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1、Automobile English June ChenThefirstautomobiles,constructedinthelatenineteenthcentury,wereessentiallyhorse-drawncarriageswiththehorsesremovedandenginesinstalled.Aftermorethanacenturyofdevelopment,themodernautomobileisasophisticatedsystem.Itcombinesfuelefficiencyandspeedtoofferthemobilityandflexibili
2、tyofusedemandedbyanenormousvarietyoflifestylesandindustries.Automobilesaffecteveryaspectofsociety,fromthedesignofourcities,topolice,ambulance,fire,andutilityservices,tosuchpersonalusesasvacationtravel,dining,andshopping.Massproductiontechniques,firstdevelopedfortheautomobileintheearlytwentiethcentur
3、y,havebeenadaptedforuseinnearlyeveryindustry,providingfortheefficientandinexpensiveproductionofproducts.Trucks,especially18-wheeltractor-trailertrucks,havebecomethemajorformoftransportinggoodsacrossthecountry,allowing,forexample,producetobequicklytransportedtomarketswhilestillfresh.Theuseofautomotiv
4、etechnologytractors,combines,pickers,sprayers,andotherself-propelledmachinesinagriculturehasenabledfarmerstoincreasethequantity,quality,andvarietyofourfoods,albeitatthepriceofincreasedsoilerosionrates,agriculturaldependenceonpetroleum-derivedfuelsandfertilizers,andincreasedrunoffpollution.Meanwhile,
5、dozensofindustriesdepend,directlyorindirectly,ontheautomobile.Theseindustriesincludeproducersofsteelandothermetals,plastics,rubber,glass,fabrics,petroleumproducts,andelectroniccomponents.ReadingmaterialWORDSFewinventionsinmoderntimeshavehadasmuchimpactonhumanlifeandontheglobalenvironmentastheautomob
6、ile.Automobilesandtruckshavehadastronginfluenceonthehistory,economy,andsociallifeofmuchoftheworld.Entiresocieties,especiallythoseoftheindustrializedcountries,havebeenrestructuredaroundthepowerofrapid,long-distancemovementthattheautomobileconfersonindividualsandaroundtheflexibledistributionpatternsma
7、depossiblebytrucks.Automobileshavegivengreatfreedomofmovementtotheirowners,butencouragesprawl(i.e.,straggling,low-densityurbandevelopment).Sprawldegradeslandscapesandproducestrafficcongestion thattendstoimmobilizetheautomobilesthatmakesprawlitselfpossible.Furthermore,thedependenceonpetroleumfuelofau
8、tomobilesandtrucks,andthusoftheeconomiesbasedonthesemachines,imposesstrongpatternsonglobalpolitics,movingindustrialsocietiessuchastheUnitedStates(whichconsumesapproximately25%oftheworldsoilproduction)tobedeeplyconcernedwiththepowerstrugglesofthePersianGulf,whereapproximately70%oftheworldsoilreserves
