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1、现在完成时一、基本结构：一、基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done)肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他）规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：(1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。 work-worked-worked ,visit-visited-visited (2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。 live-lived
2、-lived , (3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 y 变为 i ，再加“ed ”。 study-studied-studied ,cry-cried-cried hurry-hurried-hurried, carry-carried-carried(4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。 stop-stopped-stopped , drop-dropped-dropped ,plan-planned-planned, shop-shopped-shopped不规则动词变化：1、AAA型:cost, cut, hit, let, pu
3、t, read, set, shut, hurt, spread(展开)2、ABA型:come-came-come, become-became-become, run-ran-run3、ABB型:have-had-had, get-got-got,buy-bought-bought, hear-heard-heard, sit-sat-sat4、ABC型:go-went-gone, sing-sang-sung,take-took-taken, do-did-done, eat-ate-eaten, write-wrote-written三式相同不规则动词的过去分词costcuthithur
4、tsetputshutreadbring buy think teach catchbrought bought thought taught caughtbrought bought thought taught caughtfeel leavetellsellsay lay felt lefttoldsoldsaid laidfelt lefttoldsoldsaid laidbegin fall flyforget take wearwritecome become runcame became rancome become runbegan fell flewforgot took w
5、orewrotebegun fallenflownforgotten taken wornwritten二、用法1）现在完成时的完成用法现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.如:already,yet,ever,never,just,before,once,twice等连用,也可以和包括现在在内的时间状语,如thesedays,today,thisyear,sofar等连用.1.与表示一段时间的状语连用，如“for+时间段”“since+时间点”,since+一段时间+ago,since+句子（过去时）
6、我们在这个城市里已经生活了10年。Wehavelivedinthiscityfor10years.Wehavelivedinthiscitysince2004.Wehavelivedinthiscitysincetenyearsago.Itstenyearssincewelivedinthecity.2）现在完成时的未完成用法指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。这里的动词要用持续性动词。常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点）连用.现在完成时中延续性动词和终止性动词英语动词根据词义可分为两种,一种是延续性的,一种是终止性的,终止性动词(也可称为非延续性动词,
7、瞬间动词,或点动词),如begin,start,die,buy,leave, come等,表示动作的发生与结束于一瞬间完成,不能再延续,所以它的现在完成时不能和表示延续的时间状语连用,即不能与表示一段时间的状语,for+时间段, since+时间点/从句连用,也不能用在how long引导的特殊疑问句初中英语课本中常见终止性动词有:leave,go,come,arrive,begin,buy,borrow,die,join,become等.终止性动词要表示持续时,可用以下方法:.将时间状语改为时间段+ago,句中谓语动词用一般过去时.eg.我弟弟参军两年了.Mybrotherjoinedthe
8、armytwoyearsago.若保留for+时间段,since+时间点/从句,或用在howlong句型中,则需将终止性动词改为相应的状态动词或延续性动词come/go/arrive/get/reach/move-bein/atopen-beopendie-bedeadclose-beclosedbecome-beborrow-keepbegin/start-beonputon-wearleave-beaway(from)buy-havefallasleep-beasleepturnon-beonend/finish-beovercatchacold-haveacoldjointhearmy-
9、beinthearmy/beasoldierjointheParty-beintheParty/beaPartymember常见终止性动词与延续性动词(或状态动词)的对应关系如下:1.He died 10 years ago. - He has been dead for 10 years / since 10 years ago.2. He borrowed the book 2 weeks ago. - He has kept the book for 2 weeks.3. He bought the motorbike a month ago. -He has had the motor
10、bike for a month.4. He arrived here three days ago. - He has been here since three days ago.5. They turned off the light 2 hours ago. - The light has been on for 2 hours.6. He left here 2 years ago. - He has been away from here for 2 years.7. The film began 30 minutes ago. - The film has been on for
11、 30 minutes.8. They opened the door an hour ago. - The door has been open for an hour.9. They closed the door an hour ago. - The door has been closed for an hour.10. He joined the army last year. - He has been a soldier for a year. - He has been in the army for a year. - It is a year since he joined
12、 the army. 延延续续性性动动词词和和瞬瞬间间性性动动词词之之间间的的转转化化 (keys)(2)与表示包含过去和现在的一整段时间的状语连用，如lately,recently,inthepastfewyears,thesefewyears,thesedays,uptonow,sofar等。例如：Howhaveyoubeenrecently？你近来状况如何？Thefamouswriterhaswrittenanewbookinthepasttwoyears.那位著名的作家在过去的两年里写了一本新书。(3)与笼统表示过去时间的状语连用，如already,never,ever,just等。含
