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1、第一篇第一篇 货物买卖法货物买卖法lec-5(下下)买卖合同成买卖合同成2-3.4比较法视角下承诺比较法视角下承诺 承诺承诺 我国合同法我国合同法(买卖合同买卖合同) Common law Unidroit CISG2-3.4比较法视角下承诺的概念比较法视角下承诺的概念A 我国合同法 第21条承诺是受要约人同意要约的意思表示。(An acceptance is the offerees manifestation of intention to assent to an offer.)B. CISG Art18 A statement made by or other conduct of o
2、fferee indicating assent to an offer is an acceptance. C. common law Acceptance is a final expression of assent to the terms of an offer. D. Unidroit art 2.1.6 A statement made by or other conduct of offeree indicating assent to an offer is an acceptance. 2-3.5 CISG承诺规则研究承诺规则研究1.承诺的构成条件 p612.承诺的生效 p
3、613.承诺的撤回 p614.逾期的承诺 p625.承诺对要约的修改和添加 p63规则研究之一：规则研究之一：CISG承诺构成的条件承诺构成的条件p61 CISG 我合同法我合同法 1. 承诺必须由受要约人或代理人做出；承诺是受要约人同意要约的意思表示 . (Art21)2. 承诺必须向要约人或其代理人做出；向谁做出同意的意思表示?none3. 承诺的内容必须与要约的内容一致;承诺的内容应当与要约的内容一致 (Art30)4. 承诺必须在要约有效 期内做出.受要约人在承诺期限发出承诺. (Art 29)CISG要约构成要约构成 v. CISG承诺构成承诺构成 offer of CISG Art
4、14 acceptance of CISG1. A proposal for concluding a contract 2. offer must be addressed to only one or more specific persons unless the contrary is clearly indicated by the person making the offer. 1承诺必须由受要约人或代理人做出2. 承诺必须向要约人做出；3. sufficiently definite (goods and expressly impliedly fixes or makes p
5、rovision for determining the quantity and price) 3.承诺的内容必须与要约的内容一致4.承诺必须在要约有效期内做出4. intention of offeror to be bound in case of acceptance. CISG承诺的条件是基于要约的要求的逻辑推断承诺的条件是基于要约的要求的逻辑推断,是学理上的规则是学理上的规则,不是不是CISG法法条的直接规定条的直接规定,，此外，承诺规则的数量也是可以增加的，两者之间的对应关，此外，承诺规则的数量也是可以增加的，两者之间的对应关系是非常值得研究的系是非常值得研究的.CISG承诺条件
6、承诺条件 v. COMMON LAW CISG common law1. 承诺必须由受要约人或代理人做出；1. must be communicated. 2. must be in response to and in reliance of an offer.2. 承诺必须向要约人或其代理人做出；none3.承诺的内容必须与要约的内容一致3. must be in strict accordance wit the terms of the offer.4. must be clear and certain. 4.承诺必须在要约有效期内做出5 must be made within th
7、e time specified or, if not specified, within a reasonable time. CISG承诺构成承诺构成 v. UNIDROIT CISG UNIDROIT 1. 承诺必须由受要约人或代理人做出；没有直接规定的法条。没有直接规定的法条。2. 承诺必须向要约人或其代理人做出；none3.承诺的内容必须与要约的内容一致没有直接规定的法条。没有直接规定的法条。4.承诺必须在要约有效期内做出Art 2.1.7: An offer must be accepted within the time the offeror has fixed or if n
8、o time is fixed ,within reasonable time having regard to the circumstance ,Including the rapidity of the means of communication employed by the offeror.An oral offer must be accepted immediately unless the circumstance indicate otherwise. UNIDROIT Art 2.1.8: A period of acceptance fixed by the offer
9、or begins to run from the time that dispatched.A time indicated in the offer is deemed to be the time of dispatch unless circumstance indicate otherwise 对对CISG承诺构成规则的评价承诺构成规则的评价不同于CISG要约来自法律的直接归定，CISG的四条规则在性质上是学理归纳，不是法律直接规定，因此，呈现如下问题：1.承诺四条规则在数量上不是绝对的，是可以增加的。2.四条规则在内容上也不是绝对的，它并不能涵盖承诺的所有基本问题3.国外的有关专著
10、和UNIDROIT就没有承诺构成条件之说。我国合同法第14条规定了要约的构成的条件，对承诺也没有相关规定。4. CISG要约构成条件与承诺构成应该具有对应关系，这种关系值得研究。CISG向我们提供了四条承诺规则，该四条规则能够基本涵盖国际货物买卖合同成立中的必要的法律问题？不！CISG依赖国内合同法或买卖法来回答许多合同成立的具体实务问题。即便是CISG法律框架内的问题，都需要国内法加于填补，特别是common law case 来补充，更不要说，CISG法律框架以外的问题了。对国际货物买卖合同的成立不能对CISG抱有绝对的希望！ 信任而不迷信！信任而不迷信！与与CISG承诺构成规则有关的实务
