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1、THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT nNovember 29, 2006 枷众寄润烷祁蚀殉迄妓锅跌沾垦供抚衰挫烧缸骗纂慕思收奉滔堂剑双砖奢THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED
2、AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)INTRODUCTION nThis report addresses the water quality and environmental toxicity effects of tire derived aggregate (TDA) and rubber modified asphalt (RMA) on the surrounding environments using these resources.nSeveral studie
3、s were conducted to address these concerns and are discussed in the following slides判帝长啤啼荧站累莫燕云讲芥沦营翘昧弧定粉装逮蓉沥去润蝴童耳幻躯帝THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MOD
4、IFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)FIELD STUDIES OF TDA USED ABOVE THE GROUNDWATER TABLE nThere have been several field studies that have monitored the water quality effects of TDA placed above and below the groundwater table nThese studies may be separated into two groups based on
5、the methods used to collect the samples for analyses:n n In the first group, samples were taken directly from water that In the first group, samples were taken directly from water that had passed through the TDA had passed through the TDA n nUsing this method there is minimal opportunity for substan
6、ces Using this method there is minimal opportunity for substances released by the TDA to be adsorbed by surrounding soil or diluted released by the TDA to be adsorbed by surrounding soil or diluted by mixing with groundwater by mixing with groundwater n nIn the second group, samples were taken from
7、groundwater In the second group, samples were taken from groundwater monitoring wells located adjacent to the TDA fill monitoring wells located adjacent to the TDA fill n nUsing this method substances released by the TDA may be Using this method substances released by the TDA may be adsorbed by the
8、surrounding soil or diluted by mixing with adsorbed by the surrounding soil or diluted by mixing with groundwater groundwater 慈荣鼻律远隋涣氰忌钻匿敢拳训项堡蔽硬诛俺前祝弧异狙帛志雌俯尊聘扫THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECT
9、S OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)Field Study Descriptions nThe following Field Studies were made:n nUniversity of Wisconsin Field Trial University of Wisconsin Field Trial n nNorth Yarmouth MaineDOT Field Trial North Yarmouth MaineDOT Fiel
10、d Trial n nWitter Farm Road Field Trial Witter Farm Road Field Trial n nOhio Tire Shred Monofills Ohio Tire Shred Monofills n nDingley Road Test Project Dingley Road Test Project n nVirginia DOT Test Embankment Virginia DOT Test Embankment n nBinghamton Test Embankment Binghamton Test Embankment 份隧缕
11、贤离估筒嘿护鸦昔插就最勋闪捧衍讥近套捅酬剩雅纫缆冀躯窿励山THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)University of Wisconsin Field Trial
12、nAn experimental test embankment was built as part of an access road at a landfill near Madison, Wisconsin nDuring construction, pan lysimeters were placed beneath areas containing TDA to collect samples. nOne lysimeter was overlain by 5 ft (1.52 m) of TDA with a 4-in. (100-mm) nominal size topped w
13、ith a 1-ft (0.3-m) thick soil cover. nThe other lysimeter was overlain by 5 ft (1.52 m) of TDA with a 2-in. (50-mm) nominal size topped with a 1-ft (0.3-m) thick soil cover. Each lysimeter was made of a 10-mil-thick PVC liner, and was covered with a nonwoven geotextile. nSamples were tested 10 times
14、 over a 26 month period for eight metals, two anions, and five water quality index parameters.扼叙桔环舔撇掉首喧笆墨毡窃擦橇齐丈俺组说疵杏犀滇简诽圆膝哲红迄陕THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND
15、RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)North Yarmouth MaineDOT Field TrialnThis field trial was built on Route 231 in North Yarmouth, Maine, in the summer of 1993. nIt was studied from January 1994 to June 1999 to determine long-term water quality effects of TDA placed above t
16、he water table using about 100,000 tires processed to a maximum size of 3 in. (75 mm).n nThe site consisted of five 100-ft (33-m) long sections, four of which The site consisted of five 100-ft (33-m) long sections, four of which were constructed using a 2-ft (0.61-m) thick layer of TDA topped with w