9、arelocated.Theautomobileisalsoasignificanthealthhazard,bothdirectlyandindirectly.AccordingtotheUnitedNations,overamillionpeople(bothvehicleoccupantsandpedestrians)dieeveryyearontheworldsroads;theUnitedStatesalonelosesover40,000livesannuallytocarcrashes.Meanwhile,automobileexhaustsarethelargestsingle
10、sourceofairpollution(intheUnitedStates).Airpollutionfromthemanufactureandoperationofautomobilescontributesimportantlytocropdamage,acidrain,destructionoftheozonelayer,lungdisease,andearlydeathbyavarietyofhealthproblems.Sixteenpercentoftheworldsannualgreenhouse-gasproductioncomesfromautomobiles;greenh
11、ousegassescontributetoglobalclimatechange,whichmaydisruptfoodproductionandfloodcoastsandlowislandsworldwide.ReadingmaterialWORDSI.AutomobileParts1AutomobileClassification2AutomobileStructure3AutomobileEngine4AutomobileChassis5AutomobileElectricalSystem6AutomobileBodyII.AutomobilePerformance7Paramete
12、r8ComfortandConvenientEquipment9VehicleMaintainanceAutomobileClassification汽车分类PassengerCar:Limousine豪华轿车Drophead活动车篷汽车（美作：convertible）Racingcar赛车Roadster敞蓬车Hatchback仓背乘用车Stationwagon旅行车MPV（Multi-PurposeVehicle）多用途汽车SUV（SportUtilityVehicle）越野车Compactcar小型乘用车CommercialVehicleAccording to National Sta
13、ndard (GB/T 3730.12001) : i.CommercialCarriageii.Coachbus长途客车Bus客车Minibus轻型客车Lightbus中型客车Mediumbus中型（大）客车Taxicar城市出租客车Urbanbus大客车Intercitybus城间大客车Longdistancecoach旅游客车iii.ii.Truck：PickupTruck小货车,CargoTruck普通货车,Multi-PurposeTruck多用途货车Towingvehicle(Tractor)牵引车,Special-PurposeTruck专业货车iii.Semi-Trailer(
14、semitrailertractor):半挂牵引车Other types: CRVCR-V,CityRecreationVehicle城市休闲车SRVSmallRecreationVehicle,小型休闲车(一般两厢)RAVRecreational(休闲)、Activity(运动)、Vehicle(车).源于丰田的一款小型运动型车HRVHealthy(健康)、Recreational(休闲)、Vigorous(活力),如通用别克凯越HRV轿车MPVMPV的全称是Multi-PurposeVehicle(或MiniPassengerVan)，即多用途汽车。它集轿车、旅行车和厢式货车的功能于一身，
15、车内每个坐椅都可调整，并有多种组合的方式。车身紧凑，一般为57座。CUVCar-BasedUtilityVehicle，是以轿车底盘为设计平台，融轿车、MPV和SUV特性为一体的多用途车，也被称为Crossover。NCVNewConceptVehicle，新概念轿车。比如瑞虎NCV。比家用轿车的使用范围更广。RVRecreationVehicle，即休闲车，是一种适用于娱乐、休闲、旅行的汽车，RV的覆盖范围比较广泛，没有严格的范畴。从广义上讲，除了轿车和跑车外的轻型乘用车，如MPV及SUV、CUV等都可归属于RV。SUV是在皮卡底盘技术上开发设计，越野性好、舒适性较差，比如国内的中低端皮卡。
16、特例是长城哈弗CUV，它虽然号称CUV，却并没有采用轿车化底盘，而是改用了梯形工字梁非承载式车身，更倾向于SUV。 CUV是以轿车底盘为设计平台，具备了SUV的外观却更多注重舒适性，越野性比SUV差，但比一般轿车好，所以应属于轿车市场注重越野的一个细分。欧兰德CUV、本田CRV、丰田RAV4都算是CUV。 而MPV是多用途车，和SUV一样，属于国家标准乘用车里的四大类别之一，如上海通用GL8、普力马、奥德赛等都属于MPV。另外，SRV可以算是轿车里的一个细分概念。CargoTruck载货汽车：主要用于运送货物，有的也可牵引全挂车的汽车。根据最大总质量不同，可分为微型货车(1.8吨以下)，轻型货
