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1、翻译C汉英翻译Stillwatersrundeep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深Wherethereislife,thereishope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望Totranslateisthereforetoletgoofyour(English)writinginaway,toholditatarmslength,openittoscrutiny,allowittofloatintheether(universe)forawhile,andtoletothers,pivotyoutowardrelativetruth.(blog)esp.forC-EtranslationLex
2、icalrelationshipbetweenChineseandEnglishOne-to-onerelationshipOne-to-nonerelationshipPseudoone-to-onerelationshipOne-to-manyormany-to-oneormany-to-manyrelationship1、这花花儿真美。2、这件衣服太花花了。3、孩子的花花儿刚出过。4、我的眼早花花了。5、他年轻时是个花花花公子。1.flower2.multicoloured3.smallpox4.nebulous5.playboyTranslationCriteria/Standards
3、天竺国俗，甚重文藻，其宫商体韵，以入弦为善。凡觐国王，必有赞德。见佛之仪，以歌叹为尊。经中偈颂，皆其式也。但改梵为秦，失其藻味，虽得大意，殊隔文体，有似嚼饭与人，非徒失味，乃另呕秽也。（转引自陈福康中国译学理论史稿）严复：信、达、雅刘重德：信、达、切鲁迅：求其易解，保存原作丰姿傅雷：神似similarityinspirit钱钟书：化境sublimationTytler:3原则p5Tytlers3principlesAtranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheoriginalwork.Thestyleandmannerofwritingshould
4、beofthesamecharacterasthatoftheoriginal.Atranslationshouldhaveallthecaseoftheoriginalcomposition.BasicRequirementsForTranslatorThe1standmostobviousrequirementofanytranslatoristhathehaveasatisfactoryknowledgeofthesourcelanguage.Itisnotenoughthathebeabletogetthe“generaldrift“ofthemeaning,orthathebeade
5、ptinconsultingdictionaries.Rather,hemustunderstandnotonlytheobviouscontentofthemessage,butalsothesubtletiesofmeaning,thesignificantemotivevaluesofwords,andthestylisticfeatureswhichdeterminethe“flavorandfeel”ofthemessage.Eventhemoreimportantthanknowledgeoftheresourcesofthesourcelanguageisacompletecon
6、trolofthereceptorlanguageacompletecontrolofthereceptorlanguage. .Seeppt2CertainlythemostnumerousandseriouserrorsmadebytranslatorsariseprimarilyfromtheirlackofthoroughknowledgeoftheTL.Itisonething,however,toknowalanguageingeneralandanothertohaveaspecialknowledgeofaparticularsubject.Inotherwords,inadd
7、itiontoaknowledgeofthetwoormorelanguagesinvolvedinthetranslationprocess,thetranslatormusthaveathoroughathoroughacquaintancewithacquaintancewiththesubjectmatterconcerned.Thetranslatorshouldalsohavesomethingofthesameculturalbackgroundasthatoftheauthorheistranslating.Ifsuchisnotthecase,“thetranslatorsh
8、ouldbewillingandreadilyabletomakeupforthisdeficiency.”Atthesametime,atranslatormustbecontenttobelikehisauthor,foritisnothisbusinesstotrytoexcelhim.IntranslatingtheBible,mostoutstandingtranslatorshavealsoinsistedafurtherrequirement,namely,adevoutrecognitionofdependenceupondivinegrace.Thetranslatorsho
9、uldnotonlymakeuseofthebestscientificphilologyandexegesis,butalsoinvokeandrelyupondivinegraceforthefulfillmentofhistask.shiftofperspective不二价oneprice听电话 answerthephone太平门emergencyexit北屋aroomwithasouthernexposure座钟astandingclock好票agoodseat“冷板凳”队员benchwarmerFullsentence,minorsentence,fragments“西洋人做文章把语
10、言化零为整，中国人做文章几乎可以说是化整为零。”-王力洞庭湖“衔远山，吞长江，浩浩荡荡，横无际涯”。CarryingdistantmountainsinthemouthandswallowingYangtzeRiver,thevastandmightyDontingLakestretchesendlessly.整合IT市场资源，追求专业化、市场化、规模化、规范化。WehaveintegratedITmarketresources,strivingtobespecializedandmarket-orientedwithscaleandstandardization.经济发达，交通便利以后，频频
11、南调北运，外加塑料大棚养殖什么的，水果上市不分了季节。AsthetransportationsystemhaddevelopedandeconomyhadimprovedinChina,fruitcouldbetransportedtoeverycornerofthecountryand,withgreenhouses,atanyseason.练习练习落花生落花生许地山我们屋后有半亩隙地。母亲说：“让它荒芜着怪可惜，既然你们那么爱吃花生，就辟来做花生园罢。”我们几姊弟和几个丫头都很喜欢买种的买种，动土的动土，灌园的灌园，过不了几个月，居然收获了！妈妈说：“今晚我们可以做一个收获节，也请你们爹爹
12、来尝尝我们底新花生，如何？”我们都答应了。母亲把花生做成好几样的食品，还吩咐这节期要在花园里底茅亭举行。那晚上的天色不太好，可是爹爹也到来，实在很难得！爹爹说：“你们爱吃花生吗？”我们都争着回答：“爱！”“谁能把花生的好处说出来？”姊姊说：“花生的气味很美。”哥哥说：“花生可以制油。”我说：“无论何等人都可以用贱价买它来吃；都喜欢它。这就是它的好处。”VersionPeanutsByXuDishanTherewasasmallpieceofopenlandbehindourhouse.Oneday,mothersaidtous,“itsapitytoleaveitlyingwaste.Sinc
13、eyouaresofondofpeanuts,letsturnitintoapeanutgarden.”Hearingthat,wekidsandthelittlemaidsweresodelightedthatwesetaboutworkingimmediately.Somewenttobuytheseeds,somebrokegroundandotherswateredthegarden.Toourhappysurprise,severalmonthslaterwehadarealharvest.Theharvestover,mothersuggested,“whataboutholdin
14、gacelebrationofourharvestthiseveningandinvitingyourDaddytohaveatasteofournewly-reapedpeanuts?”Tothisweallagreed.Motherpreparedmanykindsofpeanutfoodandtoldustoholdthecelebrationinthethatchedpavilioninthegarden.Theskywasnotsoclearthatevening.Buttoourgreatpleasure,wehadDaddywithus.Heaskedus,“doyoulikep
15、eanuts?”Weallrushedtotheanswer,“Yes!”“Whocantellustheadvantageofpeanuts?”Myeldersistersaid,“Theytastegood.”“Wecanextractoilfromthem,”wasmyelderbrothersreply.Isaid,“Theyaresoinexpensivethateveryonecanaffordthemandlikethem.Thatstheiradvantage.”练习那女娲氏炼石补天之时，与大荒山无稽崖，炼成高十二丈，见方二十四丈的顽石三万六千五百零一块。VersionWhen
16、thegoddessNuWamelteddownrockstorepairtheskyatBaselessCliffintheGreatWasteMountain,shemadethirty-sixfivehundredandoneblocksofstone,eachahundredandtwentyfeethighandtwohundredandfortyfeetsquare.练习那些卖酒的青帘高扬，卖菜的红炭满炉，仕女游人，络绎不绝，真不数“三十六家花酒店，七十二做管弦楼。”VersionDarktrade-signsflutterabovethewineshops,andredcharc
17、oalglowsinthetea-housestories,whilemenandwomenstreamby,onpleasurebent,tothrongthecountlesstavernsandmusichalls.练习福建省位于中国东南沿海，原是一个人口较少、资源贫乏、经济比较落后的小省。七十年代末以来，充分利用中央赋予的特殊政策，在突破旧体制方面先行一步，以市场为取向的改革取得实质进展，有力地推进了福建省国民经济和社会事业的迅速发展，不论是经济增长速度还是国内生产总值都跃居全国前矛。VersionSituatedonthesoutheastChinacoast,FujianProvi
18、nceusedtobeaneconomicallybackwardprovincesmallinpopulationandpoorinnaturalresources.Butthishaschangedsincethestartofthereforminthelate70s.Takingfulladvantageofthespecialpolicesgrantedbythecentralgovernment,FujianProvincehastakentheinitiativeinbreakingthroughtraditionaleconomicstructureandmovingtowar
19、damarketeconomy.ThesubstantialprogressachievedhasefficientlyfacilitatedarapiddevelopmentinFujianseconomyandsocietyandmadeitpossiblefortheprovincetoleaptotheleadingpositiontogetherwithafewotherprovincesinthecountryintermsofeconomicgrowthrateandGDP.Thedeepeningofreformandnewleapsineconomyareallinurgen