17、ere constructed using a 2-ft (0.61-m) thick layer of TDA topped with 2.5 to 4.5 ft (0.76 to 1.37 m) of granular soil and 0.42 ft (0.127 m) of 2.5 to 4.5 ft (0.76 to 1.37 m) of granular soil and 0.42 ft (0.127 m) of pavement. pavement. n nThe fifth section was established as a control section with co
18、nventional The fifth section was established as a control section with conventional soil fill. soil fill. n nTwo high-density polyethylene-lined seepage collection basins were Two high-density polyethylene-lined seepage collection basins were installed under the sections containing TDA, and another
19、basin was installed under the sections containing TDA, and another basin was installed under the control area.installed under the control area.n nThe basins extended beyond the edge of the overlying pavement to The basins extended beyond the edge of the overlying pavement to capture runoff from the
20、road that infiltrated into the road shoulder. capture runoff from the road that infiltrated into the road shoulder. n nOrganic substances, inorganic substances with primary and secondary Organic substances, inorganic substances with primary and secondary drinking water standards, pH, and other water
21、 quality index parameters drinking water standards, pH, and other water quality index parameters were also tested were also tested n nThe samples taken were also used to evaluate the toxicity effects on The samples taken were also used to evaluate the toxicity effects on aquatic lifeaquatic life艰逛宜叁
22、红江磺客柯辨订予牲毫企砂屯工由旭罕藩堰我宏来怎返游臭犯僚THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)Witter Farm Road Field TrialnThe Wit
23、ter Farm Road TDA field trial was constructed near the University of Maine in Orono to analyze insulation and drainage properties of a TDA layer placed below a paved road, as well as to collect data on the effects of TDA with a maximum size of 3 in. (76 mm) on water quality. nThe TDA or mixtures of
24、TDA and aggregate base extended across the width of the road in a 6-in. (150-mm) or 12-in. (300-mm) thick layer. nThe TDA was topped by 13 in. (330 mm) or 25 in. (635 mm) of aggregate base followed by 5 in. (127 mm) of hot-mix asphalt pavement. nIn addition, a 6.5-ft (2.0-m) deep edge drain, backfil
25、led with TDA or mixtures of TDA and aggregate base, was located beneath one shoulder. nWater discharging from the edge drain was sampled on one date and analyzed for twelve metals, two anions, and organic compounds 恫理妨躯疟漫躁渣告酬蒙猴虎镀靳省挽者胡仅肥隋脸缉片怂掇凿罩疟烦荣THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE A
26、ND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)Ohio Tire Shred MonofillsnIn this study, leachate was collected from two Stark County, Ohio monofills that contained
27、tire shreds and soil cover. n nThe monofills had leachate collection systems that tested above The monofills had leachate collection systems that tested above groundwater table conditions. groundwater table conditions. n nThe tire shred layer was 18 ft (5.5 m) thick at the site. The tire shred layer
28、 was 18 ft (5.5 m) thick at the site. n nSome of the samples were taken directly from the leachate Some of the samples were taken directly from the leachate collected from the bottom of the landfill. collected from the bottom of the landfill. n nThe samples taken were collected on eight dates spanni
29、ng a two The samples taken were collected on eight dates spanning a two year period. year period. n nThe samples were analyzed for twelve commonly occurring The samples were analyzed for twelve commonly occurring cations and anions, as well as, an additional 19 trace elements. cations and anions, as
30、 well as, an additional 19 trace elements. n n Results for total dissolved solids, pH, conductivity, and alkalinity Results for total dissolved solids, pH, conductivity, and alkalinity were also reported. were also reported. 奶邯迅毯砍扦我扩甩械捍药拥歪腊烃楔耕盏嚎狼阐搀制妒铆科浇劝港蘑叶THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED A
31、GGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)Dingley Road Test ProjectnThis project was constructed in August, 2002 consisting of a 950-ft (290-m) long
32、gravel surfaced test site using 20,000 tire shreds on Dingley Road in Richmond, Maine. nThe tire shreds used were of varying size, up to a maximum of 2 in. (51 mm)nThe TDA layer used was 6 or 12 in. (150 or 300 mm) thick and the granular soil cover was 12, 18, or 24 in. (300, 457, or 600 mm) thick.