17、车(1.8-6吨)，中型货车(6-14吨)，重型货车(14吨以上)。DumpTruck自卸汽车：以运送货物为主且有可倾卸货箱的汽车。适于坏路或无路地区行驶，多用于国防、林区和矿山。SUV：主要用于坏路或无路地区的全轮驱动的具有高通过性的汽车。适于坏路或无路地区行驶，多用于国防、林区和矿山。Sedan轿车：用于载送人员及其随身物品且座位布置在两轴之间的四轮车辆。按发动机排量大小可分为微型汽车(1L以下)，普通级轿车(1-1.6L)，中级轿车(1.6-2.5L)，中高级轿车(2.5-4L)，高级轿车(4L以上)。Bus客车：具有长方形车厢，主要用于载送人员及其随身行李物品的汽车。按用途不同可分为长
18、途客车、团体客车、市内公共汽车和旅游客车等。Tractor,Semi-trailer牵引汽车及半挂牵引汽车：专门或主要用于牵引挂车或半挂车的汽车。根据牵引挂车的不同可分为半挂牵引汽车和全挂牵引汽车。Special-purposetruck专用汽车：装置有专用设备、具备专用功能，用于承担专门运输任务或专项作业的汽车。用于完成特殊任务，如消防车、救护车、油罐车、防弹车、工程车等。According to application fields : notchback 客货两用车four-wheel drive 四轮驱动front-wheel drive 前轮驱动station wagon 小旅行车w
19、ecker, beat-up car, jalopy 老爷车racing car 赛车light-van 小型货车garbage truck 垃圾车automobile carrier 货运卡车fire engine 消防车tractor 牵引车ambulance 救护车taxi 出租车，计程车trailer truck 拖车sports car 跑车formula car 方程式赛(汽）车mail car 邮车jeep 吉普车bloodmobile 血浆车bumper car 碰撞用汽车camper 露营车police car 警车wrecker 清障车ambulance 急救车 Tanke
20、r, tank truck 油罐车According to different stepped types : 1、轮式汽车Wheeledvehiche是用车轮作为行走装置的汽车。2、履带式汽车Crawlervehicle是用履带作为行走装置的汽车。3、半履带式汽车Semi-crawlervehicle指用履带作为驱动装置、用前轮作为转向装置的汽车。1、内燃机汽车Internalcombustionengineautomobile指用内燃机作为动力装置的汽车。通常，内燃机汽车的主要形式有：1.1汽油机汽车Gasolineautomobile,Petrolmotorautomobile是用汽油机
21、作为动力装置的汽车。1.2柴油机汽车Dieselautomobile,Compreddionignitionengineautomobile是用柴油机作为动力装置的汽车。1.3气体燃料发动机汽车Gaseousfuelautomobile指发动机用天然气、煤气等气体作为燃料的汽车。1.4液化气体燃料发动机汽车Liquefiedpetroleumgasvehicle(LPG或LPGV),是发动机使用液化气体（液化石油气）作为燃料的汽车。1.5旋转活塞发动机汽车Rotorypistonengineautomobile用旋转活塞发动机作为动力装置的汽车。1.6以压缩天然气为燃料的汽车：Compress
22、edNaturalGasenginesvehicle(CNG或CNGV)。2电动汽车Electricautomobile是用电动机作为动力装置的汽车。根据电源形式可将电动车汽车分为：2.1无轨电车Trolleybus是从架线上接受电力，以电动机开动的大客车。2.2电瓶车Batterycar是用蓄电池作为电源的电动汽车。3.燃气涡轮机汽车Gasturbineautomobile是用燃气涡轮机作为动力装置的汽车。通常用於船舰(以军用作战舰艇为主)、车辆(少见)、发电机组等。与其它涡轮发动机不同之处,在于其涡轮机除了要带动压缩机外,还会另外带动传动轴,传动轴再连上车辆的传动系统。According
23、to different power types : AutomobileStructure(AutomobileMechanics)汽车构造Thousandsofindividualpartsmakeupthemodernautomobile.Muchlikethehumanbody,thesepartsarearrangedintoseveralsemi-independentsystems,eachwithadifferentfunction.Forexample,thehumancirculatorysystemcomprisestheheart,blood,vessels,andbl
24、ood.Theautomobilecontainsanalogouscirculatorysystemsforcoolantfluid(mostlywater),forlubricatingoil,andforfuel.Theenginetheheartoftheautomobileiscomprisedofpistons,cylinders,tubestodeliverfueltothecylinders,andothercomponents.Eachsystemisnecessaryformakingtheautomobilerunandreducingnoiseandpollution.