20、tneedofscienceandqualitypersonneltobackup.练习这对于福州大学这样一所全省唯一的以工为主、理工结合的新型地方大学来说，既是一种机遇，更是一种挑战。为了适应福建省改革开放和经济飞速发展的需要，福州大学也进入了发展的快车道：经过40年，特别是近20年的改革和发展，在校生规模从1978年不足2000人发展到今天逾万人；学科专业设置已基本涵盖了本省主要经济领域和产业部门，并已形成了包括研究生、本专科、成人、留学生教育在内的多层次、多规格、多形式的办学格局；已被列为全国重点建设的百所大学之一。VersionThishasprovidedachallengeaswe
21、llasan opportunity for Fuzhou University, auniversityofscienceandengineering,concentratingmainlyonengineering,theonlylocaluniversityofitstypeinFujianProvince.Tokeeppacewiththereformandtherapideconomic development in the province,FuzhouUniversityisnowonitsdevelopmentfastlane.VersionThepast40years,esp
22、eciallythepast20years, have seen the number of studentsenrolledjumpfromlessthan2000in1978tomore than 10,000 today and specialtiesoffered cover almost all the economic andindustrialsectorsandfieldsintheprovince.Avariegated pattern of school running hasbeencreatedwhichincludesgraduateeducation,undergr
23、aduateeducation,short2-to-3-year higher education programs, adulteducationandeducationprogramsforoverseasstudents.Asaresult,theuniversityhasenteredthelistof100selecteduniversitiesinChinawithadditionalresourcesforfurtherdevelopment.练习白居易十六岁时，带着自己的诗稿去京城长安，拜访老诗人顾况，希望得到他的指教。顾况看他还是个孩子，就不怎么当回事，又看到诗稿上的名字是“
24、居易”就开玩笑地说：“长安这地方米贵，在这里居可不易呀！”但当他读到“野火烧不尽，春风吹又生”等诗句时，不禁拍案叫绝，马上改变语气，郑重地说：“能写出这样的诗句，居下去是不难的，刚才是玩笑，不要见怪。”这样，白居易的名字便传开了。VersionAttheageofsixteen,BaiJuyiwenttoChangan,theimperialcapital,bringingwithhimhispoems,tosee an old poet, Gu Kuang, hoping to get hisguidance.Seeinghewasonlyachild,GuKuangdidnottakehi
25、mseriouslyandsaidjokinglyabout“”Juyi(meaning literally “easy (yi) to live (ju)”) on themanuscript,“RicehereinChanganisexpensive.Itsnot yi to ju”. But he exclaimed, tapping his deskapprovinglywhenhecameuponsuchlines:Noprairiefirecanburnitutterly,Thespringwindbringsitbacktolifeagain.Hiswhiletoneimmedi
26、atelychangedandhesaidseriously,“Amanwhocanwritesuchwonderfullineswontfinditdifficulttolivehere.Pardonmeforjoking.”SoonthenameBaiJuyiwaswidelyknown.词性和语态之间的转换Shiftbetweenpartsofspeechandvoicesv.-n.他喜欢在晚饭后静静地抽支烟。Helikesaquietsmokeaftersupper.他在讲话中特别强调提高产品质量。Inhisspeechhelaidspecialstressonraisingthequ
27、alityoftheproducts.林则徐认为，要成功地禁止鸦片买卖，就得首先把鸦片焚毁了。LinZexubelievedthatasuccessfulbanoftheopiumtrademustbeprecededbythedestructionofthedrugitself.你一定很不善于学习，要不然就是教你的人很不会教。Youmustbeaverybadlearner,orelseyoumustbegoingtoaverybadteacher.Exceptionalcases:n.-v.他的讲演给听众的印象很深。Hisspeechimpressedtheaudiencedeeply.他
28、在最后的一幕里占了很突出的地位。Shefiguredprominentlyinthelastact.V.-adj.(表示知觉、情感等心理状态）1、获悉日本遭受大地震，我们极为关切。WearedeeplyconcernedatthenewsthatJapanhasbeenstruckbythedevastatingearthquake.2.、他们怀疑他是否负担得起。Theyaredoubtfulwhetherhecanaffordit.Advv匆匆地下结论jumptoaconclusion偷偷地看一眼stealaglance急忙赶来相助rushtohelp他笑着同意了。Hesmiledhisco
29、nsent.Shiftbetweenvoices(汉语重思维形态的主体性，主体“尽在不言中”。汉语主动-英语被动）饭在锅里，我在屋里。ThemealhasbeenpreparedandImwaitingforyouinthebedroom.如果开支确属必要，钱总是可以筹到的。Iftheexpenditureisreallynecessary,themoneycanbefound/fundcanberaisedsomehow.v.-prep.这种人闹什么东西呢？闹名誉，闹地位，闹出风头。Whatarethesepeopleafter?Theyareafterfameandpositionandw
30、anttobeinthelimelight.有人给他撑腰。Hehassomeonebehindhim.他是一个脱离了低级趣味的人。Heisamanabovevulgarinterests.练习练习社会透视：劝君别再凑热闹社会透视：劝君别再凑热闹一个扒手的自白“人堆是我们作案的主要场所，一来人多了我们好下手，二来这些人往往只顾热闹、轧闹猛，对自己所带钱物很少注意，因此我们很容易得手。”“到了街上，你不用愁找不到人堆，猴子耍把戏，卖狗皮膏药的，还有其他各种滩头的前面，都可以找到看热闹的人。即使一时没有地摊，你也不用愁，街上骑车的、走路的这么多，总有相撞一下，或口角一下的，这样又可以有人堆了。实在没
31、有人堆，可以制造。只要两个人以假乱真，打上一架，保证马上有成百人围观。”VersionAPerspectiveonSociety:PleasedontjoininthefunAPickpocketsConfessionCrowded places are where we choose topick and steal because its easy for us tostartamongacrowdandthosepeoplearesodeep in the fun(whats going on there) thatthey pay little attention to their p
32、urses andwallets. Our attempts can always come offwithout fail ( we get things /our job doneeasily).VersionInthestreet,itwillneverbedifficulttofindsomecrowds.Therearecuriouscrowdsgatheringinfrontof(around)jugglers(monkeyshows),quacks(charlatans;mountebankssellingquackmedicines)andstallsofallsorts.(I
33、nthestreet,youcanalwaysfindcrowdssuchasspectatorsaroundacircus,standers-by(bystanders)aroundamedicinepeddleroronlookersbeforevariousstalls.)Ineverfeelworriedwithoutthem.Therearesomuchtraffic(somanypeoplewalkingorridingbicycles)inthestreetandthingslikeclashesandquarrelsalwayshappen.Theycanattractcrow
34、dsofonlookers.Crowdscanevenbemade.(Ifyouarenotluckyenoughtofindacrowd,youcanmakeone.)Iftwopersonsstartapretendedfight,Imsuretherewillbehundredsofpeoplegatheringandwatching.(Apretendedfightwillbeenoughtoattracthundredsofpeople)练习练习黎明前的北平黎明前的北平天气一天比一天寒冷。北海公园的湖上已结了厚厚的冰层，马路两旁树木上的叶子已经落尽，只有光秃秃的树枝在寒风中瑟瑟颤抖着
35、。北平已被强大的人民解放军包围，城门紧闭，粮食、蔬菜、鱼肉都运不进来。我们吃着早已准备的酱萝卜，有时也用黄豆泡豆芽。时不时可以听见解放军的炮声。但是北平城内还有着数量庞大的国民党军队，虽然已如瓮中之鳖，但如果负隅顽抗，仍将给人民的生命财产造成巨大的损失。何去何从？急待抉择。当时，统帅这批军队的傅作义将军在无可奈何的情况下，邀请了北平的一些学者名流，征询意见。会场设在中南海内，空气异常严肃紧张。傅作义将军作了简短的致词，表示愿意虚心听取大家的意见。墙上的挂钟“滴答滴答”地响着，很长时间没有人发言。大家只是用疑虑的眼光互相探询着，担心如果发言要求和平解放北平，会带来很大的风险。最后，沉默的空气还是
36、被打破了。许多人纷纷发言，热烈希望傅作义将军以北平人民的安全和保护故都文化胜迹为重，尽量争取早日和平解放北平。傅作义将军一直耐心而认真地听着大家的发言。最后，他站起来，表示感谢大家直言不讳。会后，人们奔走相告，感到北平和平解放的希望越来越大，漫长的黑夜终于即将过去。VersionPekingbeforeDawnItwasgettingcolderandcolder.Thelakein Beihai Park was already covered with athicklayerofice.Treesonbothsidesoftheroadwerestrippedofalltheirleave
37、s,leavingonlytheirbarebranchesshiveringintheicywind.PekingwasthenbesiegedbythemightyPeoplesLiberationArmy.Allthecitygateswereshuttight(stronglyguarded),(shuttingoutallthefoodthatwastocomeintothecity)makingitimpossibletotransportanyfood(grain,vegetable,meatandfish) from outside. Owing to the dwindlin
38、gsources of food in the city, what we had fordishes were only (pickles)pickled radish whichwas prepared long before, and sometimessproutsmadeofsoybeans.EverynowandthencamethethunderingofcannonsfiredbythePLA.Inthecity,therewerestillalargecontingentofKuomingtangTroopsingarrison.Strickenanimalsastheywe