33、nSix PVC wells, including one positioned at a control site, were installed to collect groundwater samples. n n Water samples were taken on three occasions from Water samples were taken on three occasions from December 1993 to January 1995December 1993 to January 1995沦灌际滴邢旭掉雹豪狞素惹枉鹃棕衅祁锰苫冲箕剪俏朵荡颈敏鹏组张衬貌T
34、HE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)Virginia DOT Test Embankment nOn Route 646, in Williamsburg, Virg
35、inia a mixture of TDA and soil was used to construct the approach fills for a new overpass nThe approach fills were 20 ft (6 m) with a mixture of 50/50 TDA/soilnThe soil used for mixing was silty sand. nThe section was topped by 5 ft (1.5 m) of soil. n nTwo groundwater monitoring wells were installe
36、d Two groundwater monitoring wells were installed n nOne was located 500 ft (150 m) upgradient from the TDA/soil One was located 500 ft (150 m) upgradient from the TDA/soil mixture section (MW-1)mixture section (MW-1)n nThe other (MW-2) was located immediately downgradient from The other (MW-2) was
37、located immediately downgradient from the toe of the TDA/soil mixture section. the toe of the TDA/soil mixture section. n nThe wells were monitored eight times between February, The wells were monitored eight times between February, 1994 and January, 1997 for selected metals, hardness, 1994 and Janu
38、ary, 1997 for selected metals, hardness, pH, total organic carbon, total organic halides, and pH, total organic carbon, total organic halides, and specific conductivityspecific conductivity嗜豢乐军闺殊哄懈诬呻狠余毁骂解慎沫副凤贾哑这葛裙邹商外裕嫩膘秤捎THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT
39、 PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)Binghamton Test EmbankmentnTDA was used in construction of the subgrade for an interstate exit ramp near Binghamton, New York. nThe TDA layer w
40、as up to 10 ft (3 m) thick and was covered by 4.9 to 6.6 ft (1.5 to 2.0 m) of embankment fill nThe TDA also had a nominal maximum size of 12 in. (300 mm). n nThree groundwater monitoring wells and two TDA fill Three groundwater monitoring wells and two TDA fill sampling ports were installed. samplin
41、g ports were installed. n nOne of the monitoring wells was placed up-gradient from the One of the monitoring wells was placed up-gradient from the TDA. TDA. n nThe other two wells were positioned down-gradient. The other two wells were positioned down-gradient. n nOne of the sampling ports was place
42、d directly below the TDA fill One of the sampling ports was placed directly below the TDA fill area, and the other port was placed adjacent to the TDA fill area. area, and the other port was placed adjacent to the TDA fill area. n nSamples were monitored for selected metals and water Samples were mo
43、nitored for selected metals and water quality index tests. quality index tests. 惰翻霓缠鸡烛坛律状艳脖讽覆手涎眉纹潘饰屠赦滇挺季顿畜厅慢悄岳跋惦THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIE
44、D ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)Data Summary: Statistical Methods nTo allow for easy comparison of the data from the projects, the mean and standard deviation of each measured parameter was computed for each sample location that had three or more sampling events nFor data sets where
45、all the results were above the detection limit, the mean and standard deviation were computed using standard statistical methods nHowever, statistical analysis of data sets that have one or more results below the test method detection limit presents special challenges 沁尘省涡滦蹦毕嘲依坎藤请照蛹魄浆坡揣帧拾呀莱诈蜘荤逻代滁步开滴
46、咋THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)Water Quality Index Tests nA range of water quality index tests
47、 were performed in the field studies including:n npH, total dissolved solids (TDS), total solids pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), total solids (TS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and (TS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) chemical oxygen demand (COD) 鄂燕竣否朔厩钙佯入组者百含综
48、日绷玖堡汉撕瀑最轻相掠美矛葱佣篮坝宫THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)Inorganic Chemicals with a Primary Drinking Wa
49、ter Standard nThirteen inorganic chemicals with primary drinking water standards were directly monitored on filtered samples in one or more of the field studiesnIn addition, since wells for drinking water are designed to minimize infiltration of solids, it was appropriate to compare drinking water s
50、tandards to the results from filtered samples when available nNo studies considered the following chemicals with primary drinking water standards: n nasbestos, cyanide, and nitrite; asbestos, cyanide, and nitrite; n nhowever, there is no reason to believe that these inorganic however, there is no re
51、ason to believe that these inorganic chemicals are present in tires. chemicals are present in tires. 贰瘪卷抢冲毫睡自娇辅测曳挂钉疑孩掘守慎驾织硅议彦癸遭桨残奠绅稍绵THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGA
