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1、进入夏天，少不了一个热字当头，电扇空调陆续登场，每逢此时，总会想起进入夏天，少不了一个热字当头，电扇空调陆续登场，每逢此时，总会想起那一把蒲扇。蒲扇，是记忆中的农村，夏季经常用的一件物品。记忆中的故那一把蒲扇。蒲扇，是记忆中的农村，夏季经常用的一件物品。记忆中的故乡，每逢进入夏天，集市上最常见的便是蒲扇、凉席，不论男女老少，个个手持乡，每逢进入夏天，集市上最常见的便是蒲扇、凉席，不论男女老少，个个手持一把，忽闪忽闪个不停，嘴里叨叨着一把，忽闪忽闪个不停，嘴里叨叨着“怎么这么热怎么这么热”，于是三五成群，聚在大树，于是三五成群，聚在大树下，或站着，或随即坐在石头上，手持那把扇子，边唠嗑边乘凉。孩
2、子们却在周下，或站着，或随即坐在石头上，手持那把扇子，边唠嗑边乘凉。孩子们却在周围跑跑跳跳，热得满头大汗，不时听到围跑跑跳跳，热得满头大汗，不时听到“强子，别跑了，快来我给你扇扇强子，别跑了，快来我给你扇扇”。孩。孩子们才不听这一套，跑个没完，直到累气喘吁吁，这才一跑一踮地围过了，这时子们才不听这一套，跑个没完，直到累气喘吁吁，这才一跑一踮地围过了，这时母亲总是，好似生气的样子，边扇边训，母亲总是，好似生气的样子，边扇边训，“你看热的，跑什么？你看热的，跑什么？”此时这把蒲扇，此时这把蒲扇，是那么凉快，那么的温馨幸福，有母亲的味道！蒲扇是中国传统工艺品，在是那么凉快，那么的温馨幸福，有母亲的味
3、道！蒲扇是中国传统工艺品，在我国已有三千年多年的历史。取材于棕榈树，制作简单，方便携带，且蒲扇的表我国已有三千年多年的历史。取材于棕榈树，制作简单，方便携带，且蒲扇的表面光滑，因而，古人常会在上面作画。古有棕扇、葵扇、蒲扇、蕉扇诸名，实即面光滑，因而，古人常会在上面作画。古有棕扇、葵扇、蒲扇、蕉扇诸名，实即今日的蒲扇，江浙称之为芭蕉扇。六七十年代，人们最常用的就是这种，似圆非今日的蒲扇，江浙称之为芭蕉扇。六七十年代，人们最常用的就是这种，似圆非圆，轻巧又便宜的蒲扇。蒲扇流传至今，我的记忆中，它跨越了半个世纪，圆，轻巧又便宜的蒲扇。蒲扇流传至今，我的记忆中，它跨越了半个世纪，也走过了我们的半个人
4、生的轨迹，携带着特有的念想，一年年，一天天，流向长也走过了我们的半个人生的轨迹，携带着特有的念想，一年年，一天天，流向长长的时间隧道，袅长的时间隧道，袅座椅简介2Ourgoal:Explain the basic of seat design processExplain key issues that must be addressed during designGive you basic knowledge so you can:3456789EyellipseandSgRP10H-Point11MeasuringH-Point12OscarMachine13WorldwideCarPr
5、oductionIn this Lesson, we will discuss:Factors to consider when designing for a worldwide marketHow seat design is affected by the side of the vehicle on which the driver sitsOther influences on design:Size of vehiclesCustomer expectationsCultural differences Road, traffic and weather conditions14D
6、esigningforaWorldwideMarketDesign for local road conditions and the needs of the populationFocus of marketplace has broadened from North America and Europe to include:ChinaSouth AmericaSoutheast Asia15Left-handDriveCountriesLeft-handDriveCountriesLeft-handDriveCountries2362.8Total2362.8Total16Right-
7、handDriveCountriesRight-handDriveRight-handDriveCountriesCountries2504.9.8Total2504.9.8Total17Left-handandRight-handDrivingLeft-HandDriveRight-HandDrive18OtherEffectsonDesignSome designs may have armrests only on one side for the driverDesign back frame to accept arm rest on either sideAllows the se
8、at to become a driver or passenger seat depending on which side armrest is mountedDesign of bolsters, mainly on the cushion, must address ingress/egress considerationsIssues depend on which side the driver seat is mounted19WorldwideAutomakerMarketShare20CustomerExpectationsMost of the world prefers
9、small vehiclesCostFuel pricesParking considerationsSmall car drivers expect same convenience and comfort as in larger vehiclesFront leg roomFoot and leg/knee clearancesPackaging for rear seat occupants21CulturalDifferencesIn many Asian countries, vehicle owner has a chauffeurB surface of the front s
10、eat back cant use a cheaper fabric to save costComfort considerations for rear seat become more importantTraffic jams may strand drivers in car seats for hoursIncorporating features to alleviate discomfort improves marketability22SeatsinSmallVehiclesDoBigThingsAsian and Japanese designs incorporate
11、many features into seats and interiorsSeats can be combined to make a bedSeat backs can be flipped from one side to the other to make a seat face the opposite waySeats can swivel to allow card playing or other gamesSecond row seats near the door may fold up or tuck away to improve ingress/egressStor
12、age space may be above and below the seats23RoadandTrafficConditionsU.S. designs stay very close to federal guidelines20% safety factor European designs add extra strength to car and seatsHigher road speeds dictate safety factor of 200% to 300%May not be appropriate for Asian countries, where road s
13、peeds are lower24WeatherConditionsVaryMost Asian countries have extreme weather conditionsFlooding, heavy rain and dirt/dust are commonOwners install extra covers to protect seatsCertain design features may not be desirableExpensive cover materialsHigh contour or styleHigh production tolerances25Sea
14、tSystemPhilosophyDesign For High Volume ProductionJIT ManufacturingSeat engineers and SDT members must keep two things in mind:26DesignforHighVolumeProductionPhilosophy for design differs from very low volume and very high volumesJCIs range of annual volume for any one seat design is from a minimum
15、of 60,000 to no real maximumException: JCI produces seats for the ViperVolumes as high as 600,000 have been realized on the same design27JITManufacturingJIT influences on product design include:No inspection - fixtures used as gaugesDesign incorporates error-proofingNo more than 4 hours of inventory