11、问题研究承诺构成规则有关的实务问题研究 CISG 我合同法我合同法 1. 承诺必须由受要约人或代理人做出；承诺是受要约人同意要约的意思表示Art21实务问题实务问题: ( 1)承诺做出的方式 （Art22） - 口头方式? - 非对话方式(书面方式, 行为方式)? - 沉默可否作为承诺的方式?（2）受约人在主观上是否必须对要约知情并同时依赖要约做出承诺,否则承诺无效？ACCEPTANCE MUST BE IN RESPONSE TO AND IN RELIANCE OF AN OFFER ?R v Clarke 1972 Clarke had been arrested on a murder
12、 charge. For getting rid of the murder charge , but not for an reward to the public for $2000 (悬赏广告), he gave information to police which led to a conviction of the actual offenders . But later, he tried to claim the rewardCourt held : Clarke was not entitled to claim the reward because his acceptan
13、ce was not based on the reward but on the desire to clear himself of the charge. So his supply of information was not the acceptance to the offer of reward. CISG 我合同法我合同法 2. 承诺必须向要约人或其代理人做出；向谁做出同意的意思表示?none3.承诺的内容必须与要约的内容一致实务问题：实务问题：如果承诺对要约做了变如果承诺对要约做了变更更或添加或添加 (Art 19) -实质性的实质性的 -非实质性的非实质性的“实质性实质性”
14、 (Art 19) p63承诺的内容应当与要约的承诺的内容应当与要约的内容一致内容一致 (Art30)实务问题：实务问题：如果承诺对要约做了变更或添加如果承诺对要约做了变更或添加(Art 30/31) -实质性的实质性的 -非实质性的非实质性的“实质性实质性”Art30 (见后面见后面) CISG “实质性实质性” (Art 19) p63我合同法我合同法 Art30有关货物的有关货物的有关合同的有关合同的？标的标的Price 价格价格 BLACKS: (1) AMOUNT OF MONEY(2) THE COST SOMETHING IS BOUGHT OR SOLD价款或报酬价款或报酬Pa
15、yment 付款付款BLACKS: (1)DELIVERY OF MONEY (2)MONEY DELIVERED IN SATISFACTION？Quality and quantity of goods数量数量 质量质量Place and time of the delivery履行期限履行期限 履行地点和方式履行地点和方式extent of one partys liability违约责任违约责任settlement of dispute解决争议方法解决争议方法？（译文似乎有误）？（译文似乎有误）等等追问追问CISG Art19下添加、变更、限制的下添加、变更、限制的 “实质性实质性”除
16、去，除去， CISG Art19已经列明的项目外，未列入的已经列明的项目外，未列入的如下项目的添加、变更、限制，不构成如下项目的添加、变更、限制，不构成“实质性实质性”吗？吗？- 保险？保险？- 包装？包装？- 商检？商检？- 不可抗力？不可抗力？- 产地证？产地证？- 进出口许可证或配额？进出口许可证或配额？Key：对对“实质性实质性”的理解，不仅仅依据的理解，不仅仅依据19条，在某些情况下，应条，在某些情况下，应依据依据Art9 考虑考虑 当事人之间已经确立的交易惯例和习惯当事人之间已经确立的交易惯例和习惯（based established usage and practice），以及案
17、件），以及案件的交易过程（的交易过程（actual course of dealing）。）。对对CISG的理解，不能对条文孤立理解，要相互对照，全的理解，不能对条文孤立理解，要相互对照，全面认识。面认识。 STOP FOR THE TIME BEING lec-5Lec-5的教学内容：2-3.4 比较法视角下承诺概念2-3.5 CISG承诺规则研究p61 1. CISG下承诺构成条件p57 2.承诺的生效 3.承诺的撤回 4.逾期的承诺 5.承诺对要约的修改和添加p63 CISG 我合同法我合同法 4.承诺必须在要约有效期内做出实务问题实务问题：(1) 承诺期限的认定和计算Art 20 -信
18、和电报 -假日和非营业日的计算 (2)承诺做出的时间和地点 Art 21-在承诺期限内做出-在超出承诺期限内做出受要约人在承诺期限发出承诺受要约人在承诺期限发出承诺.Art 29实务问题：实务问题：(1) 承诺期限的认定和计算 - 依要约规定; 如果对规定歧义? - 如果要约没有规定:依合理期间？(2)承诺做出的时间和地点 -在承诺期限内做出Art 29 -在超出承诺期限内做出Art 28关于承诺期限的认定和计算关于承诺期限的认定和计算The statement of offer “You may accept this offer within 10 days after this offe
19、r has reached you “Suppose on June 1st ,Seller mails an offer to Buyer and telephones the Buyer that:” you have five days to consider the offer” however this mail between the Seller and Buyer takes normally 7days. Please refer to CISG Art 20 规则研究之二：规则研究之二：CISG 承诺的生效承诺的生效 CISG Art 18 （2） 我合同法我合同法 Art
20、 26 An acceptance becomes effective at the moment when the indication of assent reaches the offeror within the time fixed or ,if no time is fixed, within a reasonable time.-承诺通知到达要约人时生效。-承诺不需要通知的，根据交易习惯或者要约的要求作出承诺的行为时生效。-采用数据电文形式订立合同的，承诺到达的时间以数据电文到达特定系统为准。(见后面PPT)问题与思考: 承诺的生效与要约的生效实务问题：承诺到达的法律意义实务问题
21、：承诺到达的法律意义-Firstly, the arriving moment of the acceptance means the time that contract becomes binding ,thus giving rise to starting binding moment of the rights and duties；-secondly，in the case of contract being rendered invalid or revoked , the arriving moment of the acceptance is just the time to