52、TE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)Drinking Water StandardnThe preponderance of evidence shows that TDA would not cause primary drinking water standards to be exceeded nMoreover, the evidence shows that TDA is unlikely to increase levels of metals with primary drink
53、ing water standards above naturally occurring background levels. 赂组们丈罢歹陋舅耸校恼顺邪嘛惶着酥慧息诡游碎卑堡帘荡退饿脐翱知嫡THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEM
54、ENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)Inorganic Substances with a Secondary Drinking Water Standard nSecondary standards are “non-enforceable guidelines regulating contaminants that may cause cosmetic effects (such as skin or tooth discoloration) or aesthetic effects (such as taste, odor, or color) in dr
55、inking water” nNine inorganic chemicals with secondary drinking water standards were directly monitored on filtered samples in one or more of the field studies n nThe mean concentrations of aluminum, copper, fluoride, silver, The mean concentrations of aluminum, copper, fluoride, silver, and zinc we
56、re below their corresponding secondary standard and zinc were below their corresponding secondary standard except for aluminum at the C&E monofill except for aluminum at the C&E monofill 沏刽需梳庚担吁遁慈阔缄实琅雹昨谊浆咐寨膏乃拌籍边饶赣耍龟薄蒙剔嘶THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT P
57、AVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)Organic Compounds nThere are two field studies that monitored for organics in samples taken directly from water that had passed through the TDA n
58、 nThe projects are: The projects are: n nNorth Yarmouth MaineDOT field trial and Witter Farm Road North Yarmouth MaineDOT field trial and Witter Farm Road field trail field trail n nSamples were tested for volatile organic Samples were tested for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in accordance with
59、EPA compounds (VOCs) in accordance with EPA Method 8260 (Determination of Volatile Organics Method 8260 (Determination of Volatile Organics by Purge-and-Trap Capillary Column GC/MS)by Purge-and-Trap Capillary Column GC/MS)n n Samples were also tested for semi-volatile Samples were also tested for se
60、mi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in accordance with organic compounds (SVOCs) in accordance with EPA Method 8270 (Determination of Semi-EPA Method 8270 (Determination of Semi-volatile Organics by Capillary Column GC/MS) volatile Organics by Capillary Column GC/MS) 戳绥祟帖锋锐析怨九扣炭尘尤圾孰烛五牲潞蛛史晋聊爱吹部害齐好液
61、抨黄THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)Organic CompoundsContinuednResults from the North Yarmouth pro
62、ject showed the following:n3 compounds concentrations were below the Regulatory allowable limits (RAL) that had been established for the compounds.nThere were five instances of compounds being found above the test method reporting limit, with the highest concentration being 0.024 mg/L of aceton nThe
63、 results for the single sample from the Witter Farm Road showed all compounds were below the test method reporting limit 湘偿壶楔蕾滞桩友喇兴梯茹恶泰棱刽争夺畸颖例赞椽歇昧移诛谁蹬忧搞输THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF
64、TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)Aquatic Toxicity nSamples from the North Yarmouth Project were used to perform two USEPA freshwater short-term toxicity tests n nOne test was three-brood survival and reproduction test with the One test was thre
65、e-brood survival and reproduction test with the crustacean Ceriodaphnia dubia crustacean Ceriodaphnia dubia n nIn this test, females are exposed to samples for the period of time In this test, females are exposed to samples for the period of time it takes for control treatment females to produce thr
66、ee broods, it takes for control treatment females to produce three broods, typically about 7 days. typically about 7 days. n nThen survival and reproduction of these two groups are compared Then survival and reproduction of these two groups are compared n nThe other test was seven-day survival and g
67、rowth of The other test was seven-day survival and growth of larval fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) larval fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) n nAt the completion of the test, survival and growth for minnows At the completion of the test, survival and growth for minnows exposed to field sam
68、ples are compared to control samples exposed to field samples are compared to control samples 晶扭撞顾狠辨旺圈臂圈疡垣氦契餐帚汲唬畦椿辞淳轩坎巷矩蹿倚等嚣衫快THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND
69、RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)Aquatic ToxicityContinuednOn both sample dates there was 100% survival and growth of fathead minnows in samples from the control section and TDA Sections C+D. nFor Ceriodaphnia dubia there was 100% survival and reproduction in the samples
