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1、Word-formationReviewed some words in the text.Verb Noun achievebehaviourobservation specializeadvertisementbehaveachievementspecialistadvertiseobserveinspireVerb Noun connectorganize inspiration argumentpermitarguepermissionorganizationconnectionKey for Exercise 1:1. bond 2. nest 3. institute 4. cro
2、wd in 5. childhood 6. outspoken 7. move off 8. welfare 9. projectKey for Exercise 3:1. observed 2. worthwhile 3. argue 4. respectUseful structures语法详解：语法详解： 所谓主谓一致是指主语和谓语动词之所谓主谓一致是指主语和谓语动词之间间, ,即主语的人称和单复数形式决定着谓即主语的人称和单复数形式决定着谓语动词对应的形式。语动词对应的形式。The boy _ diving.They _ diving.Both Jack and Tim _ divin
3、g.All of them _ diving.Neither Jack nor Tim _ walking.isareareisareFinish the following exercises:Bob Bob _ a worker.isMike Mike and Bob _ workers.areBoth Mike and Bob _workers.areNeither Mike nor Bob _a teacher.isBill Neither of them _ (know) how to teach English. knows/knowAll of them _ workers.No
4、ne of them _ (know) how to teach English.are knows/know主谓一致主要有以下几种情况：主谓一致主要有以下几种情况：1. and连接两个或两个以上单数名词或者代词连接两个或两个以上单数名词或者代词作主语的时候作主语的时候,谓语动词有以下两种情况：谓语动词有以下两种情况：(1) He and I _both students of this school. 我和他都是这个学校的学生。我和他都是这个学校的学生。如果指两个或两个以上不同的人或事物的时如果指两个或两个以上不同的人或事物的时候候,谓语动词用复数。谓语动词用复数。语法一致原则语法一致原则(
5、2) 但如果连接两个以上的名词指的是但如果连接两个以上的名词指的是同同一个人或物一个人或物, 或者指或者指同一概念同一概念的时候的时候, 谓语要用谓语要用单数单数。 The singer and dancer_ going to give us a performance. 那个歌唱家兼舞蹈演员要给我们表演。那个歌唱家兼舞蹈演员要给我们表演。 The knife and fork _on the table. 刀叉在桌子上。刀叉在桌子上。 isis2. 如果主语是不定式如果主语是不定式, 动词动词ing形式或主形式或主语从句的时候语从句的时候,谓语动词用单数。谓语动词用单数。What he i
6、s doing seems very important. 他正在做的事情看起来很重要。他正在做的事情看起来很重要。 Collecting stamps is his hobby. 收集邮票是他的爱好。收集邮票是他的爱好。3. 定语从句的关系代词定语从句的关系代词who, which, that在从句中作主语时，要与先行词的人在从句中作主语时，要与先行词的人称和数保持一致。称和数保持一致。 Those who enjoy singing may join us. Tom, who is your friend, should help you.4. with, along with, toge
7、ther with, as well as, besides, like, without, except, but, including 如果句子中有如果句子中有这些连接词和主语连用这些连接词和主语连用,谓语动词的数谓语动词的数随主语的变化而变化。例如：随主语的变化而变化。例如：The teacher, together with his students, is planting trees in the street. 老师和他的学生们正在街道上植老师和他的学生们正在街道上植树。树。1.either . or; neither . nor; not only . but also, wh
8、ether.or在句在句子中连接主语的时候或者在子中连接主语的时候或者在there be句型中句型中,谓语动词要和就近的主语保谓语动词要和就近的主语保持一致。持一致。就近原就近原则Neither you nor I am wrong. There is a cup of tea and some apples on the table.Not only the students but also the teacher wishes for a holiday. 概念一致原概念一致原则 所谓概念一致原则是指谓语动词和主所谓概念一致原则是指谓语动词和主语一致不是取决于主语的语法形式语一致不是取决