25、Themajorsystemsofanautomobilearetheengine,fuelsystem,transmission,electricalsystem,coolingandlubricationsystem,andthechassis,whichincludesthesuspensionsystem,brakingsystem,wheelsandtires,andthebody.Thesesystemswillbefoundineveryformofmotorvehicleandaredesignedtointeractwithandsupporteachother.Readin
26、gmaterialWORDSBeforeexaminingthecomponentsofeachsystem,itisusefultounderstandhowthesystemsinteract.Theinternalcombustionengineistheheartoftheautomobile.Theengineproducesenergyfromfuelandconvertsthatenergyintothepowertomovethedifferentcomponentsthatwillmovethecar.Theengineconvertsthechemicalenergypro
27、ducedbytheburningofthefuelintomechanicalenergy.Thisenergyisusedtospinashaft.Thespinningshaft,throughtheinteractionofthetransmissionandothercomponents,causesthewheelstoturnandthecartomove.Asimilartransferofenergytomotioncanbeseenwhenbicycling.Theupanddownmotionofthefeetandlegsisconvertedtotheturningm
28、otionofthepedals,whichinturnpullsthechainthatcausestherearwheeltospin.Justasitismoredifficulttopedalabicyclefromastandstillthanitiswhilealreadyrolling,theenginerequirestheelectricalsystemtogiveitthepushtomoveonitsown.Theelectricstartermotorofanautomobileprovidesapowerfulforcetogivetheengineitsinitia
29、lmovement.Thebatterysuppliesenergyfortheenginetousewhenburningthefuelneededtomakeitrun.Thealternatorisdrivenbyabeltattachedtotheengine,rechargingthebatterysotherewillbeaconstantsupplyofenergy.Thesensorsofthecomputercontrolsystem,whichgovernsmanyoftheprocessesinanautomobile,alsorequireelectricity.The
30、burningoffuelisahot,noisyprocessthatalsoproducespollutantsintheformofexhaust.Thisexhaustmustbecarriedawayfromtheengineandawayfromtheautomobile.Theexhaustsystem,withitsmuffler,alsoactstoreducethenoiseproducedbythevehicle.Burningfuelinthecylindersproducestwootherresults:frictionandextremelyhightempera
31、tures.Inordertoprotectthepartsfrombeingworndownfromthefrictionandfrommeltingwiththeheat,theymustbeproperlylubricatedandcooled.Thesesystemsdependontheengineandtheelectricalsystemforthepowertoperformtheirtasks.Theenginespowerisusedtoturntheautomobileswheels.Becausethetiresaretheonlypartsoftheautomobil
32、ethatareactuallyincontactwiththeroad,theymustrestonasystemofsupportsthatwillcarrytheweightofthecarandrespondtoconditionsoftheroadsurface.Atthesametime,thedrivermustbecapableofguidingthedirectionoftheautomobile.Onceanautomobileismoving,itwillcontinuetomoveuntilsomesortoffriction,thebrake,isappliedtos
33、topit.Thewheels,suspension,steering,andbrakingsystemsareallattachedtothecarschassis,asistherestoftheautomobile.Thechassisandbody,analogoustotheskeletalstructureinthehumanbody,providesupportforallthevarioussystemsandcomponents,whilealsoprovidingsafety,comfort,andprotectionfromtheelementsfortheautomob