70、 from TDA Sections C+D on both sample dates. nThese results show TDA placed above the groundwater table on this project had no effect on aquatic toxicity for these two species. 死烙手没每帐挖伎擅炊茨肉检盈装申翱商鸟糯晶酬噬斡此己汞私弯格丝伎THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍
71、生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)Water Quality Index Tests nA range of water quality index tests were performed on projects with samples from adjacent wells including: npH, total dissolved
72、 solids (TDS), total solids (TS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). nThe pH from the Richmond, Maine project was within the secondary drinking water standard (USEPA, 2006). n However, two wells from the Binghamton project and both wells from the Virginia project were
73、more acidic than the standard nThe TDS was below the secondary drinking water stand-ard for the Richmond project 睡狼诛嘘氧婴活濒崩庇颐企煽碗舌模伍逞懊坪裳量晦蚌死崖婚辆扔屋础侗THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DER
74、IVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)Inorganic Chemicals with a Primary Drinking Water Standard nFive inorganic chemicals with primary drinking water standards (barium, cadmium, chromium, copper, and lead) were monitored on filtered samples in one or more
75、of the field studies nThe results in both the control and TDA wells were below the corresponding RAL, except for barium concentrations in the control well at the Binghamton Project 筐貉脱肄伍勇斩驱碱醇询威奸晕趋遁竟丈啃繁帽茄萤磕针交择蕉春氟饶拆THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMEN
76、T轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)Inorganic Substances with a Secondary Drinking Water Standard nSeven inorganic chemicals with secondary drinking water standards were monitored in one
77、or more of the field studies with adjacent monitoring wells nThe mean concentrations of aluminum, chloride, sulfate, and zinc were below their corresponding secondary standard on the projects where these parameters were measured nSecondary standards for iron was exceeded on the Binghamton and Virgin
78、ia projects for both the control wells and the wells adjacent to the TDA sections. nOn the Binghamton project iron levels were higher in the wells adjacent to the TDA section compared to the control well. nHowever, the iron concentration was about the same in the TDA and control wells in the Virgini
79、a project. 确纵槐入慎羞贫炊恳澎囚脱凿吉级譬存暂粹撮酚升边鼠尔屁压轰耐握倚们THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)Inorganic Substances
80、with a Secondary Drinking Water StandardnThe secondary drinking water standard for manganese was exceeded for all control and TDA wells. nFor the Richmond project, the manganese level in three TDA wells was about the same as the control well, while for the remaining three wells the concentration in
81、the TDA wells was lower than the control well. n For the Binghamton project, the manganese concentrations in the TDA wells were elevated. nFor the Virginia project, the control and TDA wells had about the same manganese concentrations. 藉祁纪粹灵去圭酶彩樟讼桂貌弟赵葬卜删搭漆羊狮傻描淄萌骗宛娩江较误THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIR
82、E DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)Organic Compounds nThe Virginia DOT project monitored total organic carbon (TOC) and total organ
83、ic halides (TOX). nFor the control well, TOC was below the detection limit of 1 mg/L for 16 out of 32 tests. nFor the well adjacent to the TDA section, 28 out of 32 tests were below the detection limit. nFor the control well, TOX was below the detection limit of 0.02 mg/L for 24 out of 32 tests. nFo
84、r the well adjacent to the TDA section, 28 out of 32 tests were below the detection limit. nThus, there was no indication that the TDA increased the TOC and TOX in the groundwater. 样住窗斗夜捻驯腹棠墒残调年雅蒙搅撮光雇娠竟偶洒敖末聋揖蚜笑睦借嗡THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMEN
85、T轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)Summary of Water Quality Effects of TDA Placed Above the Groundwater Table nThe preponderance of evidence shows that TDA does not cause metals with pri
86、mary drinking water standards to be exceeded. nMoreover, the data shows that TDA is unlikely to increase levels of metals with primary drinking water standards above naturally occurring background levels. nFor other chemicals with secondary drinking water standards, there is no evidence that TDA aff
87、ects naturally occurring background levels. 园栓昭倍碗畴诛甲弦优茁秒阵影纸秘锚咎给君泊恭工奎西旗颐掠缩掸沈菏THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质
88、量的影响(PPT-38)Summary of Water Quality Effects of TDA Placed Above the Groundwater TablenVolatile and semi-volatile organics were generally below test method reporting limits. nMoreover, for those substances with drinking water standards, the levels were below the standards. nA few substances are occa