16、Design should allow assembly in 15 - 30 second sequencesAll operations must be designed to flow in one directionOperation specifications should have high reliability and quality28InstallingSeatsintotheVehicleSeat must be designed to accept handling required to install in the vehicleSeat is positione
17、d at the right place in the vehicle at right time in assembly processMay be positioned manually or by robotAll power connections for the seat are availableSeat system engineer must know how the seat the seat will be installed (manual or robot)Seat must accommodate unexpected handling situations 29De
18、signingforSafetyConsider the safety of everyone involvedOccupantManufacturing/Assembly personnelEnd-userDocumentation can become evidence in courtSafety is an attitude Design-in not inspect-out later in processNo separate tests for designed-in safetyAvoids “Band-Aid” production fixes30TypicalSources
19、ofNoiseMetal to metal contactsBad weld joints, latches, pivot points, spring hooks, etc.Foam to metal contactsFoam to cover materialsLoose/binding parts in recliners, adjusters, latches, etc.Cover to cover materialLoose or rattling head restraint 31MoreTypicalSourcesofNoisePlastic parts to cover and
20、/or metalLoose boltsInterference to other parts in the vehicleCup-holder partsArmrest parts in up/down positionSuspension and lumbar partsPower track motorsElectro-mechanical noisesExcessive chuck/play in mechanisms32SeatTrimOutline(STO)Drawing331/4Scaleand1/5ScaleDrawing34ComplexityChart35Determine
21、FunctionandUsagePLUS Phase 1 Program Definition captures customer requirements for featuresComplete Bill of Materials prepared for product being quotedCustomer input allows seat engineer to determine how seat is expected to functionBecomes the basis for seat designSeats must match vehicle and needs
22、of targeted consumer group36DefiningRequirementsQuantifies functions and usage decisionsSeat back travelAdjuster operating forcesCustomer inputs in Phase 1 documentsSome requirements established based on initial analysis of function of seat systemDocumenting requirements critical Select applicable a
23、nd appropriate requirementsWork to meet future requirements37H-PointandComfortControlOne of four functions of seat system is to provide comfort to the occupantH-Point, comfort and appearance are most important to the customerMost engineering efforts concentrate on these itemsA good design is always
24、a compromise between these demandsEnter prototype builds with solid EXPECTATIONS of performanceAnalysis replaces “find-and-fix”38SignificanceofH-PointH-Point is one of several parameters that define manikins position in seatH-Point is in part determined by “eyellipse”Failing to meet H-Point means ot
25、her controls may not meet government requirements Always remember balance and interplay ofH-PointComfortAppearance39TorsoAngleandASurfaceTORSOANGLE40FrontSeatCushionDesignFactors41SeatBackDesignFactors42MetalandMechanismsChoice dictated by the customerVarious options and features captured in the pro
26、grams complexity chartLesson Three discussed how to package metalReclinersAdjustersBack and cushion framesThis lesson discusses the function of these components43FramesFrames give seat a sense of stabilitySkeleton on which the foam and trim restFrames are key structural parts Backframe helps carry l
27、oad into reclinerCushion frame is not in load pathConstruction and materials chosen to meet performance requirementsDetails are covered in Seat System Design Two44FramesPackaging of frames can be iterativePackage must accommodate frames with enough strength to meet requirements but also must meet co
28、mfort and clearances45ReclinersCritical to seat system performanceRecliner must be designed to withstand loads applied during typical and atypical operations Transfer loads directly to adjusters and ultimately to vehicle floorTypes include single-sided and dual-sidedManual and automatic variantsClas
29、sifications include linear and gearedFunction was described in Introduction to Seats46ClassesofReclinersLinearAdapted 10 years ago from the aircraft industryContinuous engagementDiscrete engagementRotaryContinuously engaged or rotary type can be “cranked” to position back angle to desired anglePredo
30、minantly EuropeanPawl and sector releases and moves seat back to desired positionPredominantly in North America47DualSidedRecliner48Single-sidedvs.Dual-sidedDecide to use either single-sided or dual-sided recliners during layout and packagingDual-sided recliners attach to each side of backframeSingl
31、e-sided recliners have a single switch and a slave hinge or pivot on the other sideLoad path is different depending on recliner chosenLoad travels through the reclinerDual-sided recliners split load equally on both sidesSingle-sided recliners pass loads only through recliner side49AdvantagesqReducti
