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1、 I TOPIC: Mark Twain and Henry JamesII OBJECTIVESA) American realismB) Introduction to Mark TwainC) Introduction to Henry JamesD) The differences between them Topic 1American Realism 1. Definition of Realism1. Definition of Realism Term Term applied applied to to literary literary composition compos
2、ition that that aims aims to to an an interpretation interpretation of of the the actualities actualities of of any any aspects aspects of of life, life, free free from subjective prejudice, idealism, or romantic color.from subjective prejudice, idealism, or romantic color. In In art art and and lit
3、erature, literature, Realism Realism refers refers to to an an attempt attempt to to describe describe human human behavior behavior and and surroundings surroundings or or to to represent represent figures figures exactly exactly as as they they act act or or appear appear in in life. life. Realism
4、 Realism emerged emerged as as a a literary literary movement movement in in Europe Europe in in the the 1850s. 1850s. In In reaction reaction to to RomanticismRomanticism, , realistic realistic writers writers should should set set down down their their observations observations impartially imparti
5、ally and and objectively. objectively. They They insisted insisted on on accurate accurate documentation, documentation, sociological sociological insight, insight, and and avoidance avoidance of of poetic poetic diction diction and and idealization. idealization. The The subjects subjects were were
6、 to to be be taken taken from from everyday everyday life, life, preferably preferably from from lower-class lower-class lifelife. . Realism Realism entered entered American literature after the Civil War.American literature after the Civil War. 2. The Age of Realism In In American American literatu
7、re, literature, the the Civil Civil War War brought brought the the Romantic Romantic Period Period to to an an end. end. The The Age Age of of Realism Realism came came into into existence. existence. It It came came as as a a reaction reaction against against the the lie lie of of romanticism roma
8、nticism and and sentimentalism. sentimentalism. Realism Realism turned turned from from an an emphasis emphasis on on the the strange strange toward toward a a faithful faithful rendering rendering of of the the ordinary, ordinary, a a slice slice of of life life as as it it is is really really live
9、d. lived. It It expresses expresses the the concern concern for for commonplace commonplace and and the the low, low, and and it it offers offers an an objective objective rather rather than than an an idealistic idealistic view view of of human human nature nature and and human human experience. ex
10、perience. The The period period ranging ranging from from 1865 1865 to to l914 l914 has has been been referred referred to to as as the the Age Age of of Realism Realism in in the the 1iterary 1iterary history history of of the the United United StatesStates, , which which is is actually actually a
11、a movement movement or or tendency tendency that that dominated dominated the the spirit spirit of of American American literature, literature, especia1ly especia1ly American American fiction, fiction, from from the the 1850s 1850s onwards. onwards. Realism Realism was was a a reaction reaction agai
12、nst against Romanticism Romanticism or or a a move move away away from from the the bias bias towards towards romance romance and and self-creating self-creating fictions, fictions, and and it it paved paved the the way way to to Modernism. Modernism. Instead Instead of of thinking thinking about ab
13、out the the irrational, irrational, the the imaginative, imaginative, realists realists touched touched upon upon social social and and political political realities realities and and pressures in the post-Civil war society. pressures in the post-Civil war society. 3. The historical and socio-cultur
14、al background of American Realism This This period period is is characterized characterized with with changeschanges, , in in relation relation to to every every aspect aspect of of American American life, life, politically, politically, economically, economically, culturally, culturally, and and re
15、ligiously. religiously. First First of of all, all, politically,politically, the the Civil Civil WarWar affected affected both both the the social social and and the the value value system system of of the the country. country. America America had had transformed transformed itse1f itse1f into into
16、an an industria1ized industria1ized and and commercialized commercialized societysociety. . The The industrialization industrialization and and the the urbanization urbanization were were accompanied accompanied by by the the incalculable incalculable sufferings sufferings of of the the laboring lab
17、oring peoplepeople. . Therefore, Therefore, polarization polarization of of the the wellbeing wellbeing between between the the poor poor and and the the rich rich started started to to show show up. up. Thirdly, Thirdly, as as far far as as the the ideology ideology was was concerned, concerned, pe
18、ople people became became dubious dubious about about the the human human nature nature and and the the benevo1ence benevo1ence of of God,God, which which the the Transcendentalists Transcendentalists cared cared most. most. The The literary literary scene scene after after the the Civi1 Civi1 War W
19、ar proved proved to to be be quite quite different different a a picture. picture. The The harsh harsh rea1ities rea1ities of of life life as as well well as as thethe disillusion disillusion of of heroismheroism resulting resulting from from the the dark dark memories memories of of the the Civil C
20、ivil War War had had set set the the nation nation against against the the romanceromance. . The The Americans Americans began began to to be be tired tired of of the the sentimental feelings of Romanticism. sentimental feelings of Romanticism. 4.The literary characteristics of the Realistic Period
21、in American literature In In their their works, works, instead instead of of writing writing about about the the polite, polite, well-dressed, well-dressed, grammatica1ly grammatica1ly correct correct middle-class middle-class young young people people who who moved moved in in exotic exotic places
22、places and and remote remote times, times, they they introduced introduced industrial industrial workers workers and and farmers, farmers, ambitious ambitious businessmen businessmen and and vagrants, vagrants, prostitutes prostitutes and and unheroic unheroic soldiers soldiers as as major major cha
23、racters characters in in fictionfiction. . They They approached approached the the harsh harsh realities realities and and pressures pressures in in the the post-Civil post-Civil War War society society either either by by a a comprehensive comprehensive picture picture of of modern modern lifelife
24、in in its its various various occupations, occupations, c1ass c1ass stratifications stratifications and and manners, manners, or or by by a a psychological psychological exploration exploration of of mans mans subconsciousnesssubconsciousness. . The The three three dominant dominant figures figures
25、of of the the period period are are William William Dean Dean Howells, Howells, Mark Mark Twain, Twain, and and Henry Henry James. James. Together Together they they brought brought to to fulfillment fulfillment native native trends trends in in the the realistic realistic portrayal portrayal of of
26、the the 1andscape 1andscape and and social social surfaces, surfaces, brought brought to to perfection perfection the the vernacular vernacular style, style, and and explored explored and and exploited exploited the the literary literary possibilities possibilities of of the the interior life.interi
27、or life. 5. Definition of American realism American American realism realism refers refers to to a a literary literary movementmovement that that sprang sprang up up in in the the latter latter half half of of the the 19th 19th century century in in the the United United StatesStates. . It It is is
28、considered considered as as a a reaction reaction against against the the romantic romantic ideaidea about about the the reality reality and and human human nature, nature, and and an an answer answer to to the the gloomy gloomy picture picture of of American American life life after after the the C
29、ivil Civil War. War. American American literary literary realism realism aims aims at at the the interpretation interpretation of of the the actualities actualities of of any any aspect aspect of of AmericanAmerican life, life, free free from from subjective subjective prejudice, prejudice, idealism
30、, idealism, or or romantic romantic colorcolor. . Realistic Realistic writers writers are are more more concerned concerned with with the the moral moral and and social social effects effects of of their their writings writings than than the the transcendental transcendental symbolic symbolic implic
31、ations implications of of their their art. art. Instead Instead of of thinking thinking about about the the mysteries mysteries of of life life and and death death and and heroic heroic individualism, individualism, their their focus focus of of attention attention is is now now directed directed to
32、 to the the interesting interesting features features of of everyday everyday existenceexistence, , to to what what is is brutal brutal or or sordid, sordid, and and to to the the open open portrayal portrayal of of class class struggle. struggle. The The three three dominant dominant figures figure
33、s of of the the period period are are William William Dean Dean Howells, Mark Twain, and Henry James.Howells, Mark Twain, and Henry James. 6. The three dominant figures of the Realistic period differed 6. The three dominant figures of the Realistic period differed in their understanding of the “trut
34、h ”.in their understanding of the “truth ”.(1) (1) While While Mark Mark Twain Twain and and Howells Howells paid paid more more attention attention to to the the life life of of the the Americans, Americans, Henry Henry JamesJames laid laid a a greater greater emphasis emphasis on on thethe inner i
35、nner world world of of manman. . He He came came to to believe believe that that the the literary literary artist artist should should not not simply simply hold hold a a mirror mirror to to the the surface surface of of social social life life in in particular particular times times and and places.