89、sionally found above the test method detection limit, however, the highest concentrations were found in the control section indicating that organics from other sources associated with active roadways are more prevalent 晃或吗抉鄂疥肚契明捆外态娠慰匣静株午鸵镊沏牲边亢椒倾鲁藤伪杠菠掺THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGA
90、TE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)Summary of Water Quality Effects of TDA Placed Above the Groundwater TablenAquatic toxicity tests results showed
91、that water collected directly from TDA fills had no effect on survival, growth, and reproduction of two standard test species (fathead minnows and a small crustacean, Ceriodaphnia dubia 暖衙深耳牢茫茬滁滦滓梯丸嘲子俭岩涉馏癣裳曹稽锑泞撤吨残肤哩煌奄捎THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PA
92、VEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)FIELD STUDIES OF TDA USED BELOW THE GROUNDWATER TABLE nIn this study, 1.5 tons (1.4 metric tons) of TDA was buried below the groundwater table in
93、the following three soil types: npeat (P), nmarine clay (C), nglacial till (T) n The TDA was made from a mixture of steel and glass belted tires and had a maximum size of 3 in. (75 mm). nThe TDA was placed in 2 to 6-ft (0.7 to 1.8-m) wide trenches with their long axis oriented perpendicular to the a
94、pproximate direction of groundwater flow 牲靠嫉凳彝莽剧鼻生莽袒颅圃妈童释卒芥坏恬村俗鲍培斌阳醋崖酶舞闻啼THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影
95、响(PPT-38)FIELD STUDIES OF TDA USED BELOW THE GROUNDWATER TABLEnAt each site, one monitoring well was installed up gradient of the TDA filled trench to obtain background water qualitynOne well was installed directly in the TDA filled trenchnOne to three wells were installed 2 ft (0.6 m) down gradient
96、 of the trenchnOne well was installed about 10 ft (3 m) down gradient of the trench. nSamples were taken for a range of metals, volatile organics, and semivolatile organics息池谰辞管贮囚此瓣宛茧酒拯工蛮充褒息苞逛紊赏闰馅稻牺黍馈舍仕敞纸THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡
97、胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)Summary of Water Quality Effects of TDA Placed Below the Groundwater Table nThe preponderance of evidence shows that TDA does not cause metals with primary drin
98、king water standards to be exceeded. nMoreover, the data shows that TDA is unlikely to increase levels of metals with primary drinking water standards above naturally occurring background levels. nFor chemicals with secondary drinking water standards, it is likely that TDA below the groundwater tabl
99、e would increase the concentrations of iron, manganese, and zinc nFor other chemicals with secondary drinking water standards, there is no evidence that TDA affects naturally occurring background levels. 鸥重穿力泞丑掉夕粉原珐帛顷究混舍美彰圆磨鱼萝弦诣淤核俄此缝翱酞五THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER M
100、ODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)Summary of Water Quality Effects of TDA Placed Below the Groundwater TablenTrace levels of a few volatile and semivolatile organ
101、ics were found from water taken directly from TDA filled trenches. nHowever, concentrations were below method detection limits for virtually all samples taken from wells 2 ft (0.6 m) and 10 ft (10 ft) downgradient. nAquatic toxicity tests were performed on samples taken on two dates. nThe results sh
102、owed that water collected directly from TDA filled trenches had no effect on survival, and growth of fathead minnows. nWhile there were some toxic effects of TDA placed below the groundwater table on Ceriodaphnia dubia, a small amount of dilution as the groundwater flowed down gradient or when it en
103、tered a surface body of water would remove the toxic effects. nIn summary, TDA placed below the water table would be expected to have a negligible off-site effect on water quality. 科快稚怠瘩何缮睛再玲挪倪竿帆恫缄斟耗郸型赂骄栖需聋垃狮凡渔俏氦养THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMEN
104、T轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)TDA as Fill for Roadway, Wall, Building, and Railroad Construction nIn this category of applications, TDA is used as lightweight fill for embankments c
105、onstructed on weak ground, lightweight backfill for walls and bridge abutments, insulation and drainage layers beneath roads, free-draining and insulating backfill for residential foundations, and vibration damping layers beneath rail lines. nThe TDA is generally 3 to 12-in. (75 mm to 300 mm) maximu
106、m size. nIn most of applications in this category, the TDA is placed above the water table, but there are some instances where the TDA will be placed below the water table. nFor both above and below water table applications, the preponderance of evidence shows that TDA will not cause primary drinkin
107、g water standards to be exceeded. nMoreover, TDA is unlikely to increase levels of metals with primary drinking water standards above naturally occurring background levels. 盘捧二则消辜也池扇实铣瘩脓闷驴盖榔溪橱鞘痹笺氧姐绳扬聚独结惊囊客THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和