22、 invalidate or revocate the contract；-Lastly, the arriving moment of the acceptance determines the right moment when the contract is concluded and then determines the issues of jurisdiction and governing law。SILENCE DEEMED AS A ACCEPTANCE ?Felthouse v. Bindley(1862) Felthouse wrote to his nephew off
23、ering to buy a horse. In the letter Felthouse told his nephew that if Felthouse did not get a response from his nephew, he would consider the offer has been accepted.Court held: nephews acceptance had not been communicated, as silence could not used as the means of acceptance ,unless otherwise agree
24、d. therefore , there was no contract between them.合同成立silent acceptance: 两例比较两例比较Case 1On June 1st Seller sends Buyer an offer to sell the a specified type and quality of goods at a stated price and added: this is such a attractive offer that I shall assume that you accept unless I hear form you by
25、June 15”Buyer did not reply. Seller shipped the goods on June 16.Contract concluded ? silent acceptance: 两例比较两例比较Case 2 On June 1st Buyer delivered the following to the seller “please rush price quotation for the following goods if you dont hear form me within three days after I received your quotat
26、ion ,consider your offer as accepted ”The seller delivered the quotation to the buyer on June 3, buyer did not respond until June 10.later buyer rejected the contract that seller believed has been concluded.Contract concluded ?silent acceptance: 两例比较两例比较Key:In Case 1, the contract is not concluded a
27、s Silent acceptance from offeree (the buyer) is not legally valid In case 2, the contract is concluded as the offeree (the buyer ) is voluntarily willing to be legally bound by the contract if he does not respond to the seller within 3 days after receiving the quotation (offer) CISG Art22 COMMON LAW
28、an acceptance may be withdrawn if the withdraw reaches the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance would have become effective POSTAL RULEAcceptance by letter (telegram) becomes effective once the acceptance is posted, regardless of whether the acceptance is delayed or lost in the posta
29、l system. However, this rule does not apply if the parties have agreed otherwise. 实务问题：实务问题：application of Postal Rulemeans acceptance offerFax/email/telephoneReception rule (到达规则到达规则): The mail of acceptance becomes valid once it reaches the offeror. See: acceptance by fax and email (next slid)Rece
30、ption ruleLettertelegramPostal rule （投邮规则）（投邮规则）:Once letter /telegram posted (mailed, shipped) the offer is accepted, unless otherwise agreed. USA: Mail Box Rule - Acceptance becomes effective on dispatch, unless both parties otherwise agreed. Reception rule实务问题：实务问题：To become effective for the acc
31、eptance by fax and email Acceptance by instantaneous communication generally occurs when it is received- A fax sent during regular business hours is probably accepted when it reaches the offerors fax machine.-In negotiations by email, acceptance is likely to be communicated when the offeror “log int
32、o ”the system.To become effective for the other notifications -Notification of withdrawal of offer;-Notification of revocation of offer;-Notification of withdrawal of acceptance;-Notification of amendment to the offer (purported acceptance);- other notifications for cancelling or conforming contract