39、re,theymight(endanger)bringaboutgreatloss of peoples lives and properties if theycontinued to resist desperately. General FuZuoyi,thenthecommanderofthetroops,wasplacedinadilemmawhethertosurrendertothe PLA or put up a desperate fight at thesacrifice of the city and the people. In anattempt to find a
40、way out, he invited somedistinguished scholars and celebrities inPekingtomeetwithhimfortheirsuggestionsandadvices.The meeting was held in Zhongnanhai,thentheheadquartersofFustroops,withanunusual tension permeating the air. To startwith , General Fu expressed in his briefopening speech his willingnes
41、s to hear allkinds of opinions from those present. Butafter his speech, the whole room fell into silence.( his speech was followed by an unusualsilence).Foraverylongtime,theonlysoundtobeheardwasthetickingofthewallclock.Glancesofdoubtandinquirywereexchanged and it was obvious that no onedaredtospeakb
42、ecauseofthefearthattheymightbetakingagreatriskiftheymadeanysuggestionaboutgivingupresistance.Finally,someonefoundhisvoicetospeak,breakingthesilenceandbringingthemeetingto life. The participants, one after another,spoketoexpresstheirhopethatGeneralFuwould, valuing above everything else thesafetyofthe
43、peopleandthepreservationofcultural and historical sites in the ancientcapital,exerthiseffortstodosomethingforanearlierandpeacefulliberationofPeking.All the while, General Fu listened withpatienceandattention.Intheend,hestoodup to express his appreciation to all theparticipantsfortheirunreservedfrank
44、ness.Thenewsspreadaroundsoonafterthemeeting.PeopleinPekingweremoreandmoreassuredthattheirhopeforapeacefulliberationwouldcometrueandalongnightofdarknesswouldsoondepartandapromisingdawnwascoming.Culture:1.Thecustoms,beliefs,art,music,andalltheotherproductsofhumanthoughtmadebyaparticulargroupofpeopleat
45、aparticulartime.e.g.:ancient Greek culture, a tribal culture pop culture2.Artisticandotheractivityofthemindandtheworksproducedbythis.文化定义1、人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和。特别是精神财富，如文学、艺术、教育、科学等。2、考古学用语，指同一个历史时期的不依分布地点为转移的遗迹、遗物的综合体。同样的工具、用具，同样的制造技术等，是同一种文化的特征，如：仰韶文化、龙山文化3、指运用语言文字的能力及一般的知识，如：文化水平、学文化LeoLo
46、veday,anAmericansociolinguistItdoesnotrefertotheatregoingorthepossessionofarefrigerator.Itreferstosomethingratherabstractanddifficulttograspimmediatelyasoneispartofit.Itinvolvestheimplicitnormsandconventionsofasociety,itsmethodsofgoingaboutdoingthings,itshistoricallytransmittedbutalsoadaptiveandcrea
47、tiveethos,itssymbolsanditsorganizationofexperience.Cultureisahistoricalphenomenon龟蛤蟆atoadlustingafteraswansfleshElevationvs.degenerationCultureisageographicalphenomenongreenhat/cap:anAussiesexperience龙Shewasguardedbyawomanobviouslyhermother,whotriedtostareHagandownwithacoldarrogancethatmadehimwantto
48、punchherintheface.Theangelchildandthedragonmother,Haganthought,returningthemotherscoldstare.(TheGodfatherp54)十里蛙声不断，九溪曲流不断。Youcanhearfrogscontinuouscryingintenmilesandcanenjoythebabblingofthewindingstreams.别以为熊猫长得都一样，娇娇是特别的漂亮。Youmaythinkpandaslookallalike,butJiaojiaoisparticularlybeautiful.爱屋及乌Lovem
49、e,lovemydog.dogredThesameistrueoftranslationtheory.Itisnotnecessaryforeveryonetoknowtranslationtheory,norisitevennecessaryforpastorsandteacherstoknoweverythingeverythingabouttranslationtheory.ItisnecessaryforpastorsandteachersintheAmericanchurchattheendofthetwentiethcenturytoknowsomethingsomethingab
50、outtranslationtheory,fortworeasons.First, it will affect the way we interpret the Bible for our people. If we are completely unaware of translation theory, we may unwittingly mislead our brothers and sisters in our interpretation.Second, there are so many English translations available, that no cont
51、emporary pastor will be able to escape the inevitable questions about which translations are superior.译文评价及改进“Farewell,Mr.Jack,”saidtheDoctor,standingup,onwhichweallstoodup.“Aprosperousvoyageout,athrivingcareerabroad,andahappyreturnhome!”“一路平安，杰克先生，”博士站起来说道，于是我们大家都站起来了。“在路上一个顺利的航程，在国外一种的事业，在将来一个快活的还
52、乡！”“再见，杰克先生，”博士站起来说道，于是我们大家都站起来了。“祝您航程顺利！在海外事业发达/繁荣！早日衣锦还乡！”“诸位记者！”他咳嗽了声，站了起来。但是那些正在谈笑的招待对象，并未注意他的动作。连坐在附近的官方记者也没有特别的反应。“Reporters!”Hecoughedandstoodup.Thesewhowereinvitedwereonlychatteringandlaughingwithoutpayinganyattentiontohisgesture.Eventhegovernmentalreporterssittingnearbyfailedtomakespecialre
53、sponse.“Ladiesandgentlemen!”Heclearedhisthroatandstoodup.Thereportersbeingtreatedwerestillchatting,payingnoattentiontohim.Eventheofficialjournalistssittingnearbydidntmakeanyresponse.Typicalerrorsinex.7经济上最强大的国家themosteconomicallymighty/powerfulcountry?themosteconomiccountry?thestrongesteconomicpower
54、?thelargesteconomy（最大的经济体）发生occurring(ofunpleasantevents)happening/whatsgoingon似乎不合情理unreasonableparadoxical(combiningopposingqualities,ideas,etc.)内存memoryRAM(randomlyaccessiblememory)built-in(内置）模拟imitationsimulationanalog(vs.digital)语言成分ingredient/elementcomponent/constituent引人入胜、语义复杂interesting/r
55、avishingstyle,engrossingtypeoftextstylisticallyappealingandsemanticallycomplex非得由人来进行翻译不可Onlyhumanbeingscanbethetranslators.Humantranslatorswillalwaysbenecessary.语篇分析与得体表达语篇分析与得体表达I、语篇类型分析（、语篇类型分析（Analysisoftexttypes）AccordingtoNewmark,thetextcanbeclassifiedintoexpressive(“表情类”),informative(“信息类”),a
56、ndvocative(“呼唤鼓动类”)，thatis:expressive：nonfiction,speech,biography,prose,andprivatelettersinformative：teachingmaterial,scientificreport,news,academicpaper,thesis,meetingminutesoragenda,etc.vocative：publicnotices,productsinstructions,advertisement,politicalpropaganda,persuasivewritings,etc.Moreover,th
57、etypeofthetextcanalsobeclassifiedinto:literaryandnonliterary,thatis：literary：novel,biography,prose,poem,anecdote,joke,etc.nonliterary(practical):governmentsdocument,diplomaticdocument,legaldocument,scientificandtechnologicalmaterial,businessletters,publicnotice,productinstruction,advertisement,namec