36、places. In In addition, addition, the the writer writer should should use use language language to to probe probe the the deepest deepest reaches reaches of of the the psychological psychological and and moral moral nature nature of of human human beings.beings. He is a realist of the inner life. He
37、 is a realist of the inner life.(2) (2) Though Though Twain Twain and and Howells Howells both both shared shared the the same same concern concern in in presenting presenting the the truth truth of of the the American American society, society, they they had had each each of of them them different
38、different emphasis. emphasis. Howells Howells focused focused his his discussion discussion on on the the rising rising middle middle class class and and the the way way they they livedlived, , while while Twain Twain preferred preferred to to have have his his own own region region and and people p
39、eople at at the the forefront forefront of of his his storiesstories, , which which is is known known as as “ “ local local colorism”, colorism”, a a unique unique variation variation ofof American American literary realism.literary realism. 7. What is Local Colorism? Post-Civil Post-Civil War War A
40、merica America was was large large and and diverse diverse enough enough to to sense sense its its own own local local differences. differences. Regional Regional voices voices had had emerged. emerged. “Local “Local colorism” colorism” is is a a unique unique variation variation of of American Amer
41、ican literary literary realismrealism. . Generally, Generally, the the works works by by local local colorists colorists are are concerned concerned with with the the life life of of a a small, small, well-defined well-defined region region or or province.province. This This kind kind of of fiction
42、fiction depicts depicts the the characters characters from from a a specific specific setting setting or or of of an an era, era, which which are are marked marked by by its its customs, customs, dialects, dialects, costumes, costumes, landscape, landscape, or or other other peculiaritiespeculiariti
43、es that that have have escaped escaped standardizing standardizing cultural cultural influence. influence. Yet Yet for for all all their their sentimentality, sentimentality, they they dedicated dedicated themselves themselves to to minutely minutely accurate accurate descriptions descriptions of of
44、 the the life life of of their their regions. regions. They They worked worked from from personal personal experience; experience; they they recorded recorded the the facts facts of of a a unique unique environment environment and and suggested suggested that that the the native native life life was
45、 was shaped shaped by by the the curious curious conditions conditions of of the the loca1e.loca1e. Their Their materials materials were were necessarily necessarily limited limited and and topics topics disparate, disparate, yet yet they they had had certain certain common common artistic artistic
46、concerns. concerns. Writers Writers whose whose works works are are characterized characterized with with local local colors colors are are Mark Mark Twain, Twain, Sarah Orne Jewett, Joseph Kirkland and Hamlin Garland.Sarah Orne Jewett, Joseph Kirkland and Hamlin Garland. 8. The distinction between
47、Realism and Naturalism NaturalismNaturalism is is evolved evolved from from realism realism when when the the authors authors tone tone in in writing writing becomes becomes less less serious serious and and less less sympatheticsympathetic but but more more detached, detached, ironic ironic and and
48、 more more pessimistic.pessimistic. It It is is no no more more than than a a different different philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence. The The distinction distinction lies, lies, first first of of all, all, in in the the f
49、act fact that that Realism Realism is is concerned concerned directly directly with with what what is is absorbed absorbed by by the the senses;senses; Naturalism, Naturalism, a a term term more more properly properly applied applied to to literature, literature, attempts attempts to to apply apply
50、scientific scientific theories theories to to art.art. Second, Second, NaturalismNaturalism differs differs from from Realism Realism in in adding adding an an amoral amoral attitudeattitude to to the the objective objective presentation presentation of of life. life. Naturalistic Naturalistic write
51、rs, writers, adopting adopting Darwins Darwins biological biological determinism determinism and and Marxs Marxs economic economic determinism, determinism, regard regard human human behaviorbehavior as as controlled controlled by by instinct, instinct, emotion, emotion, or or social social and and
52、economic economic conditions, conditions, and and reject reject free free will. will. Third, Third, Naturalism Naturalism had had an an outlook outlook often often bleaker bleaker than than that that of of Realism,Realism, and and it it added added a a dimension dimension of of predetermined predete
53、rmined fate fate that that rendered human will ultimately powerlessrendered human will ultimately powerless. . Topic 1 Introduction to Mark TwainTopic 2Introduction to Mark Twain 1. Guidelines The The result result of of Mark Mark Twains Twains European European triptrip was was series series of of
54、newspaper newspaper articles, articles, later later published published as as a a book book called called The The Adventures Adventures of of Huckleberry Huckleberry Finn.Finn. The The theme theme of of the the novel novel may may be be best best summed summed in in a a word word “ “freedom”:freedom
55、”: Huck Huck wants wants to to escape escape from from the the bond bond of of civilizationcivilization and and Jim Jim wants wants to to escape escape from from the the yoke yoke of of slaveryslavery. . Mark Mark Twain Twain uses uses the the rafts rafts journey journey down down the the Mississipp
56、i Mississippi River River to to express express his his thematic thematic contrasts contrasts between between innocence innocence and and experience, experience, nature nature and and culture, culture, wilderness and civilization.wilderness and civilization.HemingwayHemingway once once described des
57、cribed Mark Mark Twains Twains novel novel The The Adventures Adventures of of Huckleberry Huckleberry FinnFinn the the one one book book from from which which “ “all all modern modern American American literature comes.”literature comes.”Mark Mark Twain Twain employed employed an an unpretentious u
58、npretentious stylestyle of of Afro-American Afro-American in in his novels which is best described as his novels which is best described as “vernacular”.“vernacular”. As a sequel to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn marks the climax of Mark Twains literary activity. Al
59、l his novels reveal that, as time went on, Mark Twain became increasingly pessimistic. After The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Twain gives a literary independence to Toms buddy Huck in a book entitled The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
60、proved themselves to be the milestone in American literature, and firmly established Twains position in the literary world. The The Adventures Adventures of of Tom Tom Sawyer Sawyer is is usually usually regarded regarded as as a a classic classic book book written written for for boys boys aboutabo
61、ut their their particular particular horrors horrors and and joys,joys, whilewhile The The Adventures Adventures of of Huckleberry Huckleberry Finn, Finn, being being a a boys boys book book specially specially written written for for the the adultsadults, , is is Twains Twains most most representat
