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1、Greek MythologyOneofthetwosourcesofwesterncultureGreekMythologyisagroupoftraditionaltalestoldbytheancientGreeksaboutthedeedsofgodsandheroesandtheirrelationswithordinaryhumanbeings.GodsTheancientGreeksworshipedmanygods.Greekgodscanbedividedintoseveralgroups.TheearliestgroupwasTitans,ledbyCronus.Themo
2、stpowerfulgroupwastheOlympians.The OlympiansTheOlympiansareagroupof12godswhoruledaftertheoverthrow(颠覆）oftheTitans.AlltheOlympiansarerelatedinsomeway.TheyarenamedaftertheirdwellingplaceMountOlympus.ZeusZeuswasthegodoftheskyandruleroftheOlympiangods.Hewastheraingod,andthecloudgatherer,whoholdstheterri
3、blethunderbolt.hisbirdtheeagle,histreetheoakHeismarriedtoHerabut,isfamousforhismanyaffairsHeisalsoknowntopunishthosethatlieorbreakoathsPoseidonGodofthesea,protectorofallwaters.PoseidonisthebrotherofZeusHewaswidelyworshipedbyseamen.Hisweaponisatrident（三叉戟）,whichcanshaketheearth,andshatteranyobject.He
4、issecondonlytoZeusinpoweramongstthegods.HadesHadesisalsothebrotherofZeus,rulingoverthedead.Heisalsothegodofwealth,duetothepreciousmetalsminedfromtheearth.Hehasahelmetthatmakeshiminvisable.Herarelyleavestheunderworld.HestiaHestiaisZeussister.SheistheGoddessoftheHearth（灶台）,thesymbolofthehousearoundwhi
5、chanewbornchildiscarriedbeforeitisreceivedintothefamily.OfalltheOlympians,sheisthemildest,mostuprightandmostcharitable（仁慈的）.HeraHeraisZeuswifeandsister.Sheisthesupremegoddess,goddessofmarriageandchildbirthandtakesspecialcareofmarriedwomen.MoststoriesconcerningHerahavetodowithherjealousrevengeforZeus
6、sinfidelities（不信神，不忠）.ArisAresisthesonofZeusandHeraHeisthegodofwar.Heisconsideredmurderous（行凶的）andbloodstained（血污的）but,alsoacoward.Hewasdislikedbybothparents.AthenaAthenaistheGreekvirgingoddessofreason,intelligentactivity,artsandliterature.AthenaisthedaughterofZeus.Shesprangfullgrowninarmour（盔甲）from
7、hisforehead,thushasnomother.Sheisfierceandbraveinbattlebut,onlywarstodefinedthestateandhomefromoutsideenemies.Sheisthegoddessofthecity,handicrafts,andagriculture.Sheinventedthebridle（缰绳）,thetrumpet,theflute,thepot,theplow,theyoke,theship,andthechariot.Sheistheembodiment（化身）ofwisdom,reason,andpurity.
8、ShewasZeussfavoritechildandwasallowedtousehisweaponsincludinghisthunderbolt.HerfavoritecityisAthens.Hertreeistheolive.Theowlisherbird.ApolloApolloisthesonofZeusHeisthegodofmusic,playingagoldenlyre.TheArcher,farshootingwithasilverbow.Thegodofhealingwhotaughtmanmedicine.Thegodoflight.OneofApollosmorei
9、mportaintdailytasksistoharnesshischariotwithfourhorsesanddrivetheSunacrossthesky.Thegodoftruth,whocannotspeakalie.AphroditeAphroditeisthegoddessoflove,desireandbeauty.Inadditiontohernaturalgiftsshehasamagicalgirdlethatcompels（迫使）anyoneshewishestodesireher.Sherepresentedsex,affection,andtheattraction
10、thatbindspeopletogether.HermesHermesisthesonofZeusHewasthecleverestoftheOlympiangods,andmessengertoalltheothergods.Heisthefastestofthegods.Hewearswingedsandals,awingedhat,andcarriesamagicwand（棒）Heisthegodofthievesandgodofcommerce.Heistheguideforthedeadtogototheunderworld.ArtemisArtemisisthedaughtero
11、fZeusandhertwinbrotherisApolloShewasgoddessofchastity,virginity,thehunt,themoon,andthenaturalenvironmentSheistheprotectoroftheyoung.HephaestusHephaestusisthesonofZeusandHeraHeisthegodoffireandtheforge（熔炉）.Heisthesmithandarmorer(兵器制造者）ofthegodsHeiskindandpeacelovingHeistheonlygodtobephysicallyugly.He