58、ardandtouristcatalogs,etc.II、语篇功能分析（、语篇功能分析（Analysisoftextfunctions）Onlyinfewcasesatextcanbejudgedwithasinglefunction,inmanycases,atextisalwaysendowedwithseveralfunctionswhereastakingoneortwoofthemasthemainfunctions.Thesignificanceofanalysisoftextfunctionsduringthecourseoftranslationlies:becausethet
59、extfunctionsandcontextarecloselycorrelated,hencetodeterminethetextfunctionscancontributeactivelytothedueanalysisoftheoriginalworks;atthesametime,thetranslatorcanalsoevaluatetheoriginalfactorsintheTLcontexttoensurethattheequivalentfunctioncanworkontheTL.Inconclusion,atranslatorshouldrecognizeandfinal
60、izethetypesofthetextbecauseitmaydecidehisunderstandingandexpressionduringthecourseoftranslation.Andtheanalysisofthetextcanhelptodifferentiatevarioustextswithitsownfocuses,e.g.textfocusingonthecontents(scientific);ontheformandcontentequally(literarytext);ontheeffectandeye-catching(practical),andhence
61、totranslatethetextappropriately,effectivelyandefficiently.III.语篇分析与翻译(Textanalysisandtranslation)Inaccordancewiththeviewsoftranslatingthetextfunctions,translatorshouldnottaketheequivalencetotheoriginalorsimplytheoriginalfunctionasthecriterionorbasistojudgethequalityoftheversion.Instead,theexpectedfu
62、nctionoftheversioninthetargetlanguageshouldbethestandard.Thefunctionoftheversioncanbesimilarorconsistenttothatoftheoriginal,orcanbecompletelydifferent.Hencethemethodandstrategyshouldbedecidedbythetranslatoronthebasisoftheanalysisandcomparisonofthefunctionoftheoriginalandtheexpectedfunctionoftheversi
63、on.Theanalysisoftheoriginalisequallyimportanttotranslationoftheliteraryworksorthenonfictionandatranslatorshouldpaydueattentiontotheimportantfactorssuchasthediscoursefactorsfromtheviewpointsoftheversionduringtheprocessofanalyzingandtranslatingtheoriginal.IV.各种语篇类型翻译点评各种语篇类型翻译点评（Commentsontranslationo
64、fvarioustypesoftext）1、散文（prose）original：但是，朔方的雪花纷飞之后，却永远如粉，如沙，他们决不粘连，撒在屋上，地上，枯草上，就是这样。屋上的雪是早就有消化了的，因为屋里居人的火的温热。别的，在晴天之下，旋风忽来，便蓬勃地奋飞，在日光中灿灿地生光，如包藏火焰的大雾，旋转而且升腾，弥漫太空，使太空旋转而且升腾地闪烁。（“雪”，摘自鲁迅野草）version：Butthesnowflakesthatfallinthenorthremaintothelastlikepowderorsandneverholdtogether,whetherscatteredonroo
65、fs,thegroundorthewitheredgrass.Thewarmthfromthestovesinsidehasmeltedsomeofthesnowontheroofs.Asfortherest,whenawhirlwindspringsupunderaclearsky,itfliesupwildly,glitteringinthesunlightlikethickmistaroundaflame,revolvingandrisingtillfillsthesky,andthewholeskyglittersasitwhirlsandrises.2、诗歌（poetry）origi
66、nal：静夜思李白床前明月光，疑是地上霜。举头望明月，低头思故乡。version：InTheQuietNightByLiBaiSobrightagleamonthefootofmybedCouldtherehavebeenafrostalready?Liftingmyselftolook,IfoundthatitwasMoonlight.Sinkingbackagain,Ithoughtsuddenlyofhome.3、特写（featurearticles）original：为了庆祝香港的历史性回归，7月1日将在维多利亚港举行有史以来最大规模的烟花表演。观众可以免费观看长达1小时的烟花表演。同
67、时，维多利亚湾两侧的公园里也将华灯齐放，展示一幅极为美丽的景象。灯展将历时100天。version：TocelebrateHongKongshistoricreturntoChina,thegreatestfireworksdisplayeverseenwilltakeplaceaboveVictoriaHarboronJuly1.Theshowisscheduledtolastforonehourandadmissionisfree.Onbothsidesoftheharbor,parkswilllightupwithcolorfullanternsandtheilluminateddeco
68、rationswillremainfor100days.4、政论文（politicalessay）original：同时必须清醒看到，在一些地方和部门的领导工作：同时必须清醒看到，在一些地方和部门的领导工作中，忽视思想教育，忽视精神文明，中，忽视思想教育，忽视精神文明，“一手比较硬，一手一手比较硬，一手比较软比较软“的问题还没有解决。在社会精神方面还存在不少的问题还没有解决。在社会精神方面还存在不少问题，有的还相当严重。问题，有的还相当严重。一些领域道德失范，拜金主义、一些领域道德失范，拜金主义、享乐主义、个人主义滋长；封建迷信活动和黄赌毒等丑恶享乐主义、个人主义滋长；封建迷信活动和黄赌毒等丑
69、恶现象沉渣泛起；假冒伪劣、欺诈活动成为社会公害；文化现象沉渣泛起；假冒伪劣、欺诈活动成为社会公害；文化事业受到消极因素的严重冲击，危害青少年身心健康的东事业受到消极因素的严重冲击，危害青少年身心健康的东西屡禁不止；腐败现象在一些地方蔓延，党风、政风受到西屡禁不止；腐败现象在一些地方蔓延，党风、政风受到很大损害。很大损害。version：Atthesametime,wemustseewithasobermindthatintheworkofleadershipinsomelocalitiesanddepartments,theproblemofneglectingideologicaleduca
70、tionandethicalandculturalprogress,and“attachingimportancetosomethingswhileneglectingothers”hasnotbeensolved.Quiteanumberofproblemsstillexistinthesocial,ethicalandculturallife,someratherserious.Thestandardofmoralconducthasbeenloweredinsomespheres,andthepracticeofworshippingmoney,seekingpleasureandind
71、ividualismhasgrown;feudalsuperstitionsandsuchsocialvicesaspornography,gamblinganddrugabusehaveresurfaced;productionfoshoddyandfakegoodsandfraudhavebecomeasocialscourge(causeofgreatharmorsuffering);theculturalcausehasbeenseriouslyaffectedbynegativefactors;thingsthatdamagethephysicalandmentalhealthofy
72、oungstersandchildrenhavenotbeeneliminateddespiterepeatedprohibitions;thephenomenonofcorruptionhasbeenspreadinginsomeplaces,seriouslydamagingtheworkstyleofthePartyandthegovernment.Typicalerrorsintranslating“Playingchess”Person:you,we,he;someofthem,they?Aseverethreatens/whenyoupost/poise(pose)athreatC
73、omponentopponentIntheforeheadofyouropponent,theblueveinspopouttheblueveinsstandsoutonthehead/veinsonhisfaceblueveinsstandingoutonhistemplesPinchhisearsandfacetweakhisearsandscratchhischeeks(tooliteral,wordforword)com.:scratchhisheadHastoeatsth.Unpleasant/somedirtSweatbeads/dropsofperspirationstreamc
74、om.:dropsofcoldsweat红头涨脸（如关公）FacesareasredasGuanggong/GuanYu,aheroinChinesehistory/hisfaceisredthroughandthrough/flushcrimson/flushasredarecouldbecom.:flushwithshameFeelspareenergyinyourbody(行有余力）feelingcarefreeRepenthisfalse(a./ad.)mistake/error/folly/stupidityHemightburps?andyawns?Hiccupunceasing-
75、lyWhenplays?(playing)chessUseupallmeans/gotoanyabsurdmeanscom.:resorttoeveryconceivablemeansPositively?Negatively?(literalandword-for-word)Huntingarabbit(hare)Phenomenons(phenomena)Typicalerrorsintranslating“立论”立论Make/present/demonstrateapoint/aview/argumentOnmaking/presentingOnexpressinganopinion斜射
76、出眼光Alightslantingovertheglasses/aobliqueglanceGlancingsidewaysatmeoverhisglasses一家人家生了男孩Anew-bornedboybabyahouseholdaddsababyboyWhenasonisborntoafamilyEveryfamilymembersWhentheboyisonemonth(old)想得一点好兆头Getsomegoodsigns/thegoodomen/goodluckymarksexpectingsomecomplimentsThechildisdestinedtoberich.Thech
77、ildisdoomedtobeanofficial*derogatory:deathanddestructionMenaredoomedtodie.Clobber(Am.Slang)beat/beating文化与翻译文化与翻译（译例译例1）原文：原文：满满地地黄黄花花堆堆积积，憔憔悴悴损损，而而今今有有谁谁堪堪摘摘?守守着着窗窗儿儿，独独自自怎怎生生得得黑黑！梧梧桐桐更更兼兼细细雨雨，到到黄黄昏昏点点点点滴滴滴滴。这这次次第第，怎怎一一个个愁愁字了得！字了得！（李清照（李清照声声慢）声声慢）Version1:Lo,howmylawnisrifewithgoldenbloomsOfbunched