62、ive representative work, work, describing describing a a journey journey down down the the MississippiMississippi undertaken undertaken by by two two fugitivesfugitives, , Huck Huck and Jim.and Jim. With With Howells, Howells, James James and and Mark Mark Twain Twain active active on on the the lit
63、erary literary scene, scene, realism realism became became the the major major trend trend in in American American literature literature in in the the seventies seventies and and eighties eighties of of the the 19th-century.19th-century. H. H. L. L. Mencken Mencken considered considered Mark Mark Tw
64、ain Twain “ “the the true true father father of of our our national national literature.literature.” ” With With works works like like Adventures Adventures of of Huckleberry Huckleberry Finn Finn (1884) (1884) and and Life Life on on the the Mississippi Mississippi (1883) (1883) Twain Twain shaped
65、shaped thethe worlds worlds view view of of AmericaAmerica and and made made a a more more extensive extensive combination combination of of American American folk folk humor humor and and serious serious literatureliterature than than previous previous writers writers had had ever done. ever done.
66、What What makes makes Mark Mark Twains Twains The The Adventures Adventures of of Huckleberry Huckleberry FinnFinn more more than than a a childs childs adventure adventure story? story? Briefly Briefly discuss discuss the the question question from from THREE THREE of of the the following following
67、 aspects: aspects: the the setting, setting, the the language, language, the the character(s), the theme and the style.character(s), the theme and the style.A. A. Setting: Setting: In In the the novel novel Mark Mark Twain Twain recreates recreates a a small-town small-town world world of of America
68、 and presents the local color.America and presents the local color.B. B. Language: Language: He He uses uses simple, simple, direct direct languagelanguage faithful faithful to to the the colloquial speech, thecolloquial speech, the vernacular vernacular language of the local people.language of the
69、local people.C. C. Character(s): Character(s): The The author author recreates recreates two two rebelsrebels and and fugitives fugitives running running away away from from civilization, civilization, especially especially Huckleberry Huckleberry Finn, Finn, an an innocent innocent boy who refuses
70、to accept the conventional village morality.boy who refuses to accept the conventional village morality.D. D. Theme: Theme: The The novel novel is is a a criticism criticism of of social social injustice, injustice, hypocrisy, hypocrisy, conservativeness conservativeness and and narrow-mindedness na
71、rrow-mindedness of of the the American American small small town society.town society. E. E. Style: Style: The The novel novel employs employs a a humorous humorous style style of of narrationnarration and and is is also also highly symbolichighly symbolic with the central symbol. with the central s
72、ymbol. What is special about Mark Twains realism? Mark Twains contribution to the development of realism and to American literature as a whole was partly through his theories of local color in American fiction, and partly through his colloquial style. Mark Twain drew heavily from his own rich fund o
73、f knowledge of people and places. He confined himself to the life with which he was familiar. By quoting from his own experience, he managed to transform into art the freedom and humor, in short, the finest elements of western culture. 2. Life experience Mark Mark TwainTwain, , pen pen namename ofof
74、 Samuel Samuel Langhorne Langhorne Clemens, Clemens, was was born born on on November November 30, 30, 1835, 1835, Missouri, Missouri, and and grew grew up up in in the the river river town town of of Hannibal.Hannibal. After After his his father father died died he he began began to to seek seek hi
75、s his own own fortune fortune at at the the age age of of 12.12. Twain Twain was was restless restless when when was was young, young, he he moved moved a a lot, lot, first first eastward eastward as as a a journeyman journeyman printerprinter, , up up and and down down the the Mississippi Mississip
76、pi as as a a steamboat steamboat pilotpilot, , and and then then farther farther west west into into the the gold gold and and silver silver settlements settlements of of Navada. Navada. Then Then he he began began to to work work as as a a newspaper newspaper columnistcolumnist and and as as a a de
77、adpan deadpan lecturer. lecturer. Twains Twains writing writing took took the the form form of of humorous humorous journalism journalism of of the the time, time, and and it it enabled enabled him him to to master master the the technique technique of of narration. narration. In In 1865, 1865, he h
78、e published published his his frontier frontier tale tale “The “The Celebrated Celebrated Jumping Jumping Frog Frog of of Calaveras Calaveras County,” County,” which which brought brought him him recognition recognition from from a a wider wider public. public. But But his his full full literary lit
79、erary career career began began to to blossom blossom in in 1869 1869 with with a a travel travel book book Innocents Innocents AbroadAbroad, , an an account account of of American American tourists tourists in in Europe Europe which which pokes pokes fun fun at at the the pretentious, pretentious,
80、decadent and undemocratic Old World in a satirical tone.decadent and undemocratic Old World in a satirical tone. 3. Points of view(1) Optimist and misanthrope Mark Mark Twain Twain was was living living in in a a period period when when the the American American West West was was still still wide wi
81、de open. open. Therefore, Therefore, a a nationwide nationwide westward westward movement movement was in bloom. was in bloom. Young Young Mark Mark Twain Twain was was among among the the flowflow；he he was was delighted delighted with with the the fresh fresh land land and and invigorated invigora
82、ted by by pioneering pioneering spiritspirit. . Life Life was was bright bright for for him, him, filled filled with with its its mysteries, mysteries, alarmed alarmed by by its its terrors, terrors, and and amused amused by by its its contrasts. contrasts. Thus, Thus, he he was was able able to to
83、laugh laugh with with lightness lightness as as the the greatest greatest humorist humorist in in the the Pacific Pacific Slope. Slope. However, However, laughter laughter and and humor humor didnt didnt last last long. long. They They were were slowly slowly being being replaced replaced by by bitt
84、er bitter sneer sneer and and satire. satire. Consequently, Consequently, Twain Twain changed changed from from an an optimist optimist to to a a misanthrope. misanthrope. He He was was doubtful doubtful of of mankind mankind and and humanity. humanity. Some Some critics critics link link this this
85、change change with with the the tragic tragic events events of of his his later later life, life, but but the the basic basic reason reason is is that that the the older older Twain Twain no no longer longer takes takes things things at at their their face face value; value; after after many many ye
86、ars years of of traveling traveling he he encounters encounters more more often often than than not not the the dark dark side side of of social social life life and and the the wicked wicked corners corners of of human nature.human nature. 3. Points of view (2) Moral outlook Though Though basically
87、 basically a a great great humorist, humorist, Twain Twain was was by by no no means means shallow shallow or or frivolousfrivolous. . He He once once said said that that he he was was a a serious serious writer, writer, and and was was actively actively concerned concerned with with moral moral ide