34、ilespassengers.ReadingmaterialWORDS汽车一般由四个基本部分组成。Anautomobilecanbedividedintofourbasicparts,whatarethey?汽车一般由发动机发动机、底盘底盘、车身车身和电气设备电气设备四个基本部分组成。EngineChassisBodyElectricalSystemFourbasicpartsofanautomobile:AutomobileEngine汽车发动机Theengineoperatesoninternalcombustion;thatis,thefuelusedforitspowerisburne
35、dinsidetheengine.Thisburningoccursinsidecylinders.Withinthecylinderisapiston.Whenthefuelisburned,itcreatesanexplosiveforcethatcausesthepistontomoveupanddown.Thepistonisattached,viaaconnectingrod,toacrankshaft,wheretheupanddownmovementofthepistonconvertstoacircularmotion.Whenbicycling,theupperpartofa
36、personslegisakintothepiston.Powerfromthelegispassedthroughthepedalinordertoturnthecrank.Gasolineisthemostcommonautomobilefuel.Itispulledintothecylinderbythevacuumcreatedasthepistonmovesdownthroughthecylinder.Thegasolineisthencompressedupintothecylinderbythenextmovementofthepiston.Asparkisintroducedt
37、hroughasparkplugplacedattheendofthecylinder.Thesparkcausesthegasolinetoexplode,andtheexplosiondrivesthepistondownagainintothecylinder.Thismovement,calledthepowerstroke,turnsthecrankshaft.Afinalmovementofthepistonupwardagainforcestheexhaustgases,thebyproductsofthefuelscombustion,fromthecylinder.These
38、fourmovementsintake,compression,power,andexhaustarecalledstrokes.Thefour-strokeengineisthemostcommontypeofautomobileengine.Mostautomobileshavefromfourtoeightcylinders,althoughtherearealsotwo-cylinderand12-cylinderautomobiles.Thecylindersworktogetherinasequencetoturnthecrankshaft,sothatwhileonecylind
39、erisinitsintakestroke,anotherisinthecompressionstroke,andsoforth.Generally,themorecylinders,themoresmoothlytheenginewillrun.Thesizeoftheautomobilewillaffectthenumberofcylinderstheengineuses.Smallercarsgenerallyhavethesmallerfour-cylinderengine.Mid-sizedcarswillgenerallyrequireasix-cylinderengine,whi
40、lelargercarsneedthepowerofaneight-cylinderengine.Thenumberofcylinders,however,islessimportanttothelevelofanenginespowerthanisitsdisplacement.Displacementisameasureofthetotalvolumeoffuelmixturemovedbyallthepistonsworkingtogether.Themorefuelburnedatonetime,themoreexplosivetheforce,andthus,thepowerwill
41、be.Displacementisoftenexpressedascubiccentimeters(cc)orasliters.Asmallerenginewilldisplace1,200cc(1.2L)for60horsepower,whilealargerenginemaydisplaceasmuchas4,000cc(4L),generatingmorethan100horsepower.Horsepoweristhemeasurementoftheenginesabilitytoperformwork.Thesizeandweightofthecaralsoaffectsitspow
42、er.Ittakeslessworktopropelalightercarthanaheaviercar,eveniftheyhavethesameengine,justasahorsecarryingasingleridercangofasterwithlesseffortthanahorsedrawingacart.ReadingmaterialWORDSDifferentenginetypesGasolineengine&DieselengineFourstrokeengine&TwostrokeengineWater-cooled&Air-cooledengineDifferenten
43、ginetypesSingle-cylinderengine&Multicylinderengine(theillustrationisfourcylinderengine)Naturallyaspiratedengine&SuperchargedengineLineengine(In-lineengine)&V-typeengine,(In-lineverticalengine&In-linehorizontalengine)Engine Overall Mechanics发动机总体构造：发动机总体构造：Theengineprovidespowertomovetheautomobile.It
