonecologicalbalance.The basic c
81、haracteristics of the ecosystem imbalance (1)StructureofsignsWhentheexternalinterferenceisbigenough,itcancauseoneorseveralcomponentsoftheecosystemimpairment,andthiscausePrimaryStructureincomplete.Whenexternaldisturbancesarenotveryserious,theSecondaryStructureoftheecosystemchanged.TreefellingSlightly
82、pollutedwater(2)FunctionofsignsEnergyflowdisruptedorinterruptedinnormalchannelsinacertainnutritionallevelofthesystemEnergyflowblockedtheprimaryproductivityandtheenergyconversionefficiencyreduceor“ineffective”increase.Nutrientcyclingbreakingtherateofinputandoutputamongthelibrariesoutofproportionisthe
83、mainreasonofecosystemsimbalance.RedTideExcessiveamountofpollutantswhichexcessoftheself-purificationemissioncapacityintothewaterandaccumulateinthesystem3.4 The Mechanism Of Ecosystem BalanceTheabilityofmaintainingtheinternalstabilityBasicprinciples: MaterialcycleprotectionprinciplesContinuityProducti
84、onprotectionprinciples StructureprotectionprinciplesPrinciplesofecologicalbalanceInternalstabilitymechanismFeedbackmechanismPositivefeedback（正反馈）makesthesystemmoredeviatedfromthehomesite,soitcannotmaintainthesteady-state Biologicalgrowth,populationincreaseandsoonareallthepositivefeedback.Negativefee
85、dback（负反馈）Usingitsowncapabilitiesinreducingthepressurewithinthesystemtomaintainsystemstability.Redundancy（后备力） referstothenumberofspecieswiththesameecologicalfunctionsinthebiologicalcommunity. Regulation of the Ecological BalanceResistance（抵抗力）isthecapacityoftheecosystemresistingtheoutsideinterferen
86、cetomaintainthestructureandthefuction. Complexstructure.Theabilitytoresistdroughtandpestsisstrong ComplexKoreanpineforestinChangbaiMountainecosystemsResilience（恢复力） isthecapacityoftheecosystemreturningtoorginalstatefromoutsideinterferencedamage Simpleecosystemhasstrongrestoringforcesbutlowresistance
87、.BetweenthetwodottedlinesarethenormalscopeofthesystemThedegreeofdeviationaretheindicatorsinmeasuringtheresistanceofsystem.Thetimerequiredtoreturntothenormalrangeisthequantitativeindicatorsofsystem.ResistanceandresiliencearetwoaspectsofecosystemstabilityEcologicalbalancethreshold(生态平衡阈值) Ecologicalba
88、lancethresholdisthestrengthnotlossingtheregulationcapacityofecosystemsornotexceedingtherestoringforcefromtheinteferenceoroutsidedamagement. Thethresholdisrelatetothetypeofecosystems,thenature,waysanddurationofexternalinterferencefactors. 3.5 Establish the Optimization of Ecosystems Themainlyactiviti
89、eswhichdestroytheecologicalbalance.Attention:Therelationshipbetweenresourcesanddevelopment.Therelativebalancebetweensupplyanddemand.Maintainthebiologicalconstraintsrelationship.The Concept of Urban Ecosystem4.1The Features of Urban Ecosystems4.2Problems existing in the Urban Ecosystem 4.3Solutions4.