88、as ideas in in one one way way or or another. another. Love, Love, humanity, humanity, fidelity, fidelity, loyalty, loyalty, duty, duty, courage, courage, and and hard hard work work are are high high virtues virtues in in his his moral moral code.code. Not Not only only does does he he write write
89、about about them, them, he he even even chooses chooses the the crucial crucial moment moment of of moral moral conflicts conflicts to to test test his his characters. characters. Huck Huck Finn Finn is is a a typical typical example. example. Twain Twain puts puts Huck Huck in in a a moral moral di
90、lemma: dilemma: to to inform inform Miss Miss Watson Watson about about her her runaway runaway slave, slave, thus thus returning returning Jim Jim to to slavery slavery or or to to stay stay with with him him and and help help him him to to freedom. freedom. Actually Actually Hucks Hucks choice cho
91、ice is is also also Twains; Twains; by by portraying portraying a a white white boy boy with with a a sound sound heart heart but but a a deformed deformed conscience conscience who who does does things things from from his his nature, nature, Twain Twain is is favoring favoring the the morality mor
92、ality of of nature nature over over that that of of man. man. This This is is easy easy to to be be understood understood because because in in this this sophisticated sophisticated and and complex complex world, world, only only those those who who never never betray betray their their nature can a
93、chieve moral greatness.nature can achieve moral greatness. 3. Points of view(3) Political attitude Twains Twains time time saw saw a a great great change change in in economic economic development. development. The The Civil Civil War War that that broke broke out out in in 1861 1861 with with the t
94、he final final victory victory of of the the North North solidified solidified once once again again its its importance importance in in the the nations nations political political and and economic economic lives. lives. The The glory glory of of the the South South based based on on slavery slavery
95、 was was gone gone with with the the wind. wind. Lots Lots of of Southern Southern poor poor whites whites and and newly newly freed freed slaves slaves rushed rushed to to the the advanced advanced Northern Northern cities cities to to seek seek jobs jobs and and make make fortunes. fortunes. Young
96、 Young Twain Twain had had the the same same experience; experience; he he went went to to the the West West to to realize realize his his dream. dream. He He once once believed believed the the idea idea of of development development and and industrialization industrialization since since it it cou
97、ld could modernize modernize the the young young country country and and encourage encourage the the enterprising enterprising spirit spirit of of the the Americans Americans who who had had long long been been famous famous for for it it. . However, However, instead instead of of improving improvin
98、g mans mans morality, morality, material material wealth wealth brought brought out out corruption corruption and and injustices. injustices. Thus, Thus, Twain Twain became became doubtful doubtful about about the the idea idea of of development development and and skeptical skeptical of of the the
99、goodness of human nature.goodness of human nature. 3. Points of view(4) Racial concern In Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Twain used the word “nigger” more than 200 times; hence, the argument over the books and the authors racism becomes the concern of the critics. Actually as a realistic writer, Tw
100、ain never imagined he would be labeled as a racist. He presents true pictures of the social life at his time; and anyone who is familiar with the slave history knows that the word “nigger” was being frequently used in the daily life. Twain only mirrors the social reality. Moreover, in the novel Twai
101、n evaluates man not as whites or blacks but as equals on earth. In this sense, Twain is not a racist at all, but a humanist. 3. Points of view(5) Artistic view Generally Generally speaking, speaking, Twains Twains literary literary views views has has been been tied tied to to realism realism becaus
102、e because they they seem seem to to be be based based on on hostility hostility toward toward romantic romantic literatureliterature, , toward toward art art or or writing writing derived derived from from outworn outworn tradition tradition and and clich clich rather rather than than observation ob
103、servation and and experienceexperience. . For For example, example, in in one one of of his his articles articles he he was was calling calling for for believable, believable, interesting interesting action action and and character, character, for for dialogue dialogue resembling resembling speechsp
104、eech and and consistently consistently appropriate to the character that speaks it.appropriate to the character that speaks it. Twain Twain also also detests detests psychological psychological analysisanalysis; ; he he wants wants comic comic effects effects and and fun.fun. However, However, Twain
105、 Twain dislikes dislikes analysis analysis not not because because it it is is unrealistic unrealistic but but because because it it is is boring boring and and lacks lacks economy. economy. In In all all of of his his novels, novels, Twain Twain is is always always close close to to the the life li
106、fe he he pictured pictured and and uses uses the the language language folks folks really really spoke. spoke. It It is is he he who who makes makes the the colloquial colloquial speech speech an an accepted accepted literary literary medium medium and and his his concise concise style style an an e
107、xample to later writers.example to later writers. 4. Major works and special features The Innocents Abroad (1869) The Gilded Age (1873) The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884) Life on the Mississippi (1883) A Connecticut Yankee in A Connecticut Yankee in King Ar
108、thurs Court King Arthurs Court (1889)The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884)4. Major works (1) The Innocents Abroad(1869)(1) The Innocents Abroad(1869) It It tells tells American American tourists tourists in in EuropeEurope which which pokes pokes fun fun at at the the pretentious, pretentious, d
109、ecadent decadent and and undemocratic undemocratic Old Old World World in in a a satirical satirical tone.tone.(2) The Gilded Age(1873)(2) The Gilded Age(1873) It It refers refers to to the the period period of of gross gross materialism materialism and and blatant blatant political political corrup
110、tion corruption in in the the U.SU.S. . history history during during the the 1870s 1870s that that gave gave rise rise to to important important novels novels of of social social and and political political criticism. criticism. The The period period takes takes its its name name from from the the
111、earliest earliest of of these, these, The The Gilded Gilded AgeAge, , written written by by Mark Mark Twain Twain in in collaboration collaboration with with Charles Charles Dudley Dudley Warner. Warner. The The novel novel gives gives a a vivid vivid and and accurate accurate description descriptio
112、n of of Washington Washington D.C., D.C., and and is is peopled peopled with with caricatures caricatures of of many many leading leading figures figures of of the the day, day, including including greedy greedy industrialists industrialists and and corrupt corrupt politicians. politicians. The The
113、political political novel novel of of The The Gilded Gilded AgeAge represent represent the the beginnings beginnings of of a a new new strain strain in in the American literature. the American literature. (3) (3) The Adventures of Tom SawyerThe Adventures of Tom Sawyer(1876)(1876) Being Being genera