108、橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)TDA as Fill for Roadway, Wall, Building, and Railroad ConstructionnFor metals with a secondary drinking standard, it is likely that water in direct contact wit
109、h TDA, either in above or below the groundwater table applications, will have elevated concentrations of dissolved iron and manganese nFor five out of six field sites with monitoring wells adjacent to the TDA fill, it was found that flow through soil for a distance of 2 to 10 ft (0.6 to 3 m) was gen
110、erally adequate to attenuate the concentration of iron, manganese and zinc to near naturally occurring background levels nFor other chemicals with secondary drinking water standards, there is no evidence that TDA affects naturally occurring background levels 皖犹例腻讯贩悠拜烷挝门彪顾纹葡招娥注膀嫁毛碍流蛮算炬霄卓惟跟公独THE WATER
111、 QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)TDA as Fill for Roadway, Wall, Building, and Railroad ConstructionnVolati
112、le and semivolatile organic compounds were monitored for two sites where TDA was placed above the water table and for three sites where TDA was placed below the water table. nFor water in direct contact with TDA, a few compounds are found above the detection limit. nThe concentrations tended to be s
113、lightly higher for below groundwater table sites nFreshwater toxicity tests showed that undiluted leachate from TDA fills placed above the water table had no effect on survival, growth, and reproduction of two standard test species (fathead minnows and a small crustacean, Ceriodaphnia dubia). 秽常窿润漏琢
114、况娇组恬党头役锅陕滥粥验焉尼澄横咱竹王秩考藩震缝外宫THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)TDA Used as Drain-Field Aggregate for
115、Septic Systems nTDA is used as the aggregate in drain fields for on-site waste water treatment systems, commonly referred to as septic systems. nThe data for TDA placed above the water table are useful for assessing this application. nThese results would suggest that TDA used as drain field aggregat
116、e would leach negligible levels of compounds with primary drinking water standards, some iron and manganese, and negligible levels of organics. nThese results were confirmed by two field trials where use of TDA was compared to conventional gravel aggregate (Miller and Chadik, 1993; Sengupta and Mill
117、er, 2004). 授冷持弥护无榨蕉逝风俊综骆瑶轰掌寒敖父媳琅戳庞鄂您德奈锑社估拖甲THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)Rubber Modified Aspha
118、lt Pavements nTwo laboratory studies have been conducted to evaluate the water quality effects of rubber modified asphalt pavements nThe first study included leaching tests on compacted rubber modified asphalt samples and flat plate leaching tests that simulated a rainfall event. nThe second study i
119、ncluded batching leaching tests in which the rubber modified asphalt was reduced to particles smaller than -in. in size prior to leachate extraction. nThe studies found that crumb rubber modified asphalt samples leached higher levels of some metals and organic compounds compared to samples of conven
120、tional hot mix asphalt pavement. nThe latter study went on to show that the organic contaminant with the highest concentration, benzothiazole, was volatile and biodegradable. nMoreover, the metals and organics were asorbed onto to soil such that the leachate was rendered nontoxic to freshwater aquat
121、ic species. 衬漓保扒娶舰虞跌区媒谱娱览释八瘤灿函德椅斟蜗点淆冉雾阿耙密库居蜡THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)SUMMARY nTire derive
122、d leachate (TDA) has a limited effect on drinking water quality and fresh water aquatic toxicity for a range of applications including lightweight backfill for walls and bridge abutments, insulation and drainage layers beneath roads, free-draining and insulating backfill for residential foundations,
123、 vibration damping layers beneath rail lines, landfill leachate collections systems, drainage layers in landfill caps, landfill gas collection systems, and drainage aggregate for drain fields for on-site waste water treatment systems. nTDA is unlikely to increase the concentration of substances with
124、 primary drinking water standards above those naturally occurring in the groundwater. nIt is likely that TDA will increase the concentration of iron and manganese, but the data indicates that these elements have limited ability to migrate away from the TDA installation. nTDA placed above the water t
125、able has negligible toxic effects for fresh water aquatic organisms. nUndiluted leachate from TDA placed below the water table would have some toxic effects, but with only a small amount of dilution the effects are reduced to negligible levels 侨绽魁隙猖攫信摄裴意粟豫佩市庄灯假凿嗡擒囊微石泰班哆算曼孽修技辊THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)THE WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF TIRE DERIVED AGGREGATE AND RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENT轮胎衍生骨料和橡胶改性沥青路面的水质量的影响(PPT-38)