9、于主语的语法形式, 而而是其实际意义。有的主语名词在形式上是其实际意义。有的主语名词在形式上是单数是单数, 但在意义上却是复数；有的主但在意义上却是复数；有的主语名词在形式上是复数语名词在形式上是复数, 但在意义上却但在意义上却是单数。是单数。1. 不定代词不定代词all, more, some, any, none作主语作主语,谓语动词视情况而定。谓语动词视情况而定。All of the apples _rotten. 所有的苹果都烂了。所有的苹果都烂了。All of the apple _rotten. 整个苹果都烂了。整个苹果都烂了。 不定代词不定代词all, more, some, a
10、ny, none作主语作主语,谓语动词视情况而定。谓语动词视情况而定。 are isNone of the money_ left. 没有剩下一点钱。没有剩下一点钱。None of the students _ there. 没有学生在那里。没有学生在那里。 is is2. the rest of; half of; part of; majority of; percent of; one third of在句子中加名词作主语的在句子中加名词作主语的时候时候,谓语动词与谓语动词与of后面的名词保后面的名词保持一致。持一致。Half of the students _finished thei
11、rcomposition. 一半的学生已经完成了他们的作文。一半的学生已经完成了他们的作文。Half of the apple _bad. 一半的苹果坏了。一半的苹果坏了。About 60 percent of the students in ourschool _boys. 我们学校我们学校, 大约百分之六十的学生是男生大约百分之六十的学生是男生.haveisare3. 集合名词作主语集合名词作主语, 动词可用单数动词可用单数, 也可也可以用复数。主要由句子的意思决定。以用复数。主要由句子的意思决定。强调整体谓语动词用单数；指全体人强调整体谓语动词用单数；指全体人员时员时, 动词则用复数。这
12、一类常见的集动词则用复数。这一类常见的集合名词有合名词有public, family, class, crowd, population, team, group。His family _going out. 他们全家要外出。他们全家要外出。His family _all music lovers. 他们全家人都是音乐爱好者。他们全家人都是音乐爱好者。集合名词作主语集合名词作主语, 动词可用单数动词可用单数, 也可以用复也可以用复数。主要由句子的意思决定。数。主要由句子的意思决定。强调整体谓语强调整体谓语动词用单数；指全体人员时动词用单数；指全体人员时, 动词则用复数。动词则用复数。这一类常见
13、的集合名词有这一类常见的集合名词有public, family, class, crowd, population, team, group。is are 4. 某些名词如某些名词如people, police, cattle等等,形式上是单数形式上是单数, 但意义上是复数但意义上是复数, 谓语谓语动词应用复数。动词应用复数。people指指“民族民族”时时是例外。是例外。 The police are searching for a thief. The cattle are eating grass on the hill.5. 复合不定代词作主语复合不定代词作主语, 谓语动词要用谓语动词
14、要用单数，如单数，如someone ,somebody, something, anybody, anyone, anything, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing。Someone is asking for you. 有人找你。有人找你。Nothing is found in the room. 在屋子里什么也没找到。在屋子里什么也没找到。6. 某些名词如某些名词如clothes, trousers, shoes, glasses等等, 通常只用其复数形式通常只用其复数形式, 但但当它们被当它们被a pair
15、of 修饰时修饰时, 谓语动词谓语动词用单数。如用单数。如: The pair of shoes is worn out. 这双鞋破了。这双鞋破了。 The shoes are worn out. 鞋子破了。鞋子破了。7.某些名词以某些名词以s结尾如结尾如maths, politics, physics, news, plastics 等，谓语动词等，谓语动词应用单数。应用单数。8. Physics is a very interesting subject. 物理是一门很有趣的学科。物理是一门很有趣的学科。 8. every. and every .; each . and each .;
16、no . and no . 在以上短在以上短 语语中中and连接的单数名词连接的单数名词, 整个短语整个短语 在句中作主语时在句中作主语时, 谓语动词常使用单谓语动词常使用单数。数。 Each man and each woman is asked to attend. Every boy and every girl in the class is diligent. 班级中的每个男孩女孩都很用功。班级中的每个男孩女孩都很用功。No sound and no voice is heard. 听不到任何声音。听不到任何声音。9. 以以a number of 作主语时作主语时, 谓语动词用谓语动
17、词用复数复数; 以以the number of 作主语时作主语时, 谓谓语动词用单数。语动词用单数。 A number of new books are on the desk. The number of students in you class is 50.10. 有些名词的单数和复数形式一样有些名词的单数和复数形式一样, 作主语作主语的时候的时候, 其谓语动词由上下文决定其谓语动词由上下文决定, 这一这一类名词有类名词有: means, works, deer, fish, sheep, Chinese, Japanese等。等。 Not every means is useful.