114、lly generally regarded regarded as as a a boys boys storystory, , the the book book is is all all about about Tom Tom and and his his gang. gang. While While spending spending a a summer summer with with Aunt Aunt Polly Polly in in a a drowsy drowsy Mississippi Mississippi River River town, town, To
115、m Tom and and his his buddies buddies Huck Huck and and Joe Joe take take a a series series of of adventures adventures there. there. They They witness witness a a horrible horrible murder murder done done by by Injun Injun Joe. Joe. Twain Twain had had made made Tom Tom the the hero hero of of Amer
116、ican American BoyhoodBoyhood, , and and the the book book had had become become the the classic classic read read in in schools schools as as is is the the Declaration Declaration of of Independence. Independence. To To a a larger larger extent, extent, by by telling telling this this story, story,
117、Twain Twain fulfills fulfills his his and and other other adults adults dream dream of of ideal ideal boyhood. boyhood. All All the the cruelties cruelties and and fears, fears, wonders wonders and and joys of childhood are brought into vividness.joys of childhood are brought into vividness. (4) (4)
118、 The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn(1884)(1884) Mark Mark Twains Twains novel novel The The Adventures Adventures of of Huckleberry Huckleberry FinnFinn is is a a Sequa Sequa to to The The Adventures Adventures of of Tom Tom Sawyer. Sawyer. The The Story Story takes
119、 takes place place along along the the Mississippi Mississippi River River before the Civil War in the United States, around 1850.before the Civil War in the United States, around 1850. Along Along the the river, river, floats floats a a small small raft, raft, with with two two people people on on
120、it; it; One One is is an an ignorant, ignorant, uneducated uneducated black black slave slave named named JimJim and and the the other other is is little little uneducated uneducated outcast outcast white boywhite boy about the age of thirteen, called Huckleberry Finn or Huck Finn. about the age of
121、thirteen, called Huckleberry Finn or Huck Finn. The The novel novel relates relates the the story story of of the the escape escape of of JimJim from from slavery slavery and, and, more more important, important, how how Huck Huck FinnFinn, , floating floating along along with with Jim Jim and and h
122、elping helping him him as as best best he he could, could, changes changes his his mind mind ,his ,his prejudice, prejudice, about about Black Black people, people, and and comes comes to to accept accept Jim as a man and as a close friends as well.Jim as a man and as a close friends as well. During
123、 During their their journey, journey, they they experience experience a a series series of of adventures: adventures: coming coming across across two two frauds, frauds, the the “Duke” “Duke” and and the the “King”, “King”, witnessing witnessing the the lynching lynching and and murder murder of of
124、a a harmless drunkard, being lost in a fog and finally Toms coming to rescue.harmless drunkard, being lost in a fog and finally Toms coming to rescue. The The theme theme of of the the novel novel may may be be best best summed summed in in a a word word “ “freedomfreedom”: ”: Huck Huck wants wants
125、to to escape escape from from the the bond bond of of civilization civilization and and Jim Jim wants wants to to escape escape from from the the yoke yoke of of slavery.slavery. Mark Mark Twain Twain uses uses the the rafts rafts journey journey down down the the Mississippi Mississippi River River
126、 to to express express his his thematic thematic contrasts contrasts between between innocence innocence and and experience, experience, nature nature and and culture, culture, wilderness and civilization.wilderness and civilization.(5)Life on the Mississippi (1883) At once a romantic history of the
127、 mighty Mississippi River, an autobiographical account of Twains early steamboat days, and a storehouse of anecdotes and sketches, this stirring account of Americas vanished past is the raw material from which Twain wrote his finest novel“The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”. (6) A Connecticut Yankee
128、 in King Arthurs Court(1889)(6) A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court(1889) This This book book is is a a burlesque burlesque with with Twains Twains humor humor and and satiresatire. . Twain Twain intentionally intentionally puts puts Hank Hank in in King King Arthurs Arthurs court court to to
129、 comment comment on on American American society, society, the the mechanical mechanical age age and and human human nature nature in in general. general. He He severely severely attacks attacks the the rigid rigid system system of of intellectual intellectual control control as as reflected reflect
130、ed by by the the Church Church and and the the undemocratic undemocratic system system of of inherited inherited nobility nobility as as represented represented by by the the Court.Court. It It seems seems that that in in this this book book Twain Twain does does not not loose loose any any chance c
131、hance to to dramatize dramatize the the absurdity absurdity of of human human history, history, in in which which men men are are governed governed by by heredity heredity and and environment, environment, and and the the concepts concepts of of free-will free-will and and progress are illusions.pro
132、gress are illusions.5. Special features of his works (1) Comic narrator(1) Comic narrator Sometimes Sometimes Twains Twains narrator narrator is is himselfhimself, , sometimes sometimes it it is is a a mischievous mischievous boy boy or or a a nave nave touristtourist, , and and sometimes sometimes
133、it it is is a a wise wise manman that that narrates narrates his his past past experience. experience. In In a a word, word, his his narrator narrator is is as as colorful colorful as as his his varieties varieties of of laughter. laughter. Yet, Yet, whoever whoever they they are, are, they they are
134、 are all all of of comic comic nature. nature. A A comic comic narrator narrator is is essential essential to to his his work work not not only because it is Twains unique way of looking at the world.only because it is Twains unique way of looking at the world.(2) Local colorism(2) Local colorism As
135、 As a a variation variation of of American American realism, realism, local local colorism colorism is is not not solely solely Twains Twains trademark. trademark. Yet, Yet, it it is is undeniable undeniable that that Twain Twain has has brought brought it it to to world world fame. fame. He, He, as
136、 as a a local local colorist, colorist, presents presents to to the the front front local local characters characters and and scenery,scenery, which which he he knows knows very very well well from from his his childhood. childhood. Whoever Whoever reads reads Twain Twain will will not not forget fo
137、rget the the beautiful beautiful scenes scenes along along the the Mississippi Mississippi River, River, and and people people who who live live in in those those nearby nearby towns. towns. It It is is he he who who gives gives literary literary life life to to the the mother mother river river and
138、 and truthfully depicts the colors of the local life.truthfully depicts the colors of the local life. (3) Humor (3) Humor Twain Twain is is a a great great humorist.humorist. His His humor humor often often appears appears as as a a mock mock serious serious expression expression of of innocence inn