13、有这类时间状语的句子，其谓语动词表示句中的行为或动作发生在过去，但对现在有影响。例如：Ivejustfoundthislibrarybook.我刚刚找到这本图书馆的书。havefound这一动作发生在过去，但影响到现在，即现在图书馆的书在我这儿。just所表示的“刚才”是与现在有密切相关的过去时间。Howbeautifullyshesings!Ihaveneverheardabettervoice.她唱得多美啊！我从来没听到过比这更优美的歌喉。never表示广义的过去，而且一直到目前才截止。注意:1.现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用，(如表示过去的时间状语）如yesterday(morning
14、、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等，除非与for,since连用.2.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用如already（肯定）,yet（否定，疑问）,just,before,recently,still,lately等:Hehasalreadyobtainedascholarship.Ihaventseenmuchofhimrecently(lately).Wehaveseenthatfilmbefore.Havetheyfoundthemissingchildyet?3.现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用,如ever,never,twic
15、e,severaltimes等:HaveyoueverbeentoBeijingIhaveneverheardBunnysayanythingagainsther.Ihaveusedthispenonlythreetimes.Itisstillgood.Georgehasmetthatgentlemanseveraltimes.have been to 和have gone to的区别havebeento强调“去过”，现已不在那里，如：HehasbeentotheUSAthreetimes.他到美国去过三次。（过去“到美国”，现在已“不在美国”）havegoneto主要强调的是“去了”，现在人
16、不在说话的现场，如：-Wheresyourmother?-你妈妈在哪？-Shehasgonetothehospital.-她去医院了。hasbeenin一直在某地2.has/havebeentohave/hasgonetohave/hasbeenin去过某地表示某人的一种经历,可once,twice,already,ever,never等连用.去某地了,说话时某人已离开此地,在去某地的途中或已在某地逗留在某地(已经一段时间).常和fortendays,sinceIcamehere等连用.三、现在完成时考点例析现在完成时是较难掌握、中考考查较多的时态。涉及的考点有：一、考查其构成助动词have(
17、has)+动词过去分词构成现在完成时。如：1.KatesneverseenChinesefilms，_?A.hasntsheB.hassheC.isntsheD.isshe析：陈述句部分含否定词never,简略问句部分要用肯定式，又因Kates是Katehas的缩写，故选B。2.Hisunclehasalreadypostedthephotostohim.(改为否定句)Hisuncle_postedthephotostohim_.析：already常用在肯定句中，yet常用在否定句、疑问句中，故填hasnt,yet。3.-AnnhasgonetoShanghai.-So_herparents.
18、A.hasB.hadC.didD.have析：so+助/系/情态动词+主语结构中的动词形式应与前句结构中动词形式保持一致，又后句的主语为herparents是复数,故选D。二、考查其用法与标志词(一)当句中有never,ever,just,already,yet,before等时，常用现在完成时。如：1.-Mum,mayIgooutandplaybasketball?-_you_yourhomeworkyet?A.Do;finishB.Are;finishingC.Did;finishD.Have;finished2.-_you_anywherebefore?-Yes,butIcantreme
19、mberwhereI_A.Did;surf;surfedB.Have;surfed;surfedC.Did;surf;havesurfedD.Have;surfed;havesurfed(二)当句中有for+段时间或since+点时间等时，主句常用现在完成时，谓语动词必须是延续性动词，若是非延续性动词，要改为延续性动词或表状态的词(短语)。如：1.HisbrotherhasbeentoStoneForesttwice_hecametoYunnan.A.afterB.beforeC.sinceD.for2.Tom_theCDplayerfortwoweeks.A.haslentB.hasborr
20、owedC.hasboughtD.hashad3.I_aletterfromhimsinceheleft.A.didntreceiveB.haventgotC.didnthaveD.haventheard析：据since可知，应排除A、C，hearfromsb.=receive/get/havealetterfromsb.意为收到某人的来信，故选B。三、考查have/hasbeen(to,in)/have/hasgone(to)的区别。如：1.-Haveyouever_LintongtoseetheTerraCottaWarriors?-Yes,Ihave.A.wenttoB.gonetoC.
21、beeninD.beento2.Myparents_Shangdongfortenyears.A.havebeeninB.havebeentoC.havegonetoD.havebeen四、考查现在完成时与其他时态的联系和区别。IwontgototheconcertbecauseI_myticket.A.lostB.dontloseC.havelostD.iscoming现在完成时和一般过去时的区别现在完成时所表明的是过去发生的动作对现在的影响,强调的是现在的情况,不可以和表示过去的时间状语yesterday,in1991,threedaysagolasttime,lastnight等连用.一
22、般过去时表明的是过去发生的事实,和现在不发生关系.现在完成时中的for与sincefor+时间段与延续性动词的现在完成时连用since+时间点/从句Ihavekeptthelibrarybookforaweek.=Ihavekeptthelibrarybooksinceaweekago.Itis/hasbeen+一段时间+since从句.自从某事发生已有一段时间了.eg.Itis/hasbeentwoyearssincemybrotherjoinedthearmy.注意:1.since引导的从句中动词用过去时2.when引导的特殊问句不与现在完成时连用.3.havegot,hasgot虽然是现
23、在完成时,但havegot=havehasgot=has1.Itsalongtimesincewe_(meet)last,isntit?2.-Iknowyou_(choose)apicturebookamongthese.-Yes,Havealookatit,please.3.Sofar,spaceshipswithoutpeople_(reach)themoonandsomeotherpartsoftheuniverse.4.Myfather_homefornearlythreeweeks.A.hasgoneawayfromB.hasleftC.hasbeenawayfromD.wentaw
24、ay5.MrandMrsGreenhave_inChinaforaweek.A.beenB.gotC.arrivedD.reached6.-WheresMary?-Oh,she_thelibrary.A.hasgonetoB.wenttoC.hasbeentoD.hadgoneto7.Imnotfeelingwell.Ivecaughtacoldforthreedays.ABCD8.TomhascaughtabadcoldfordaysandhehasstayedinbedsincelastSaturday.ABCD近义句转换：1.JackjoinedtheLeaguefivemonthsago.JackaLeaguememberfivemonthsago2.Itsalongtimesincewemetlast.Weeachotherforalongtimesincewemetlast.