78、chrysanthemums-Wearytheirheadstheybow.Whocarestopluckthemnow?WhileIthecasementkeepLone,waiting,waitingfornightAnd,astheshadesfallUponbroadleaves,sparesraindropsdrip.Ah,suchaplightOfgrief-griefunbearable,unthinkable.(JohnA.Turneer,1976)Version2:Thegroundiscoveredwithyellowflowers,Fadedandfalleninshow
79、ers.Whowillpickthemupnow?Sittingaloneatthewindow,howCouldIbutquickenThepaceofdarknessthatwontthicken?Upontheplane-treesafineraindrizzlesAstwilightgrizzlesOh,WhatcanIdowithagriefBeyondbelief?(XuYuanchong,1981)文化翻译（译例文化翻译（译例2）原文：原文：玉玉炉炉香香，红红蜡蜡泪泪，偏偏照照画画堂堂秋秋思思。眉眉翠翠薄薄，鬓鬓云云残残，夜夜长长衾衾枕枕寒寒。梧梧桐桐树树，三三更更雨雨，不不道道
80、离离情情更更苦苦。一一叶叶叶叶，一一声声声声，空空阶滴到明。阶滴到明。（温庭筠（温庭筠更漏子）更漏子）Version1:IncensefromajadecenserAndatearfulvermilioncandleEvokedautumnmoodswithinthepaintedchamber.Penciledeyebrowsworn,Cloud-likelocksindisarray;Longisthenight,thecoversandpillowcold.UpontheWu-tungtreesFallamidnightrain,Indifferenttothepersistentpai
81、nsofseparation.Leafuponleaf,Dropbydrop,Onemptystepsitdripsuntilthedawn.(WilliamR.Schultz.1975)Version2:ThetearfulcandleredAndfragrantcenserspreadWithinthepaintedboweragloomyautumnlight.FaddeyebrowspenciledAndhairdishevelled,Shefeelsherquiltthecolderandlongerthenight.ThelonelywitheredtreesAndmidnight
82、rainandbreezeDontcareaboutherbitterpartingsorrow.Leafonleafwithoutgrief,Dropbydropwithoutstop,Theyfallonvacantstepsuntilthemorrow.(XuYuanchong,1988)练习深圳毗邻香港，珠海靠近澳门，汕头是因为东南亚国家潮州人多，厦门是因为闽南人在外国经商的很多，但是没有考虑上海在人才方面的优势。上海人聪明，素质好，如果当时就确定在上海也设立经济特区，现在就不是这个样子。十四个沿海开放城市有上海，但那是一般化的。浦东如果像深圳经济特区那样，早几年就开发好了。开发浦东，
83、这个影响就大了，不只是浦东的问题，是关系上海发展的问题。抓紧浦东开发，不要动摇，一直到建成。只要守信用，按照国际惯例办事，人家首先会把资金投到上海，竞争就要靠这个竞争。VersionShenzhenisadjacenttoHongKong,andZhuhaiisclosetoMacao.WechoseShantoubecause there are many natives of nearbyChaozhoulivinginSoutheastAsiancountries.Xiamen became a special economic zonebecause many natives of s
84、outhern Fujianhaveemigratedtoothercountriesandgoneinto trade. However, we did not take theintellectual advantages of Shanghai intoaccount. Since the people of Shanghai arecleverandwelleducated,ifwehaddecidedto establish a special economic zone here,thecitywouldlookverydifferentnow.The 14 open coasta
85、l cities include Shanghai,but these have no special status. It wouldhave been better to develop the PudongDistrict a few years ago, like the ShenzhenSpecialEconomicZone.DevelopmentofthePudong District will have a great impact onjustthedistrictitselfbutonallofShanghai,which in turn will serve as a ba
86、se for thedevelopment of the Yangtze delta and thewholeYangtzebasin.Soweshouldlosenotime in developing the Pudong District andpersevereuntilconstructioniscompleted.Solong as we keep our word and act inaccordancewithinternationalpractice,foreignentrepreneurswillchoosetoinvestinShanghai.Thatistheright
87、waytocompete.练习中国在15年内将成为世界上经济最强大的国家。不管你做什么生意，中国都会成为你的供应商、竞争对手、客户、银行家、股东或合伙人的重要组成部分。中国正在发生的事情将对我们整个制度产生影响。VersionChinawillbethelargesteconomyintheworldwithin15years.Nomatterwhatyourbusinessis,Chinesewillcomprise/constitutesasignificantportionofyoursuppliers,yourcompetitors,yourcustomers,yourbankersa
88、ndyourstockholdersorpartners.WhatishappeninginChinawillhaveconsequences/resultsinsubstantialinfluencesforourentiresystem.练习 对于许多人来说，在当今计算机时代还需要由人来作翻译似乎不合情理。但是机器翻译出来的东西，其语言形式通常是不自然的，而且有时候简直令人不可思议。人的大脑不仅具有数字功能和模拟功能，而且还有内存价值系统，这个系统在语言成分分析上比起计算机来有着不可估量的优势。对于任何文体引人入胜、语义复杂的文本，非得由人来进行翻译不可。Formanypeoplethen
89、eedforhumantranslatorsseemsparadoxicalinthisageofcomputers.Buttheresultsofmachinetranslatingareusuallyanunusualformoflanguageandsometimesjustplainweird/unbelievable.Thehumanbrainisnotonlydigitalandanalog,butitalsohasabuilt-insystemofvalueswhichgivesitacomponentiallyincalculableadvantageovermachines(
90、intermsofanalysisoflanguagecomponents).Humantranslatorswillalwaysbenecessaryforanytextwhichisstylisticallyappealingandsemanticallycomplex.练习练习下棋下棋梁实秋有一种人我最不喜欢和他下棋，那便是太有涵养的人。杀死他一大块，或者是抽了他一个车，他神色自若，不动火，不生气，好像是无关痛痒，使得你觉得索然寡味。君子无所争，下棋却是要争的。当你给对方一个严重的威胁的时候，对方的头上青筋暴露，黄豆般的汗珠一颗颗地在额头上陈列开来，或哭丧着脸作惨笑，或咕嘟着嘴作吃屎状，
91、或抓耳挠腮，或大叫一声或长吁短叹，或自怨自艾口中念念有词，或一串串的噎嗝打个不休，或红头涨脸如关公，种种现象，不一而足，这时节你“行有余力”便可以点起一支烟，或啜一碗茶，静静地欣赏对方的苦闷的象征。我想猎人困逐一只野兔的时候，其愉快大概略相仿佛。因此我悟出一点道理，和人下棋的时候，如果有机会使对方受窘，当然无所不用其极，如果被对方，便努力作出不介意状，因为既不能积极的给对方以烦恼，只好消极的减少对方的乐趣。lVersionWhenyouputhimonthespot,youcanexpecttoseeblueveinsstandingoutonhistemplesanddropsofcolds
92、weatthesizeofsoybeanappearingonhisforehead.Hewilleitherwearawansmileonhislongface,orpursehislipsindispleasure,orscratchhishead,orletoutasharpcry,orsighandgroan,orbitterlyrepenthisfolly,orkeephiccuppingunceasinglyorflushwithshame,andsuchlike.Andatsuchamoment,feelingcarefree,youcanlightacigaretteorjus
93、ttakeasipfromyourteacupandsavorthesignsofyouropponentsdiscomfort.Thepleasureyouhavefromit,Ibelieve,isbynomeanslessthanthatahuntergetsfromadeadbeathareathismercy.AndfromthisIhave found outsomething- when engagedin a game of chess, you should resort toeveryconceivablemeanstoembarrassyouropponent,andtr
94、yhardtoremaincalmwhenyou yourself fall into difficulty. If you areunabletocauseyouropponenttosuffer,whynot try to let him find as little pleasure aspossiblefromyourtrouble?练习练习立论立论我梦见自己在小学校的课堂上准备作文，向老师请教立论的方法。“难！”老师从眼镜框外斜射出眼光来，对着我，说。“我告诉你一件事一家人家生了一个男孩，合家高兴透顶了。满月的时候，抱出来给客人看，大概是想得一点好兆头。“一个说：这孩子将来要发财的。
95、他于是得到一番感谢。“一个说：这孩子将来要做官的。他于是收回几句恭维。“一个说：这孩子将来是要死的。他于是得到一顿大家合力的痛打。“说要死的必然，说富贵的许谎。但说谎的得好报，说必然的遭打。你“我愿意既不谎人，也不遭打。那么老师，我得怎么说呢？”“那么，你得说：”啊呀，这孩子呵！您瞧！多么。啊唷！哈哈！”（选自野草集）VersionOnExpressinganOpinionIdreamedIwasintheclassroomofaprimaryschoolpreparingtowriteanessay,andaskedtheteacherhowtoexpressanopinion.“Thats
96、hard!”Glancingsidewaysatmeoverhisglasses,hesaid,“Letmetellyouastory-”“When a son is born to a family, the wholehousehold is delighted. When he is onemontholdtheycarryhimouttodisplayhimbefore the guests-usually expecting somecompliments,ofcourse.”“Onesays:Thischildwillberich.Thenheisheartilythanked.”