139、ocence in in a a slow slow careful careful drawldrawl. . He He can can make make you you laugh laugh your your head head off off while while he he himself himself remains remains serious serious at at the the same same timetime. . What What is is more, more, he he even even tries tries many many way
140、s ways to to achieve achieve the the humoristic humoristic effect, effect, such such as: as: parody parody and and burlesque, burlesque, tall tall tales tales and and anticlimax, etc.anticlimax, etc.(4) language (4) language He He decided decided to to do do something something for for the the langu
141、age language independence independence of of the the New New World. World. He He stripped stripped away away outworn outworn responses responses and and replaced replaced them them with with a a fresh, fresh, vigorous vigorous languagelanguage. . He He was was a a vanguard vanguard in in purifying p
142、urifying thethe dialect dialect of of the the tribe tribe and and made made vernacular vernacular an an accepted accepted literary literary means means in in American American literature. literature. Most Most of of his his great great books books are are heavily heavily tainted tainted with with lo
143、cal local dialects, dialects, colloquialism, colloquialism, even even Black Black English, English, clipped clipped structure structure and and ungrammatical ungrammatical sentences.sentences. StrangelyStrangely，it it is is not not difficult difficult to to understand understand them. them. On On th
144、e the contrarycontrary，we we feel feel Twains Twains genius genius in in creating creating his his characters characters that use a language suitable to their social positions.that use a language suitable to their social positions.Topic 3Introduction to Henry James the founder of Psychological reali
145、sm the founder of Psychological realism1. CommentHenry James is considered the founder of Psychological realism. He believed that reality lies in the impressions made by life on the spectator.Jamess innovation in tradition and influence on later generations lied in his probe into the characters psyc
146、hology and his pursuit of the artistic form, which were just the two essential features of the modernist novel.Henry James greatest influence was exerted not on his own age but on the one that followed.T.S.Eliot termed James “the most intelligent man of his generation”.1. CommentPhilip Rahv called h
147、im Philip Rahv called him “the Americas greatest novelist“the Americas greatest novelist. Yvor Yvor Winters Winters proclaimed proclaimed him him “ “the the greatest greatest novelist novelist in in English”.English”.The The British British critic critic F.R.Leavis F.R.Leavis rhetorically rhetorical
148、ly demanded: demanded: “What “What achievement achievement in in the the art art of of fictioncan fictioncan we we point point to to in English as surpassing his?”in English as surpassing his?”Henry Henry James James was was the the first first American American writer writer to to conceive conceive
149、 his his career career in in international international terms.terms. Today Today with with the the development development of of the the modern modern novel novel and and the the common common acceptance acceptance of of the the Freudian Freudian approach, approach, his his importanceimportance, ,
150、as as well well as as his his wide wide influenceinfluence as as a a novelist novelist and and critic, critic, has has been all the been all the more conspicuousmore conspicuous. . 2. GuidelinesHenry Henry James James probed probed into into the the individual individual psychologypsychology of of h
151、is characters by writing his characters by writing in a rich and intricate stylein a rich and intricate style. . In In his his realistic realistic fiction, fiction, Henry Henry Jamess Jamess primary primary concern concern is is to to present the inner life of human beingspresent the inner life of h
152、uman beings. . Henry Henry James James is is generally generally regarded regarded as as the the forerunner forerunner of of the the 20th-century 20th-century “stream-of-consciousness” “stream-of-consciousness” novelsnovels and and the founder of psychological realism.the founder of psychological re
153、alism. Jamess most famous theme is Jamess most famous theme is international themeinternational theme. .Stylistically, Stylistically, Henry Henry James James fiction fiction is is characterized characterized by by highly refined language.highly refined language.3. Life experience Henry Henry James J
154、ames was was born born in in New New York York City. City. His His father father was was a a theological theological writer writer and and his his elder elder brother brother was was the the distinguished distinguished philosopher philosopher and and psycho1ogist psycho1ogist Wil1iam Wil1iam James,
155、James, who who made made a a great great contribution contribution to to the the theory theory of of the the stream-of-consciousness stream-of-consciousness technique. technique. James James was was one one of of the the few few authors authors in in the the American American literary literary histo
156、ry history who who was was not not ob1iged ob1iged to to work work for for a a living. living. He He exposed exposed early early to to an an international international society. society. In In 1862, 1862, he he entered entered Harvard Harvard Law Law SchoolSchool where where he he developed develope
157、d a a lifelong lifelong friendship friendship with with William William Dean Dean Howells. Howells. There There he he read read intensively intensively Balzac, Balzac, Merimee Merimee , , George George Sand, Sand, George George Eliot Eliot and and HawthorneHawthorne. . Later, Later, he he toured tou
158、red Europe Europe and and met met Flaubert, Flaubert, Maupassant, Maupassant, Zola Zola and and Turgenev, Turgenev, who who exerted exerted a a great great influence influence on on himhim. . While While Mark Mark Twain Twain and and William William Dean Dean Howells Howells satirized satirized Euro
159、pean European manners manners at at times, times, Henry Henry James James was was an an admirer admirer of of ancient ancient European European civilizationcivilization. . The The materialistic materialistic bent bent of of American American life life and and its its lack lack of of culture culture
160、and and sophistication, sophistication, he he believed, believed, cou1d cou1d not not provide provide him him with with enough enough materials materials for for great great literary literary works, works, so so he he settled settled down down in in London London in in 1876, 1876, and and in in 1915
161、 1915 he he became became a a naturalized British citizennaturalized British citizen. .4. Points of view(1) International messenger Although Although an an American American by by blood, blood, Jamess Jamess early early education education was was heavily heavily tainted tainted with with European E
162、uropean flavor. flavor. In In all all of of his his international international novels, novels, the the two two different different societies societies and and cultures cultures are are brought brought to to face face each each other.other. Sometimes, Sometimes, there there is is mild mild compromis
163、e; compromise; sometimes sometimes there there is is sharp sharp conflict. conflict. Not Not judging judging either either of of them, them, James James presents presents all all to to readers readers and and lets lets them them make make their their own own decision. decision. The The confrontation
164、 confrontation itself itself between between American American naivety, naivety, innocence, innocence, purity purity and and European European sophistication, sophistication, experience, experience, corruption corruption is is not not important; important; the the importance importance lies lies in