32、on of part count, since many components can be symmetrical between driver and passenger seatsqBack frame is lighter since loads are shared. Strong torsional member is not required.qBack frame is common between driver and passenger seatsqFoam pads and even trim covers and plastic panels can be common
33、 between driver and passenger seatsqMore torsional rigidity is achievedqIt is easier to defend the OEMs position in a court of law from a due care point of view. Many OEMs, especially the Japanese, have taken this position.50DisadvantagesqCost and weight of an extra recliner, although partially or w
34、holly offset by the reduction in the back frame cost and weight. Also offset by reduction in number of parts.qPackaging a dual sided frame is often more difficultqSynchronization of the two recliners is difficult in the assembly of the seat. (Many times dual recliners are welded to the backframe)qSh
35、ipment and transportation of welded sub-assemblies can create other issuesqWith two recliners, operating efforts generally are higher qFor dual rotary recliners there is a higher potential for seat judder or roughness upon operation51AdjusterSelectionCan be chosen after it is understood how backfram
36、e load gets carried to adjusterUsed to only handle seat loadsMust withstand much more load with traveling inboard buckles (TIB)JCI is not responsible for seat belt buckle, butJCI is responsible for interfaces between seat and belt buckleStudies must be done to determine proper location and attachmen
37、t method to ensure proper function52AdjusterConstruction53AdjusterLatchingMost are lever-actuatedLever is located under the front of the seatLever releases locking mechanisms to allow forward or rearward movementDual sided releases connected by “towel bar” handleSingle-side release connects latches
38、with tie wire or linkageSynchronizing latches is criticalLatches should engage as close to simultaneously as possible54GravityBalancingSpringsAdjuster angle specified by customerNo reason to change without compelling reasonIf adjuster angle exceeds 6 degrees, then review designGravity balancing spri
39、ngs help in moving seat forward if angle is too steepAssists forward movementHinders backward movementCreates safety issue for assemblyShip the adjuster with the spring unloaded55FMVSS201TestingDemonstrates ability of complete seat to provide head protection for rear seat occupants in frontal impact
40、sApplies to all seats except:RearmostSide facingBack-to-backFolding auxiliary jumpTemporaryqRear seatH-point(along line)Figure 1: FMVSS 201 Impact Angle Diagram56FMVSS202TestingReduce frequency and severity of neck injury (whiplash) in rear-end collisionsApplies to all seats with head restraintsMome
41、nt applied to seat back to establish displaced torso lineSame moment applied to head restraintUltimate load of 200 lbs. appliedDisplaced torso lineHead Form Initial PositionHead Form Final PositionTotal H/R Displacement3300 in-lbs.57FMVSS207TestingDemonstrates that the seat vehicle attachment assemb
42、lies can sustain forward and rearward forces from vehicle impactsApplies to all occupant seatsLoad applied is 20 times weight of complete seat forward and rearwardApplied LoadDistribution BarsC.G. BarDistribution BarsC.G. BarApplied Load58FMVSS210TestingEstablishes requirements for seat belt anchora
43、ges and reduced likelihood of failure in frontal impactApplies to single and multi-occupant seats with seat belts attachedUsually combined with FMVSS 207 forward anchorage test(5-15)Shoulder Belt Load(5-15)Lap Belt LoadC.G. of Seat LoadC.G. BarFoam PadLap BlockBodyBlockFigure 9: FMVSS 210 Set-up for
44、 Seat Belt Anchorage Test59FMVSS225TestingEstablishes requirements for child restraint anchorage systems to ensure proper location and strengthApplies to all child restraint systems and child restraint anchorage systems LATCH (Lower Anchors and Tethers for Children)60WorldwideRegulationsUnited Natio
45、ns-Economic Community of Europe (ECE)European Community (EEC)Canadian Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (Canada) (CMVSS)Australian Design Rules (Australia) (ADR)Safety Regulations for Road Vehicles (Japan) (TRIAS)Guo Biao (China) 61HomologationvsSelf-CertificationHomologation is certification by third
46、party chosen by government that items pass tests before government issues its approvalStandard for products used in EuropeRequires more extensive preparationsSelf-certification is certification by manufacturer that items pass tests before government issues its approvalStandard in North America结束语结束语谢谢大家聆听！谢谢大家聆听！62