97、“Onesays:Thischildwillbeanofficial.Thensomecomplimentsaremadehiminreturn.”“Onesays:Thischildwilldie.Thenheisthoroughlybeatenbythewholefamily.”“That thechild will die isinevitable, while tosaythathewillberichorahighofficialmaybealie.Yetthelieisrewardedwhereasthestatement of the inevitable gains a bea
98、ting.You”“Idontwanttotelllies,sir,neitherdoIwanttobebeaten.SowhatshouldIsay?”“Inthatcase,say:Aha!Justlookatthischild!MywordOh,my!Oho!He,hehehehe!”(From“WildGrass”)练习练习南京，她有层出不穷的风流人物和彪炳千秋的不朽业绩。大都会特有的凝聚力，吸引了无数风云人物、仁人志士在这里角逐争雄，一呈豪彦。从孙权、谢安到洪秀全、孙中山，从祖冲之、葛洪到李时珍、郑和，从刘勰、萧统到曹雪芹、吴敬梓，从王羲之、顾凯之到徐悲鸿、傅抱石，还有陶行知、杨廷宝
99、等等，中国历史上一批杰出的政治家、军事家、科学家、文学家、艺术家、教育家、建筑家等荟萃于此，在这块钟灵毓秀的土地上一圆他们的辉煌之梦。他们是中华民族的优秀儿女。巍巍中山、滚滚长江养育了他们，为他们提供了施展抱负的舞台，他们也以自己的雄才大略、聪明才智为中华民族的灿烂文明增添了流光溢彩的新篇章。南京，她自新中国建立以来发生的巨大而深刻的变化更加令人欢欣鼓舞。“虎踞龙蟠今胜昔，天翻地覆慨而慷”。从1949年4月23日始，人民真正成为这座古老城市的主人。金陵回春，古城新生，昔日饱尝的屈辱和灾难，至此如同梦魇终被摆脱。人民在自己的土地上辛勤劳作，把古城南京装扮得面貌一新。特别是近十几年来，改革开放又给
100、这座美丽的名城注入了新的活力，崭新的工业、通达的运输、如画的城市建设、兴盛的第三产业、多彩的文化生活，都使这个具有古都特色的现代都市焕发出勃勃英姿。孙中山先生所预言的：“南京将来发达未可限量也！”正在逐步成为现实。 南京，这座古老而又年轻的历史文化名城，是多么的可爱！VersionNanjingALovelyCityBoastingagalaxyofgreatmenand(aseriesofimmortal) glorious achievements that shine throughtheages,Nanjing,ametropoliswithspecialcohesivepower,
101、has attracted the greatest number ofcelebrities and people with lofty ideals to competewitheachotherforpioneeringagreatcause.Thereare such outstanding statesmen and strategists asSunQuan,XieAn,HongXiuquanandSunYat-sen;brilliant scientists as Zu Chongzhi, Ge Hong, LiShizhenandZhengHe;distinguishedwri
102、tersasLiuXie,XiaoTong,CaoXueqingandWuJingzi;famousartistsasWangXizhi,GuKaizhi,XuBeihongandFuBaoshi; well-known educators as Tao Xingzhi andrenowned architects like Yang Tingbao, who hadbeenhereonthiswell-endowedlandtomaketheirsplendiddreamsperfect.The towering Zhongshan Mountainand the rolling Chang
103、jiang River hadnurturedtheseexcellentchildren(offspring) of the Chinese nation andservedasanarenaforthemtorealizetheiraspirations,whointurn,hadaddedsplendidchapterstothebrilliantannalsoftheChinesecivilization.WhatismoreexcitingandinspiringareNanjingsgreatandprofoundchangessincethefoundingofNewChina,
104、asarevividlydescribedinthefollowinglinesbyMaoZedong,TheCity,atigercrouching,adragoncurling,outshinesitsancientglories;Inheroictriumphheavenandearthhavebeenoverturned.ThedayofApril,231949markedthebeginningofanerawhenworkingpeoplebecometherealmastersofthishoaryancientcity.Withherrebirth,Nanjinghaswake
105、nfromthenightmareofhumiliationsanddisastersthathadhauntedherfortoolong.(Thisbeautifulhistoriccityhasbeenbubblingwithrenewedvitalityespeciallyinthelastdecadeorsowhenreformandopening-upprogramisgoingoninChina.)Peopleareworkinghardontheirownlandandgivetheoldcityanentirelynewlook.Especiallyinthelastdeca
106、deorso,Chinasreformandopening-upprogramhasaddedrenewedvitalitytothisbeautifulhistoriccity.Thenewly-developedindustries,theexcellentcommunicationnetworks,thebeautifully-shapedurbanconstruction,thebooming tertiary industries and richculturalactivities, all these have combined to makethismodernmetropol
107、is,mingledwithfeaturesof an ancient capital, full of life and vigor.The prospects for the development ofNanjing are boundless. This presage byDr.SunYat-senisbecomingareality.HowlovelyisNanjing,(acentury-oldcitybutstillyoungandwell-knownforherlonghistoryandrichculture!)ayoungcityloadedwithhistoryandc
108、ulture!Typicalerrorsintranslating“Nanjing”堆砌人名Nanking(Nanjing)peopleoftheyearcelebritiesSunZhongshan(thefatherofmodernChina)SunYat-sen(theforerunnerofChinesedemocraticrevolution)钟山theZhongMountain/PurpleMountaintheZhongshanMt.凝聚力drawnbyheruniqueappeal（感染/吸引力）cohesivepower注入活力Infusednewenergytofullof
109、lifeandvigorNewChinawasfound(ed)/thefoundation/build(v.)ofChinathefoundingofPRChinaintheirlandhistoricknowncityNewlybuilt/bornindustries/brand-newindustries(product)音译诗歌！学生译文之间的重复！词、句、段2005英语专业八级试题E-CItissimpleenoughtosaythatsincebookshave classes- fiction, biography, poetry-weshouldseparatethemandt
110、akefromeachwhatitisrightthateachshouldgiveus.Yetfewpeopleaskfrombookswhatbookscangiveus.Mostcommonlywecometobookswith blurred and divided minds, asking offiction that it shall be true, of poetry that itshall be false, of biography that it shall beflattering, of history that it shall enforce ourown p
111、rejudices. If we could banish all suchpreconceptionswhenweread,thatwouldbeanadmirablebeginning.Donotdictatetoyourauthor;trytobecomehim.Behisfellow-worker and accomplice. Ifyouhangback,andreserveandcriticizeatfirst,youarepreventingyourselffromgettingthefullestpossiblevaluefromwhatyouread.Butifyouopen
112、yourmindaswidelyaspossible,thensignsandhintsofalmostimperceptiblefineness,fromthetwistandturnofthefirstsentences,willbringyouintothepresenceofa human being unlike any other. Steepyourself in this, acquaint yourself with this,and soon you will find that your author isgiving you, or attempting to give
113、 you,somethingfarmoredefinite.2005EC参考译文然而，大多数人不知如何从书中得到应有的收获。我们往往稀里糊涂或孤立单一地看待书本-苛求小说反映真实，诗歌必是虚构，传记就是歌功颂德，历史必须带上我们的一己之见。如果看书时能摈弃这些固有偏见，那就是迈出了可喜的一步。不要去支配作者的思想，尽量从他的角度思考，与他共事、同谋。如果你一开始就踌躇不前、固执己见、苛责挑剔，就是作茧自缚，无法从书中充分受益。相反，如果你头脑开明，自从读着头几句婉转复杂的句子，你就会渐入佳境，明白奥妙无穷的隐含深义，从而走进一个性格独特的人物的内心世界。Typicalerrorsintrans
114、lating“生命之意义”healwaystrybestandneverwastetimeachieversanyprinciplebasedonwhichtojudge.sincetimeimmemorial,achievedtreated,withoutwastinghistimedoingnothing.letthetimesplitawayfromthemsilently.todrawaproperconclude.fromold.driftthroughlife.onesbeingby.observingwhatarehisattitude.easier/easy.meaningfu
115、lness/senseoflive2005年英语专业八级试题C-E一个人的生命究竟有多大意义，这有什么标准可以衡量吗？提出一个绝对的标准当然很困难；但是，大体上看一个人对待生命的态度是否严肃认真，看他对待工作、生活的态度如何，也就不难对这个人的存在意义做出适当的估计了。古来一切有成就的人，都很严肃地对待自己的生命，当他活着一天，总要尽量多工作、多学习，不肯虚度年华，不让时间白白浪费掉。我国历代的劳动人民以及大政治家、大思想家等等都莫不如此。What is the significance of life? Is there anycriterionforitsmeasurement?Diffi
116、cultasitistoadvanceanabsoluteone,itwillnotbesotojudgetheverymeaningofonesexistencegenerally from whether he is serious aboutlifeandwhathisattitudesaretowardsworkandlife.Throughouttheages,allpeopleofaccomplishmenttaketheirlivesseriously.Aslongastheyarealive,theywouldratherdevotethemselvestomoreworkan
117、dstudythanletasingleminuteslipbyinvain.Andthesameistrueofthecommonlaborersaswellasthegreatstatesmenandthinkersinourcountry.2006年英语专业八级试题E-C中国民族自古以来从不把人看作高于一切，在哲学文艺方面的表现都反映出人在自然界中与万物占着一个比例较为恰当的地位，而非绝对统治万物的主宰。因此我们的苦闷，基本上比西方人为少为小；因为苦闷的强弱原是随着欲望与野心的大小而转移的。农业社会的人比工业社会的人享受差得多，因此欲望也小得多。况中国古代素来以不滞于物，不为物役为最主要
118、的人生哲学。并非我们没有守财奴，但比起莫利哀与巴尔扎克笔下的守财奴与野心家来，就小巫见大巫了。中国民族多数是性情中正和平、淡泊、朴实，比西方人容易满足。Typicalerrorsintranslating“中华民族”中华民族ChineseNationalities-ChineseNation高于一切thehighest/higher/superior/supercreatureaboveeverything苦闷pang/depressionworries工业/农业社会industry/agriculturesocietyindustrial/agriculturalsociety欲望小得多le
119、sswantssmallerdesires2006英语专业八级试题参考译文C-ETheChinesenationhasneverregardedhumanbeingsaboveeverything.Asreflectedinitsphilosophy,artsandliterature,mantakesaproportionatepositioninnaturewithallcreatures,ratherthanactingasanabsoluterulerofthem.Therefore,wehavefewerandsmallerworriesthanthewesternersbecaus
120、etheintensityofworriesvarieswiththemagnitudeofdesireandambition.Peopleinagriculturalsocietyenjoyfarlessthanthoseinindustrialsocietyandasaresulttheirdesiresaremuchsmaller.Inaddition,theancientChinesetookitastheirprimephilosophyoflifenottobeconfinedanddrivenbyphysicalpleasures.Thatdoesnotfollowthatweh
121、avenomisers,buttheywillpaleincomparisonwiththemisersandaspirantsdescribedbyMoliereandBalzac.MostChinesepeopleareeven-tempered,carefree,simple,andeasiertobesatisfiedthanthewesterners.2006年英语专业试题E-COn May 13,1940, Winston Churchill, the newlyappointedBritishPrimeMinister,gavehisfirstspeechtoParliament
122、.Hewaspreparingthepeopleforalongbattle against Nazi aggression, at a time whenEnglandssurvivalwasstillindoubt.“ I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, andsweat. We have before us an ordeal of the mostgrievous kind. We have before us many manymonthsofstruggleandsuffering.Youask,whatisourpoli
123、cy?Isayitistowagewarbyland,seaandair.Warwithallourmightandwithallthe strength God has given us and to wage waragainstamonstroustyrannyneversurpassedinthedarkandlamentablecatalogueofhumancrime.2006英语专业八级试题E-CYouask,whatisouraim?Icananswerinoneword.Itisvictory. Victoryatallcostsvictoryinspiteofallterr
124、orsforwithoutvictorythereisnosurvival.Letthatberealized.NosurvivalfortheBritishEmpire,nosurvivalforallthattheBritishEmpirehasstoodfor,nosurvivalfortheurge,theimpulseoftheages,thatmankindshallmoveforwardtowardhisgoal.Itakeupmytaskinbuoyancyandhope.Ifeelsurethatourcausewillnotbesufferedtofailamongmen.