165、in what what we we can can learn learn from from this this cultural cultural conflict. conflict. Therefore, Therefore, this this becomes becomes a a permanent permanent question question for for Jamess Jamess protagonists. protagonists. James James believes believes that that mutual mutual understan
166、ding understanding between between people people from from different different cultural cultural backgrounds backgrounds is is the the most most important important thingthing. . Because Because of of this, this, he he himself himself is is ready ready to to become become a a cultural cultural media
167、tor between America and Europe.mediator between America and Europe.(2) Moral outlook It It is is not not incorrect incorrect to to say say that that the the transatlantic transatlantic journey journey in in Jamess Jamess international international novels novels can can be be taken taken as as a a m
168、oral moral growth growth of of his his protagonists. protagonists. James James believes believes that that life life develops develops from from initial initial innocence innocence through through experience experience to to a a higher higher innocence. innocence. He He emphasizes emphasizes the the
169、 importance importance of of self-reliance self-reliance and and self-knowledge; self-knowledge; he he cherishes cherishes the the value value of of individual individual human human integrity integrity and and sees sees the the development development of of each each individuals individuals potenti
170、al potential as as the the greatest greatest goodgood. . Like Like Hawthorne, Hawthorne, James James regards regards the the violation violation of of one one human human heart heart by by the the possessive possessive will will of of another another as as the the greatest greatest evil. evil. To To
171、 him, him, real real virtue virtue lies lies in in the the quest quest of of full full experience experience with with eyes eyes wide wide open open to to see see all all that that life life can can offer offer of of both both good good and and evil. evil. The The good good man man must must learn l
172、earn to to recognize recognize evilevil to to recognize recognize it it in in and and of of itself, itself, not not according according to to the the pre-judgment pre-judgment encouraged encouraged by by whatever whatever system system of of law. law. And And he he must must not not turn turn away a
173、way from from evilevilbut but confront confront and and overcome overcome it it by by seeing seeing the the worst worst and and yet yet not not flinching. flinching. Thus, Thus, moral moral success success awaits awaits him him who who lives lives through through the the worlds worlds evil evil by b
174、y refusing refusing to to succumb succumb to to it. it. On On the the other other hand, hand, moral moral success success is is also also achieved achieved in the compromise between ideals and social realities.in the compromise between ideals and social realities.(3) Political attitude Unlike Unlike
175、 Mark Mark Twain Twain whose whose characters characters are are mainly mainly from from lower lower middle-class,middle-class, Henry Henry James James is is seen seen as as a a spokesman spokesman for for the the wealthy, wealthy, leisured leisured class.class. He He describes describes their their
176、 cross-cross-ocean ocean travels, travels, their their taste taste and and their their social social superiority superiority and and privileges. privileges. Actually, Actually, James James himself himself is is one one of of those those rich rich upper-class upper-class members members and and is is
177、 familiar familiar with with that that kind kind of of life. life. Although, Although, sometimes sometimes he he is is very very critical critical of of European European decadence decadence and and corruption,corruption, he he also also exposes exposes American American simple-mindedness simple-min
178、dedness and and obsession obsession with with business business petition. Because Because of of a a nagging nagging sense sense of of guilt guilt over over his his failure failure of of military military service service in in his his early early life, life, he he actively actively participates parti
179、cipates as as civilian civilian during during World World War War I. I. However, However, later later he he severely severely condemns condemns U.S U.S imperialist imperialist behavior behavior in in the Spanish-American War. the Spanish-American War. (4) Artistic view Henry Henry James James is is
180、as as much much a a novelist novelist as as a a critic. critic. His His implicit implicit definition definition of of fiction fiction seems seems to to have have been been this: this: a a realistic, realistic, disinterested, disinterested, self-contained, self-contained, artistic artistic representa
181、tion representation of of lifelife. . Fiction Fiction must must be be realistic; realistic; it it must must be be imbued imbued with with the the air air of of reality.reality. In In his his famous famous critique critique The The art art of of Fiction, Fiction, he he clearly clearly shows shows his
182、 his opinion opinion on on literary literary creation creation that that art art without without life life is is a a poor poor affair affair and and the the aim aim of of novel novel is is to to represent represent life. life. While While “life “life is is all all inclusion inclusion and and confusi
183、on, confusion, art art is is all all discrimination discrimination and and selection”. selection”. He He describes describes the the artist artist as as a a detached detached observer, observer, who who should should give give full full freedom freedom to to his his characters. characters. By By emp
184、hasizing emphasizing the the conscious conscious self self of of the the artist, artist, James James shifts shifts the the grounds grounds of of realistic realistic art art from from the the outer outer to to the the inner inner worldworld. . He He is is really really ahead ahead of of his his time
185、time by by showing showing his his interest interest in in psychological psychological development development of of the the characters characters in in his his novels. novels. Hence, Hence, he he is is considered considered to to be be a a forerunner forerunner of of the the stream-of-consciousness
186、 stream-of-consciousness technique.technique.5. Major works 1)The American (1877)1)The American (1877) 2) 2) Daisy Miller (1879)Daisy Miller (1879) 3) The Portrait of a Lady (1881) 3) The Portrait of a Lady (1881) 4) 4) The Art of Fiction The Art of Fiction (1884)(1884) 5) The Turn of the Screw (189
187、8) 5) The Turn of the Screw (1898) 6) 6) The Wings of the Dove The Wings of the Dove (1902)(1902) 7) 7) The Ambassadors The Ambassadors (1903)(1903) 8) The Golden Bowl (1904) 8) The Golden Bowl (1904)6. Special features of his works1) Narrative point of view1) Narrative point of view One One aspect
188、aspect of of Jamess Jamess technical technical artistry artistry merits merits special special attention, attention, that that is, is, his his exploitation exploitation of of the the fictional fictional technique technique known known as as the the “Narrative “Narrative point point of of view”, view
189、”, which which refers refers to to the the perspective perspective from from which which the the story story is is toldtoldfor for example, example, by by a a major major character character or or a a minor minor one one or or a a fly fly on on the the wall. wall. It It could could be be the the fir
190、st first person person point point of of view view or or a a third person point of view. third person point of view. 2) Psychological realism2) Psychological realism Henry Henry James James is is considered considered the the founder founder of of Psychological Psychological realism. realism. He He