18、不是每种方法都好使。不是每种方法都好使。 Not all means are useful. 不是所有的方法都好使。不是所有的方法都好使。11. many a, more than one, one and a half与单数名词组成的短语与单数名词组成的短语, 谓语用单数。谓语用单数。 Many a boy has seen it. 许多孩子都看到了。许多孩子都看到了。12. 书刊名、时间、距离、价格、度量衡等书刊名、时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的复数名词作主语时的复数名词作主语时, 谓语动词常用单数。谓语动词常用单数。 Thirty years is not a long time. Roo
19、ts is a famous American novel.1. this kind of book = a book of this kind (这种书这种书) , 其谓语用单数其谓语用单数; 短语短语this kind of men = men of this kind = these kind of men (口语口语) (这一类这一类人人), 但但this kind of men 的谓语用单的谓语用单数数, men of this kind 和和these kind of men 的谓语用复数的谓语用复数, all kinds of 后跟复数名词后跟复数名词, 谓语用复数形式。例谓语用
20、复数形式。例如：如：应该注意的几个问题应该注意的几个问题: This kind of men is dangerous. Men of this kind are dangerous.2. 在主谓倒装的句子中在主谓倒装的句子中,谓语动词的数谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。例如应与其后的主语一致。例如: Between the two windows hangs a picture.3. “分数或百分数分数或百分数+名词名词”构成的短语以及构成的短语以及由由“ a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, a heap of, heaps
21、of, half of + 名词名词”构成的短语作主语时构成的短语作主语时,其谓语其谓语动词要与短语中动词要与短语中of 后面的名词的数保持后面的名词的数保持一致一致,这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词词,而短语中前面的量词是修饰语。例如而短语中前面的量词是修饰语。例如:Lots of damage was caused by fire.About three-fourths of the earths surface is covered with water.Three-fifths of the workers here are women.和这种情况类似的还
22、有和这种情况类似的还有“a number of + 名词复数名词复数”。但是。但是,“the number of + 名词名词”的中心词却是的中心词却是number。试比较：。试比较：A number of students have gone to the countryside to help with the autumn harvest.The number of pages in this book is two hundred.注意注意:a (large) quantity of 修饰可数或不可修饰可数或不可数名词数名词, 其短语作主语时其短语作主语时,谓语动词用谓语动词用单数。单
23、数。A large quantity of people is needed here.quantities of 修饰可数或不可数名词修饰可数或不可数名词,其其短语作主语时短语作主语时,谓语动词一般用复数。例谓语动词一般用复数。例如如:Quantities of food (nuts) were on the table.短语短语in quantity, in large quantities 意意为为 “大量大量”; in small quantities 意为意为“少量少量”。 4. a great deal of, a large amount of, 修饰不可数名词修饰不可数名词,
24、其短语作主语时其短语作主语时, 谓谓语动词通常用单数语动词通常用单数; large amounts of 修饰不可数名词修饰不可数名词, 其短语作主语时其短语作主语时, 谓语动词通常用复数。例如谓语动词通常用复数。例如:A large amount of (A great deal of) damage was done in a very short time.Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.5. 表示数量的表示数量的one and a half 后后, 名词名词要用复数形式要用复数形式, 但是其短语作主语时但是其短语作主语时,
25、谓语动词用单数形式。例如：谓语动词用单数形式。例如： One and a half bananas is left on the table.6. 如果主语由如果主语由“the + 形容词形容词(或过去分词或过去分词)”结结构担任时构担任时,谓语通常用复数谓语通常用复数;这类词有这类词有: the brave, the poor, the rich, the blind, the young, the old, the sick, the dead, the deaf and dub, the oppressed, the injured, the wounded, the unemploye
26、d 等等; 但也有但也有少数的过去分词与定冠词连用时指个别少数的过去分词与定冠词连用时指个别,则用则用单数。例如：单数。例如：The blind study in special school.The departed(死者死者)was a well-known engineer.这类形容词或分词如果要表示个体时这类形容词或分词如果要表示个体时,就就要与名词要与名词man, person 或表示人的单数或表示人的单数连用。例如连用。例如: an old man, a rich person, the (a) wounded soldier.高考链接高考链接1. As a result of d
27、estroying the forests, a large _ of desert _ covered the land.(上海上海2001） A. number; has B. quantity; has C. number; have D. quantity; haveB精析精析：a large number of 后面要接复数后面要接复数名词，所以名词，所以A不能作为答案。因不能作为答案。因为为desert是单数，所以要填是单数，所以要填 has。这句话的意思是这句话的意思是“毁坏森林的毁坏森林的结果是，大片沙漠覆盖了陆地结果是，大片沙漠覆盖了陆地”答案答案 B2. _ of the