125、Ifeelentitledatthisjuncture.Atthistime,toclaimtheaidofallandtosay,Comethen,letusgoforwardtogetherwithourunitedstrength.”2006年英语专业八级参考译文E-C我能奉献的唯有热血、辛劳、泪水和汗水。我们所面临的将是一场极为残酷的考验，我们面临的将是旷日持久的斗争和苦难。你若问我们的对策是什么？我的回答是抗战！海陆空全方位的抗战！竭尽我们的全力和上帝赋予的力量去打一场抗击黑暗悲哀的人类罪恶史上最邪恶的独裁恶魔的战争！你若问我们的目标是什么？我可以用一个词来概括，那就是胜利。不惜一切
126、代价去夺取胜利，不畏惧一切恐怖去夺取胜利，不论前路再长再苦也要夺取胜利，因为没有胜利就无法生存！我们必须意识到，没有胜利就没有大英帝国，没有胜利就没有大英帝国所象征的一切，没有胜利就没有促使人类朝着自己目标奋勇前进这一世代相传的强烈欲望和动力。2007八级全真翻译题-英译汉英译汉Scientificandtechnologicaladvancesareenablingustocomprehendthefurthestreachesofthecosmos,themostbasicconstituentsofmatter,andthemiracleoflife.Atthesametime,toda
127、y,theactions,andinaction,ofhumanbeingsimperilnotonlylifeontheplanet,buttheverylifeoftheplanet.Globalizationismakingtheworldsmaller,fasterandricher.Still,9/11,avianflu,andIranremindusthatasmaller,fasterworldisnotnecessarilyasaferworld.Ourworldisburstingwithknowledge-butdesperatelyinneedofwisdom.Now,w
128、hensoundbitesaregettingshorter,wheninstantmessagescrowdoutessays,andwhenindividuallivesgrowmorecrazy,collegegraduatescapableofdeepreflectionarewhatourworldneeds.ForallthesereasonsIbelieved-andIbelieveevenmorestronglytoday-intheuniqueandirreplaceablemissionofuniversities.2007年英语专业八级参考译文年英语专业八级参考译文E-C
129、科技进步正在使我们能够探索宇宙的边陲、物质最基本的成分及生命的奇迹。与此同时，今天，人类所做的及没能做到的事情，不仅危害到地球上的生命，也危害到地球（自身）的寿命。全球化正在使这个星球/这颗行星变得愈来愈小、愈来愈快和愈来愈富有。尽管如此，9/11、禽流感及伊朗提醒我们，更小更快的世界决不意味着其更安全。我们正处于一个知识爆炸的世界之中，不过，迫切需要智慧。现在，在（新闻采访的）原声摘要播出变得愈来愈短，即时信息淘汰/取代了文章，个人生活变得疯狂，此时此刻，世界所需要的是能够深思熟虑的大学生。考虑到这些理由，我过去信仰，而今天甚至更加强烈地信仰大学独特的、无可取代的使命。2007八级全真翻译题
130、-汉译英也就在这一幅绚烂的图画旁边，在河湾之畔，一群羊正在低头觅食。它们几乎没有一个顾得上抬起头来，看一眼这美丽的黄昏。也许它们要抓紧时间，在即将回家的最后一刻再次咀嚼。这是黄河滩上的一幕。牧羊人不见了，他不知在何处歇息。只有这些美生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。这儿水草肥美，让它们长得肥滚滚的，像些胖娃娃。如果走近了，会发现它们那可爱的神情，洁白的牙齿，那丰富而单纯的表情。2007年英语专业八级参考译文C-EBesidethispicturewithprofusionsofcolors,agroupofsheeparelowingtheirheads,eatingbytheriverbank.