191、is is an an observer observer of of the the mind mind rather rather than than a a recorder recorder of of the the times. times. He He believed believed that that reality reality lies lies in in the the impressions impressions made made by by life life on on the the spectator. spectator. He He probed
192、 probed into into the the individual individual psychology psychology of of his his characters by writing in a rich and intricate style. characters by writing in a rich and intricate style. 3) International theme3) International theme. . The The international international theme theme is is involves
193、 involves in in American American innocence innocence in in contact contact and and contrast contrast with with European European sophistication sophistication and and decadence, decadence, and and its its moral moral and and psychological psychological complications, complications, and and some som
194、e superiority superiority of of the the values values of of the the New New World World to to those those of of the the Old. Old. James James treated treated with with great great care care the the clashes clashes between between two two different different cultures cultures and and the the emotiona
195、l emotional and and moral moral problems problems of of Americans in Europe, or Europeans in America. Americans in Europe, or Europeans in America. 4) Expressions4) Expressions Stylistically, Stylistically, Henry Henry James James fiction fiction is is characterized characterized by by highly highly
196、 refined refined language, language, the the richness richness of of syntax syntax and and characterization, characterization, the the originality originality in in point point of of view, view, symbolism, symbolism, metaphoric metaphoric texture, texture, and and organizing organizing rhythm. rhyth
197、m. With With a a large large vocabulary, vocabulary, he he is is always always accurate accurate in in word word selection, selection, trying trying to to find find the the best best expression expression for for his his literary literary imagination.imagination. 7. Definition of Psychological reali
198、sm It It consists consists of of two two aspects: aspects: psychology psychology and and realismrealism. . They They are are complementary complementary and and indispensable indispensable to to each each other other and and form form an an organic organic whole. whole. On On the the one one hand, h
199、and, it it emphasizes emphasizes the the reflection reflection of of reality reality and and the the objective objective world world through through psychology psychology of of the the characters; characters; on on the the other other hand, hand, it it stresses stresses the the necessity necessity o
200、f of the the correspondence correspondence between between the the description description of of the the psychological psychological content content and and the the objective objective reality, reality, to to achieve achieve the the organic organic unity unity of of the the objective objective world
201、 world of of reality reality and and the the subjective subjective world world of of the the mind. mind. Psychological Psychological realism realism is is a a creative creative method method of of narrative narrative literature literature and and an an important important literary literary trend tre
202、nd of of the the 20th 20th century. century. Based Based on on realism, realism, it it discloses discloses the the inner inner working working of of the the characters characters mind mind by by means means of of psychological psychological description description and and psychological psychological
203、 analysisanalysis. . This is a new type of principle in literary creation.This is a new type of principle in literary creation.Topic 4The differences between them 1. 1. Mark Mark Twain Twain is is famous famous for for his his local local color, color, showing showing his his concern concern for for
204、 the the local local people, people, local local scenery scenery and and local local life. life. His His language language is is fresh, fresh, vigorous, vigorous, humorous, humorous, with with a a variety variety of of bribe bribe dialects, dialects, colloquial colloquial and and vernacular vernacul
205、ar expressions. expressions. He He depicts depicts the the life life picture picture of of the the American American lower-class.lower-class. Whereas Whereas Henry Henry James James is is famous famous for for his his “international “international theme”, theme”, showing showing his his concern conc
206、ern for for the the cultural cultural conflicts conflicts between between Old Old Europe Europe and and New New AmericaAmerica. . His His language language is is elegant, elegant, elaborate, elaborate, exquisite, exquisite, indirect indirect and and subtle.subtle. He He depicts depicts the the life
207、life picture picture of of the American Upper-class who possesses both wealth and leisure.the American Upper-class who possesses both wealth and leisure. 2. 2. Although Although James James and and Twain Twain both both worked worked for for realism, realism, there there were were obvious obvious di
208、fferences differences between between them. them. In In thematic thematic terms, terms, James James wrote wrote mostly mostly of of the the upper upper reaches reaches of of American American society, society, whereas whereas Mark Mark Twain Twain dealt dealt largely largely with with lower lower st
209、rata strata of of society. society. Technically, Technically, James James pursued pursued the the psychological psychological realismrealism, , but but Mark Mark Twains Twains contribution contribution to to the the development development of of realism realism and and to to American American litera
210、ture literature as as a a whole whole was partly was partly through his colloquial style.through his colloquial style. 3. 3. Henry Henry James James believed believed that that reality reality lies lies in in his his impressions impressions made made by by life life on on the the spectatorspectator,
211、 , and and not not in in any any facts facts of of which which the the spectator spectator is is unaware. unaware. Such Such realism realism is is therefore therefore merely merely the the obligation obligation that that the the artist artist assumes assumes to to represent represent life life as as
212、 he he sees sees it, it, which which may may not not be be the the same same life life as as it it “really” “really” is. is. James James shifted shifted the the ground ground of of realistic realistic art art from the outer to the inner world.from the outer to the inner world. 4. 4. Mark Mark Twain
213、Twain preferred preferred to to represent represent social social life life through through portraits portraits of of local local places,places, which which he he knew knew best. best. He He drew drew heavily heavily from from his his own own rich rich fund fund of of knowledge knowledge of of peopl
214、e people and and places. places. He He confined confined himself himself to to the the life life with with which which he he was was familiar. familiar. By By quoting quoting from from his his own own experience, experience, Mark Mark Twain Twain managed managed to to transform transform into into a
215、rt art the the freedom freedom and humor, in short, the finest elements of Western culture.and humor, in short, the finest elements of Western culture.IV ASSIGNMENT 1. Give a brief description of the special features of his works with some key words and expressions.2. Preview Unit 8The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County. 5858 以上有不当之处，请大家给与批评指正，以上有不当之处，请大家给与批评指正，谢谢大家！谢谢大家！