44、isformedfrom2mechanismsand5systems:Crank linkage mechanism曲柄连杆机构、曲柄连杆机构、Valve Train Mechanism 配气机构、配气机构、Fuel Delivery System 燃油供给系；燃油供给系； Cooling System 冷却系；冷却系；Lubrication System 润滑系；润滑系；Ignition System(only in petrol engine)点火系点火系(汽油机）；汽油机）；Starting System 起动系起动系.Cranklinkagemechanism曲柄连杆机构：Consis
45、tof：Cylinderblock,cylinderhead,piston,pistonconnecting-rod(crankshaft),andflywheeletc.由汽缸体、汽缸盖、活塞、连杆曲轴和飞轮等机件组成。功能： 曲柄连杆机构是发动机实现工作循环，完成能量转换的主要运动零件。在作功行程中，活塞承受燃气压力在气缸内作直线运动，通过连杆转换成曲轴的旋转运动，并从曲轴对外输出动力。而在进气、压缩和排气行程中，飞轮释放能量又把曲轴的旋转运动转化成活塞的直线运动。ValveTrainMechanism配气机构(大多采用顶置气门式配气机构）：Consistof：valves,valvest
46、rain, valveactuatingmechanism.气门组、气门传动组和气门驱动组组成。功能: 根据发动机的工作顺序和工作过程，定时开启和关闭进气门和排气门，使可燃混合气或空气进入气缸，并使废气从气缸内排出，实现换气过程。Cooling System：It generally consists of water tank,water pump,radiator,fan, thermostat, temperature indicator and drainage valve. 一般由水箱、水泵、散热器、风扇、节温器、水温表和放一般由水箱、水泵、散热器、风扇、节温器、水温表和放水开关组成
47、。水开关组成。There are two cooling ways, air cooling and water cooling, the latter is widely used. 汽车发汽车发动机采用两种冷却方式，即空气冷却和水冷却。一般汽车动机采用两种冷却方式，即空气冷却和水冷却。一般汽车发动机多采用水冷却。发动机多采用水冷却。 Theautomobileusesanadditionalsystemtoreducethelevelofheatcreatedbytheengine.Thecoolingsystemalsomaintainstheengineatatemperatureth
48、atwillallowittorunmostefficiently.Aliquid-cooledsystemismostcommonlyused.Theexplosionoffuelinthecylinderscanproducetemperaturesashighas4,000F(2,204C);thetemperatureofexhaustgases,whilecooler,stillreachto1,500F(816C).Liquid-coolingsystemsusewater(mixedwithanantifreezethatlowersthefreezingpointandrais
49、estheboilingpointofwater)guidedthroughaseriesofjacketsattachedaroundtheengine.Asthewatersolutioncirculatesthroughthejackets,itabsorbstheheatfromtheengine.Itisthenpumpedtotheradiatoratthefrontofthecar,whichisconstructedofmanysmallpipesandthinmetalfins.Theseallowalargesurfaceareatodrawtheheatfromthewa
50、tersolution.Afanattachedtotheradiatorusesthewindcreatedbythemovementofthecartocoolthewatersolutionfurther.Temperaturesensorsintheenginecontroltheoperationofthecoolingsystem,sothattheengineremainsinitsoptimaltemperaturerange.Lubrication System：It consists of oil pump, fuel filter, oil strainer, oil p
51、assage, relief valve, oil pressure gauge, tamponade sensor, oil dipstick and other components. 由机油泵、集滤器、机油滤清器、油道、由机油泵、集滤器、机油滤清器、油道、限压阀、机油表、感压塞及油尺等组成。限压阀、机油表、感压塞及油尺等组成。Withoutproperlubrication,theheatandfrictioncreatedbytherapidmovementsoftheenginespartswouldquicklycauseittofail.Thelubricationsystemo
52、fanautomobileactstoreduceenginewearcausedbythefrictionofitsmetalparts,aswellastocarryoffheat.Atthebottomoftheengineisthecrankcase,whichholdsasupplyofoil.Apump,poweredbytheengine,carriesoilfromthecrankcaseandthroughaseriesofpassagesandholestoallthevariouspartsoftheengine.Astheoilflowsthroughtheengine