90、44 Problems & Solutions in The Urban Ecosystem4.1 Urban ecosystem Urban ecosystemAspecialartificialecosystem,composingofcityresidentsandtheirenvironment,anatural-economic-societysystem.Itisnotacomplete,self-stabilityecosystemSomecharacteristicsofnaturalecosystemsSomeprominentfeaturesunlikenaturaleco
91、systems4.2 The features of Urban EcosystemsHumanityisthecoreoftheecosystemHugeamountofenergyflowandlogistics,withthehighdensityandfastturnaround.Process:MiningManufacturingTransportationUseWasteCreatorConsumerControlandmanagementSimplyfoodchainandsmallcapacityofself-regulatingSpeciesdiversityStabili
92、tydependsonthecapabilitiesandlevelofregulationofthesocio-economicsub-system.4.3 Problems existing in the UrbanEcosystem （1）Thedestructionofnaturalenvironment（2）Landoccupationandsoilchanges（3）Climatechangesandairpollution（4）Watershortageandwaterpollution（5）Citynoise（6）PopulationdensityandwithGreensca
93、rce（1）The destruction of natural environment ThedevelopmentofUrbanizationinevitablyaffectthenaturalenvironment.lConvenientlComfortablelivingconditionslDestroyThe birds on the stakesSoilchanges（2） Land occupation and soil changes Landoccupation（4） Water shortage and water pollutionWatershortageConstr
94、aintsoftheproblemWaterpollutionIndustrialwastewaterMetalmaterials,chemicals,paper（3） Air pollution（5） City noise（6）Population density and Green scarce 4.4 SolutionsUrbanairpollutionandecologicalengineeringEcologicalplanningandassessmentCleanerproductionConstructionofurbangreenspaceUrbanwaterpollutio
95、nandEcologicalEngineeringDepurationThehealthcycleofurbanwaterUrbanNoiseecologicalengineeringAnti-vocalMunicipalsolidwastetreatmentanddisposalEnvironment-EconomicDevelopmentEcological Planning and AssessmentOptimizationschemeTheself-regulationSustainabledevelopmentAvoidtheurbanatmosphericenvironmenth
96、azardwhichduestotheunreasonabledistributionandstructureConstruction of urban green spaceRegulatingtemperatureSoilandwaterconservationCleantheairBeautifytheurbanenvironmentMaintainCO2/O2balanceReduceatmosphericpollutionDepuration ThePlant-microbialwillreducethepollutionloadofpollutantandcontrolsewage
97、inalimitrange,throughthedirectpurification,multi-channelpurification,artificialbeach,constructedwetlands,ecologicalengineeringpurificationsystem.WetlandsArtificialFloatingIslandThe health cycle of urban waterWatercyclesRespectforthenaturalmovementofwaterRationaluseofwaterresourcesscienceRecyclingofw
98、astewaterpurificationSustainableuseofwaterresourcesChange:One-wayflow:WaterOutput-Users-EmissionsFeedbackprocess:Controlledwater-Output-Users-ReclaimedwaterTheHealthCycleofUrbanWaterSludgereturntolandIntegratedmanagementofwaterresourcesSaveWaterWastewaterTreatmentandUseRehabilitationofUrbanWaterInhi
99、bitionofstormwaterrunoffReductionofpeakflowReductionofurban-typeflooddisastersIndustrialwaterAgriculturalirrigationMunicipalwaterEcologicalwaterMaintaniandimprovesoilfertility,improvesoilstructureReducethesecondarypollutionofwaterenvironmentCleanerProductionWatersavingindustryRationalallocationofwat
100、erresourcesImprovewaterefficiencyLimitthewatersupplyofUrbanandruralareasSavewaterWastewatertreatmentandreuseIntegratedmanagementofwaterresourcesprotectionUrban Noise ecological engineeringAnti-vocalSpeedofwindStrengthofsourceThedirectionofwindHumidityTemperatureSpeciesofgreenplantTheheightofbranches
101、DensityMunicipal solid waste treatment and disposalPrinciple: DispersedandmixedtreatmentcombinationHarmless,reductionandrecyclingTheprocessofusingeco-technologytoputthesolidwasteintoasuitabletransport,use,storageandfinaldisposal.Environment - Economic DevelopmentCityisacomplexecosystemcomposedofsocialeconomic-naturalTactics:ImplementationoftheMeasuresStrategicDecisionsOrientedConceptStrategyMatchThankyou！