33、ual intention either in oral form or writing form.Key: “communicated” or “ reached”规则研究之三：规则研究之三：CISG 承诺的撤回承诺的撤回 CISG Art22 我合同法我合同法Art27an acceptance may be withdrawn if the withdraw reaches the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance would have become effective 承诺可以撤回。撤回承诺的通知应在承诺通知到达要
34、约人之前或者与承诺通知同时到达要约人。UNIDROIT ART 2.1.10an acceptance may be withdrawn if the withdraw reaches the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance would have become effective问题与思考:要约的撤回Art17: 要约可以撤回。撤回承诺的通知应在承诺通知到达要约人之前或者与承诺通知同时到达要约人。规则研究之四：规则研究之四：CISG下逾期的承诺下逾期的承诺CISG Art 21 我合同法我合同法A late accept
35、ance is effective if ,without delay , the offeror orally informs the offeree or dispatch the notice 1 一般迟延承诺 Art28受要约人超过承诺期限发出承诺的，为新新要要约约，除除非非要约人及时通知受要约人该承诺有效。If the transmission had been normal it would have been reached the offeror in due time ,the acceptance is effective unless 2、意外迟延承诺 Art29受要约人
36、在承诺期限内发出承诺，按照通常情形能够及时到达要约人，但因其他原因承诺到达要约人时超过承诺期限的，该承诺有效，除非要约人及时通知受要约人因承诺超过期限不接受该承诺的以外。CISG Art 21/我合同法我合同法Art28一般迟延承诺一般迟延承诺 新要约，除非要约人及时认可新要约，除非要约人及时认可CISG Art 21/我合同法我合同法Art29意外迟延承诺意外迟延承诺 承诺有效，除非要约人及时反对。承诺有效，除非要约人及时反对。实务风险点以及化解之法实务风险点以及化解之法要约人如何知道逾期的承诺是要约人如何知道逾期的承诺是一般迟延承诺还是意外迟一般迟延承诺还是意外迟延承诺，以便采取完全不同的
37、处理方法延承诺，以便采取完全不同的处理方法 ？-出险的承诺的表达方式多半是书面方式（即出险的承诺的表达方式多半是书面方式（即fax、email 、信）中的信件承诺。、信）中的信件承诺。-如何判断承诺信是否正常还是非正常逾期？如何判断承诺信是否正常还是非正常逾期？Key：可以通过对如下：可以通过对如下indicators 来判断：来判断：邮戳、承诺邮戳、承诺函中的日期函中的日期以及信件传递以及信件传递通常所需要的时间通常所需要的时间。Discuss: CISG Art 21 v. Art 7发价人依据发价人依据CISG Art 21对逾期承诺的接受权利和对逾期承诺的接受权利和CISGArt7诚信
38、原则的关系诚信原则的关系On June 1 Seller mailed an offer that stated “your acceptance of this offer must reach me by June 30”. On June 15, Buyer posted the reply of his acceptance in a letter. Buyers letter would normally have reached the Seller on June 20, but was delayed and did not reached to the Seller unti
39、l a month later ,on July 20.In mid-July the price of goods in question had fallen sharply Seller was glad to close a deal at the higher level reflected in his June offer. Consequently on July 20, Seller called the Buyer “In despite of late arrival of your June 15 letter I am treating it as an accept
40、ance”Buyer objected on the ground that conditions had changed during the month while his letter was in the mail.According to CISG is the contract concluded?Discuss: CISG Art 21 v. Art 7According to CISG Art 21 ,a late decision demanding specific performance of a contract when the contract becomes ad
41、vantageous because of changes in the market can have the effect of speculating at the expense of another. Courts have strongly resisted the attempt by one party to speculate at the expense of another. In the case of the speculation ,the principle of good faith in CISG Art 7 may be applied 规则研究之五：规则研
42、究之五：CISG下承诺对要约的修改和添加下承诺对要约的修改和添加p63 CISG Art 19 我合同法我合同法Reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains Additions， limitations or other modifications is an rejection of offerand constitutes counter-offer 实务问题：实务问题：1 反要约反要约:新要约新要约-实质性变更实质性变更Art 30-修改和添加修改和添加 ？-承诺有保留或有条件？承诺有保留或有条件？2 反要约的作用？反要约的作用？-Rejection of the offer +-new offer3 反要约生效时间？反要约生效时间？- 立刻生效立刻生效 - END OF LEC 5 -