53、,itformsathinlayerbetweenthemovingparts,sothattheydonotactuallytouch.Theheatedoildrainsbackintothecrankcase,whereitcools.ThefumesgivenoffbythecrankcasearecirculatedbythePCV(positivecrankcaseventilation)valvebacktothecylinders,wheretheyareburnedoff,furtherreducingthelevelofpollutiongivenoffbytheautom
54、obile.Fuel System/ Fuel delivery System：It consists of fuel tank, fuel gauge, fuel pipes, fuel filter, fuel pump, carburetor, air filter, intake/exhaust pipes and other components. 燃料系由油箱、油表、油管、油滤器、燃料系由油箱、油表、油管、油滤器、油泵、化油器油泵、化油器carburetor、空气滤清器、空气滤清器、进排气歧管等组成。进排气歧管等组成。 Gasolinemustbeproperlymixedwith
55、airbeforeitcanbeintroducedintothecylinder.Thecombinationofgasolineandaircreatesamorevolatileexplosion.Thefuelpumpdrawsthegasolinefromthegastankmountedtowardtherearofthecar.Thegasolineisdrawnintoacarburetoronsomecars,whileitisfuel-injectedonothers;bothdevicesmixthegasolinewithair(approximately14parts
56、ofairtoonepartofgasoline)andspraythismixtureasafinemistintothecylinders.Otherpartsofthefuelsystemincludetheaircleaner,whichisafiltertoensurethattheairmixedintothefuelisfreeofimpurities;andtheintakemanifold,whichdistributesthefuelmixturetothecylinders.Starting System: It is composed by D/C electromot
57、or (starter), operation mechanism and clutch mechanism.一般由直流电动机、操纵机构和离合机一般由直流电动机、操纵机构和离合机构构成。构构成。Vocabulary内燃机intenalcombusitonengine动力机装置powerunit汽油机gasolineengine汽油喷射式汽油机gasoline-injectionengine火花点火式发动机sparkignitionengine压燃式发动机compressionignitionengine往复式内燃机reciprocatinginternalcombustionengine化油器
58、式发动机carburetorengine柴油机dieselengine转子发动机rotaryengine旋轮线转子发动机rotarytrochoidalengine二冲程发动机two-strokeengine四冲程发动机four-strokeengine直接喷射式柴油机directinjectionengine间接喷射式柴油机indirectinjectionengine增压式发动机superchargedengine风冷式发动机air-cooledengine油冷式发动机oil-cooledengine水冷式发动机water-cooledengine自然进气式发动机naturallyaspi
59、ratedengine煤气机gasengine液化石油气发动机liquifiedpetroleumgasengine柴油煤气机dieselgasengine多种燃料发动机multifuelengine石油发动机hydrocarbonengine双燃料发动机duelfuelengine热球式发动机hotbulbengine多气缸发动机multiplecylinderengine对置活塞发动机opposedpistonengine对置气缸式发动机opposed-cylinderengine十字头型发动机crossheadengine直列式发动机in-lineengine星型发动机radialeng
60、ine筒状活塞发动机trunk-pistonengine斯特林发动机stirlingengine套阀式发动机knightengine气孔扫气式发动机port-scavengedengine倾斜式发动机slantengine前置式发动机front-engine后置式发动机rear-engine中置式发动机centralengine左侧发动机left-handengine右侧发动机right-handengine短冲程发动机oversquareengine长冲程发动机undersquareengine等径程发动机squareengine顶置凸轮轴发动机overheadcamshaftengine双
61、顶置凸轮轴发动机dualoverheadcamshaftengineV形发动机V-engine顶置气门发动机valvein-headengine侧置气门发动机sidevalveengine无气门发动机valvelessengine多气门发动机multi-valveengine卧式发动机horizontalengine斜置式发动机inclinedengine立式发动机verticalengineW形发动机w-engineI形发动机I-engineL形发动机L-engineF形发动机F-engine性能performance二冲程循环two-strokecycle四冲程循环four-strokec
62、ycle狄塞尔循环dieselcycle奥托循环ottocycle混合循环mixedcycle定容循环constantvolumecycle工作循环workingcycle等压循环constantpressurecycle理想循环idealcycle热力循环thermodynamiccycle冲程stroke活塞行程pistonstroke长行程longstroke上行程upstroke下行程downstroke进气行程intakestroke充气行程chargingstroke压缩行程compressionstroke爆炸行程explosionstroke膨胀行程expansionstrok