28、land in that district _ covered with trees and grass.(上海上海2000) A. Two fifth, is B. Two fifth, are C. Two fifths, is D. Two fifths, areC精析精析: 分数的分子用基数词分数的分子用基数词,分母用序数分母用序数词表示词表示.如果分子大于如果分子大于1, 分母序数分母序数词后加词后加-s. 分数和百分比作主语时分数和百分比作主语时,谓语动词的形式取决于分数和百分谓语动词的形式取决于分数和百分数后面的名词数后面的名词.句子中的主语句子中的主语 land是单数是单数,所
29、以谓语动词要用所以谓语动词要用is covered. 答案答案C.3. _ people in the world are sending information by e-mail every day.（上海上海2001） A. Several million B. Many millions C. Several millions D. Many millionA精析精析: 在在million前如果有具体的数字或前如果有具体的数字或 several等词时，要用单数形式。等词时，要用单数形式。 many一般不与一般不与 million等词连用等词连用. 表示表示“数百万数百万”，英语为，英语
30、为 millions of。这句话的意思是。这句话的意思是“每天，世每天，世界上有几十万人通过界上有几十万人通过 e-mail传递传递信息。信息。”答案答案 A。4. Professor James will give us a lecture on the Western culture, but when and where _ yet. (浙江浙江2007)A. hasnt been decided B. havent decided C. isnt being decided D. arent decided点拨点拨 “when and where (to do sth. 或或+从从句
31、句)”作主语时，谓语通常用单数。由题作主语时，谓语通常用单数。由题意可知要用被动，又由意可知要用被动，又由yet可知要用完成时可知要用完成时态。态。A5. The father as well as his three children _ skating on the frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter.(辽宁辽宁2006)A. is goingB. goC. goesD. are going点拨点拨 句子主语要和句子主语要和as well as 前面的前面的成分成分the father保持一致，故谓语动词要保持一致，故谓语动词要用单数
32、，又由用单数，又由every Sunday afternoon in winter可知应该用一般现在时。可知应该用一般现在时。C6. He is the only one of the students who _ a winner of scholarship for three years.(上海上海2002春春) A. is B. are C. have been D. has beenD7. _ of the land in that district _ covered with trees and grass.(上海上海2000) A. Two fifth; is B. Two f
33、ifth; are C. Two fifths; is D. Two fifths; areC分数或百分数分数或百分数+of+名词名词作主语时作主语时,谓语动词的数与名词的数一致。谓语动词的数与名词的数一致。单复数同形的名词作主语时，依照意义单复数同形的名词作主语时，依照意义一致的原则，表示单数意义时，谓语用一致的原则，表示单数意义时，谓语用单数；反之，谓语用复数形式。这类名单数；反之，谓语用复数形式。这类名词有：词有：sheep, deer, means(方法、手段方法、手段),works(工厂工厂),species(种类种类)8. We live day by day, but in th
34、e great things, the time of days and weeks _ so small that a day is unimportant. (湖南湖南2007)A. is B. are B.C. has been D. have beenA9. As you can see, the number of cars on our roads _ rising these days. (2006全国卷全国卷II)A. was keeping B. keep C. keeps D. were keeping10. A poet and artist _ coming to sp
35、eak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon.(江江苏苏2006)A. is B. are C. was D. wereAC11. Most of what has been said about the Smiths _ also true of the Johnsons. (安徽安徽2006)A. are B. is C. being D. to be 12. The country life he was used to _ greatly since 1992. (山东山东2005)A. chang
36、eB. has changedC. changingD. have changedBB13. Professor Smith, along with his assistants, _ on the project day and night to meet the deadline. (上海上海2005)A. work B. workingC. is working D. are working14. Nowadays, a large number of women, especially those from the countryside, _ in the clothing industry. (辽宁辽宁2005)A. is working B. works C. work D. workedC CHomeworkFinish the exercises in USING STRUCTURES on Page 43.