131、Hardlynoneofthemwouldsparesometimetoraisetheireyestohaveaglanceatthebeautifuldusk.Theyare,perhaps,takinguseofeveryminutetoenjoytheirlastchewbeforebeingdrivenhome.ThisisapictureoftheYellowRiverbank,inwhichtheshepherddisappears,andnooneknowswhereheisrestinghimself.Onlythesheep,however,asfreecreatures,
132、arejoyfullyappreciatingthedusk.Theexuberantwaterplantshavenurturedthesheep,makingthemgrowasfatasballs.Whenapproachingnear,youwouldfindtheirlily-whiteteethandavarietyofinnocentfacialimpressions.Creativetranslation:creation(译例1）鲁大海：（挣扎）放开我，你们这群强盗！周萍：（向仆人）把他拉下去！鲁侍萍：（大哭）这真是一群强盗！（走到周萍面前）你是萍凭-什么打我儿子！（曹禺雷雨
133、）Hai:(struggling)Letgoofme,youhooligans!Ping:(totheservants)Hustlehimoutside!Ma:(breakingdown)Youarehooligans,too!(goingacrosstoChouPing)Youremy-Mightyfreewithyourfists!Whatrightshavetohitmyson?Creativetranslation:creation(译例1）胡太太叹了口气，看见胡国光还是一肚子心事似的度方步。“张铁嘴怎么说的？”胡太太惴惴地问。“很好。不用瞎担心事了。我还有委员的福分呢！”“么事的桂圆
134、！”“是委员！从前行的是大人老爷，现在是委员了！你还不明白？”MadameHugaveasighandwatchedherhusbandanxiouslypacingaboutandbefore.“WhatdidChangTieh-tsuisay?”Sheaskedtimidly.“Hegavemeverygoodnews.Weneednotlookfortrouble,IhavethepossibilityofbeingamemberofaCommittee!”“Whatsacommontea?”askedthewife,whoonlyvaguelycaughtthesound.“AComm
135、ittee!Lordandesquiresareoutofdate,andtheprevailingnominationistoaCommittee.Dontyoustillunderstand?”练习一件小事（节选）鲁迅这是民国六年的冬天，大北风刮得正猛，我因为生计关系，不得不一早在路上走。一路上几乎遇不见人，好容易才雇定一辆人力车，教他拉到S门去。不一会，北风小了，路上浮尘早已刮净，剩下一条洁白的大道来，车夫也跑得更快。刚近S门，忽而车把上带着一个人，慢慢地倒了。VersionAnOrdinaryIncident(Excerpted)ByLuxunThathappenedinthewint
136、erofthe6thyearoftheRepublic(1917).Tomakealiving,Ihurriedtotheroadintheearlymorningdespitetheviolent/bitingnorthernwind.TherewerefewpeopleonthestreetandittookmegreatefforttohirearickshawandaskthewheelertorushtotheGateS.Shortlyawhilelater,northernwindsloweddown,theroadbecameclean,evenwhitened,shone;an
137、ddustfree,theMan(wheeler)ranevenquicker.WhenwewereapproachingtheGateS,thehandleoftherickshawgotapersonandfellherslowly.跌倒的是一个女人，花白头发，衣服都很破烂。伊从马路边上突然向车前横截过来；车夫已经让开道，但伊的破棉背心没有上扣，微风吹着，向外展开，所以终于兜着车把。幸而车夫早有点停步，否则伊定要栽一个大筋斗，跌到头破血出了。Agray-hairedladyinrags,rushingfromtheroadsidesuddenly,felldowntothegroundin
138、frontoftherickshaw.Thoughthewheelerhadalreadygavewaytoher,hercotton-paddedwaistcoatgotthehandleofthecart.Fortunately,thedriversloweddowntimely,orshemusthavefallentogroundheavilyandgotwoundedseriously.我这时突然感到一种异样的感觉，觉得他满身灰尘的后影，刹时高大了，而且愈走愈大，须仰视才见，而且他对于我，渐渐的又几乎变成一种威压，甚而至于要榨出皮袍下面藏着的“小”来。All of a sudden,
139、 a totally different sensecametome.Thebackfigureofthewheeler,fullofdirt,grewtallerandtallerandIhadtoliftmyeyes to see him. Slowly the image of himseemed a solemnly high pressure to me,pressing the “selfishness” beneath my leathercoat./dwarfingmepressingly.练习通力（KONE）公司诞生于1910年。这一年，芬兰的一家小机器厂从其传统业务电机修理
140、转为电梯制造。1918年，这家年轻的公司设计并制造了最早的四部芬兰国产电梯。今天，通力是全球电梯和自动扶梯产业最大的供应商之一，由芬兰的母公司（KONECorporation）及分布于40多个国家的子公司组成，拥有员工23，000多名。通力的产品由其在欧洲、亚洲和北美洲的各子公司生产制造，并为全球的客户提供电梯、自动扶梯和自动人行道的销售、安装及维护保养服务。同时，通力也是开发环保节能产品的先锋，长久以来因其创新性和技术的先进性获得了全世界的尊重。VersionKONECorporationwasestablishedin1910inFinland,whenasmallmachineryfac
141、torychangeditstraditionalbusiness,electricmotorrepairingtoelevatormanufacturing.In1918thisyoungcompanydesignedandmanufacturedthefirstfourunitsofFinnishmadeelevators.Today,KONEisoneoftheleadersintheglobalelevatorandescalatorbusinesswhichconsistsoftheparentcompany,KONECorporationanditssubsidiariesinov
142、er40countrieswith23,000employeesworldwide.KONEproductsaremanufacturedinEurope,AsiaandNorthAmerica.KONEoffersacomprehensiverangeofproductsandservicesincludingsales,manufacturing,installation,modernizationandmaintenanceofelevators,escalatorsandautowalks,KONEhasalsobeenapioneerinintroducingenvironmenta
143、llyfriendlyproducts,whichhasgaineditworldwidere-cognitionasaninnovatorandtechnologicalleader.练习戈壁滩上的春天 四月底了，要在北京，这时候正是百花盛开的好季节。但在戈壁滩上，春天还早着呢。一出嘉裕关，你望吧，满眼是无边的砂石，遍地只有一丛一丛的骆驼草，略略透出点春意。四处有的是旋风，一股一股的，把黄沙卷起多高，像是平地冒起的大烟，打着转在沙漠上飞跑。说声变天，一起风，半空就飘起雪花来，紧靠戈壁滩的西南边是起伏不断的祁连山，三伏天，山头也披着白雪。 可是不管你走的多远，走到多么荒凉的地方，你也会看见我们
144、人民为祖国所创造的奇迹。就在这戈壁滩上，就在这祁连山下，我们来自祖国各地的人民从地下钻出石油，在沙漠上建设起一座“石油城”。这就是玉门油矿。不信，你黑夜站在高岗上，张眼一望，戈壁滩上远远近近全是电灯，比天上的星星都密。北面天边亮起一片红光，忽闪忽闪的。你心里定会赞叹说：“多好的地方啊！哪像在沙漠上呢？” 摘自杨朔散文选VersionSpringintheGobi It is the end of April. In Beijing, it would be in the middle of the blooming season. But in the Gobi desert, it is f
145、ar too early for spring. Once out of Jiayu Pass, all you can see is boundless stretch of sand; and here and there turfs of camel grass, evoking some feeling of spring. Everywhere are whirlwinds, rising one after another, lifting smoke-like yellow sand from the ground and rapidly rolling and swirling
146、 about in the desert, As soon as the weather changes, with the slightest wind drifts of snow float down from the sky. In the hot summer, snow covers the peaks of the undulating Qilian Mountains which run along the southwest of the Gobi. No matter how far you walk and what desolate places you come to
147、, you will see the miracles created by our people for the motherland. Right under the Qilian Mountains and in the desert, a “petroleum city” has been built by the people from all over China. This is the Yumen Oilfield. If you do not believe it, just stand on top of a hill at night and look around. F
148、ar and near, electric lights in the desert are thicker that the stars in the sky. In the north, the sky flashes red from the refinery. You cannot help thinking: “What a wonderful place! It does not even feel like a desert!” (from A Selection of Prose Pieces by Yang Shuo)2008年英语专业八级年英语专业八级汉译英汉译英 都市寸土
149、千金，地价炒得越来越高，今后将更高。拥有一个小小花园的希望，对寻常之辈不啻是一种奢望，一种梦想。 我想，其实谁都有一个小小花园，这便是我们的内心世界。人的智力需要开发，人的内心世界也是需要开发的。人和动物的区别，除了众所周知的诸多方面，恐怕还在于人有内心世界，心不过是人的一个重要脏器，而内心世界是一种景观，它是由外部世界不断地作用于内心渐渐形成的。每个人都无比关注自己及至亲至爱之人心脏的健损，以至于稍有微疾便惶惶不可终日。但并非每个人都关注自己及至亲至爱之人的内心世界的明暗。 In fact, I think everyone has a small garden and that is hi
150、s inner world. Peoples intelligence needs to be developed, so does the inner world. The difference between people and animals, in addition to the many well-known, is also in the inner world. The heart is an important organ; however, the inner world is a landscape. It gradually takes shape under the
151、constant influence of the outside world on the heart. Everyone is so concerned about the health of the hearts of his beloved ones as well as his that a slight disease would cause great anxiety. But not everyone is concerned about the inner world of himself and his beloved ones. 2009-2010八级考试翻译参考译文八级
152、考试翻译参考译文2009C-ECell phone has altered human relations. There is usually a note on the door of a conference room, which reads “close your handset”. However, the rings are resounding in the room. We are all common people and have few urgencies to do. Still, we are reluctant to turn off the phone. Cell
153、 phone symbolizes our connection with the world and reflects our “thirst for socialization”. We are familiar with the scene when a person stops his steps to edit short messages with eyes glued at his phone, regardless of his location, whether in road center or beside restroom.2009E-C我我们们人人类类，正正面面临临着
154、着全全球球性性的的危危机机，我我们们的的生生存存和和文文明明受受到到威威胁胁。尽尽管管我我们们聚聚在在一一起起共共商商对对策策，而而灾灾难难却却在在扩扩大大，形形势势不不容容乐乐观观。但但也也有有令令人人欣欣喜喜的的消消息息：如如果果行行动动大大胆胆果果断断，反反应应迅迅速速，我我们们有有能力解决着场危机，避免其向最坏的方向发展。能力解决着场危机，避免其向最坏的方向发展。但但是是，时时下下世世界界上上的的许许多多国国家家领领导导人人可可以以用用当当年年温温斯斯顿顿丘丘吉吉尔尔批批评评欧欧洲洲诸诸政政要要忽忽视视阿阿道道夫夫希希特特勒勒的的名名言言来来形形容容，“它它们们在在奇奇怪怪的的悖悖论论中中前前行行，仅仅仅仅为为一一个个决决定定而而犹犹豫豫不不决决，有有了了决决心心却却拖拖泥泥带带水水，掌权者虚弱无力。掌权者虚弱无力。”而如今我们又向这个星球脆弱的大气层倾倒了七千而如今我们又向这个星球脆弱的大气层倾倒了七千万吨温室气体，把其当作天然排污口。明天我们万吨温室气体，把其当作天然排污口。明天我们还会变本加厉，堆积的温室气体吸纳了越来越多还会变本加厉，堆积的温室气体吸纳了越来越多的太阳热度。的太阳热度。