12、isalsolame.OthergodsPrometheusAtlasATitancondemnedbyZeustosupporttheheavensuponhisshouldersDionysos Thegodofwineandofanorgiastic（狂欢的）religioncelebratingthepowerandfertility（肥沃，丰产）ofnatureHerosGreekheroeswerealmostasimportantasthegodsinGreekmythology.Heroeswerebigger,braver,andmorebeautifulthanordina
13、rymenandwomen.Inmostcasestheirfathersorgrandfathersweregods,buttheirmothersweremortals,sotheywereoftencalleddemigods(half-gods).Heracles ThesonofZeusandAlcmene,aheroofextraordinarystrengthwhowonimmortalitybyperforming12laborsdemandedbyHeraAchilles TheheroofHomersIliad（伊利亚特）,thesonofPeleusandThetisan
14、dslayerofHector Perseus ThesonofDanaandZeus,andhusbandofAndromedawhokilledtheGorgon（蛇发女妖）MedusaTheseusTheseuswasAthenssgreathero.Whilehavingallthequalitiesofatraditionalhero,suchasstrengthandcourage,hewasalsointelligentandwise.Hisearlyadventuresbenefitedthecityandregion.Hewasasuccessfulking.GreekMyt
15、hologyIsUniqueTheGreekgodsandgoddessesresembledhumanbeingsintheirform,butthisformwasstonglyidealized.Theyalsoresembledhumanbeingsintheiremotionsandexperiencedjealousy,loveandgrief.Theysharedwithhumansadesiretoassert（主张）theirownauthorityandtopunishanyonewhodefiedit.Therewereseveralgroupsofminor（未成年的）
16、godsinGreekmythology.Nymphs（小仙女）wereminorgoddessesorspiritsofnature,livinginoceans,lakes,rivers,mountainsandtrees.ThreegoddessescalledFatescontrolledthedestinyofeveryman.TheMuses,ninedaughtersofZeus,weregoddessesofliterature,musicanddance.TheHoraeweregoddesseswhocontrolledtheseasons.TheFurieswereter
17、riblegoddesseswhopursuedthosewhohadmurderedtheirfriendsorrelatives.GreatInfluenceTheGreekmythologyisanimportantpartoftheancientculturewhichhasvastanddeepinfluenceonthewholewesternculture.ItsgreatinfluenceupontheEnglishlanguageandliteratureisbeyonddescription.AgreatnumberofwordsandidiomsintheEnglishl
18、anguagecomefromtheGreekmythology.1.AchillesheelAnAchillesheelisafatalweaknessinspiteofoverallstrength,actuallyorpotentiallyleadingtodownfall.NamedaftertheGreekheroAchilles.Whenhewasasmallchild,hismotherdippedhimintotheriverStyx,whichmadehiminvulnerable(=hecouldnotbeinjured).Sheheldhimbyhisheel,which
19、thereforewasnottouchedbythewater.Achillesdiedafterbeingwoundedbyanarrowintheheel.2.A sword of Damoclessomethingunpleasant,dreadful,etcthatseemstobeabouttohappentosb,andcausesafeelingofapprehensionandimminent（即将发生的）dangerGreek courtier to Dionysius the Elder, tyrant of Syracuse, who according to lege
20、nd was forced to sit at a banquet table under a sword suspended by a single hair to demonstrate the precariousness(不稳定） of a kings fortunes3.Oedipus complexfeelingsofsexualdesirethataboyhasforhismotherandthejealousfeelingstowardshisfatherthatthiscausesFromtheGreekstoryofOedipus,whosefatherLaiushadbe
21、entoldbytheoracle(神谕）thathissonwouldkillhim.LaiusleftOedipusonamountaintodie,butashepherdrescuedhim.Oedipusreturnedhomemanyyearslaterbutdidnotrecognizehisparents.HekilledhisfatherandmarriedhismotherJocasta.GreekGift(s)阴谋害人的礼物；黄鼠狼拜年，不安好心APenelopesWeb亦作TheWebofPenelope故意拖延的策略；永远做不完的工作TheAugeanStable(s)肮脏的地方;藏垢纳秽之所;积弊AnAppleofDiscord争斗之源；不和之因；祸根TheTrojanHorse木马计；暗藏的危险；奸细Thatsallthanks