63、e动力行程powerstroke排气行程exhauststroke膨胀换气行程expansion-exchangestroke换气压缩行程exchange-compressionstrokeCylinderHead缸盖Frequency频率CylinderBlock缸体Circulation循环Piston活塞PressureDrop压力降ConnectingRod连杆CoolingFan散热器风扇Water-Pipe水管SparkPlug火花塞Hose-Oil油管ReserveTank储液罐Hose-Breather通风管HoseClip管卡FreshAirDuct空气导管Coil-Igni
64、tion点火线圈Resonator谐振器ExhaustValve排气门AirFlowSensor空气流量传感器Crankshaft曲轴DraftAngle拔模角度Cap-Bearing轴瓦盖MainMuffler主消音器OilPan油底壳Pipe-Inlet/ExhaustPipe进气管/排气管InletManifold/ExhaustManifold进气歧管/排气歧管Reinf-Hanger吊钩加强板Bushing-Knock衬套Evaporation蒸发Injector喷嘴Emission排放ValveGuide气门导管Pedal-Accel加速踏板TimingBelt正时皮带Cable-
65、Accel加速拉线Camshaft凸轮轴Pad-Pedal踏板垫RockerArm摇臂Spring-Return回位弹簧Thermostat节温器Pin销DrivePlate驱动盘Spindle心轴Sprocket链轮Torque扭距Piston活塞Alloy合金PistonRing活塞环Casting铸件OilRing油环Copper铜Tensioner-Auto自动张紧轮Material材料Pulley-Idler惰轮SpotWelding点焊FiringOrder点火顺序Temper回火Starter起动机Catalytic三元催化器WaterPump水泵Cap-Sealing密封盖Dr
66、ivePlate驱动盘Condensor电容器Sprocket链轮VariableValveTiming可变气门正时Adjuster-Lash液压挺柱ThrottleBody节气门体Pin-Dowel定位销Actuator-Vacuum真空调节器VacuumHose真空软管IgnitionTiming点火正时V-RibbedBeltV型皮带Valve-PurgeControl清除控制阀止点deadcenter上止点topdeadcenter(upperdeadcenter)下止点lowerdeadcenter(bottomdeadcenter)上止点前budc(beforeupperdeadc
67、enter)上止点后atdc(aftertopdeadcetner)下止点前bbdc(beforebottomdeadcenter)下止点后abdc(afterbottomdeadcenter)缸径cylinderbore缸径与行程boreandstroke空气室energychamber气缸余隙容积cylinderclearancevolume燃烧室容积combustionchambervolume气缸最大容积maximumcylindervolume压缩室compressionchamber排气量displacement发动机排量enginedisplacement活塞排量pistonsw
68、eptvolume气缸容量cylindercapacity单室容量single-chambercapacity容积法volumetry压缩比compressionratio临界压缩比criticalcompressionratio膨胀比expansionratio面容比surfacetovolumeratio行程缸径比stroke-boreratio混合比mixtureratio压缩压力compressionpressure制动平均有效压力brakemeaneffectivepressure(bmep)空燃比airfuelratio燃空比fuelairratio燃料当量比fuelequival
69、enceratio扭矩torque单缸功率powerpercylinder升功率powerperliter升扭矩torqueperliter升质量massperliter减额功率deratingpower输出马力shafthorsepower马力小时，马力时horsepower-hour总马力grosshorsepower总功率grosspower净功率netpower燃油消耗量fuelconsumption比燃料消耗率specificfuelconsumption空气消耗率airconsumption机油消耗量oilconsumption有效马力nethorsepower额定马力ratedh
70、orsepower马力重量系数horsepower-weightfactor制动功率brakehorsepower制动热效率brakethermalefficiency总效率overallefficiency排烟极限功率smokelimitinghorsepower功率曲线powercurve机械损失mechanicalloss机械效率mechanicalefficiency有效热效率effectivethermalefficiency充气系数volumetricefficiency过量空气系数coefficientofexcessair适应性系数adaptivecoefficient化油器式
71、燃油系统CarburetedFuelSystems燃油喷射FuelInjection涡轮增压器和机械增压器TurbochargersandSuperchargers排放控制系统EmissionControlSystems扭矩适应性系数coefficientoftorqueadaptibility转速适应性系数speedadaptivecoefficient强化系数coefficientofintensification校正系数correctionfactor换算系数conversionfactor活塞平均速度meanpistonspeed发动机转速enginespeed(rotationalf
72、requency)怠速转速idlingspeed经济转速economicspeed起动转速startingspeed最低稳定工作转速lowestcontinuousspeedwithload最大扭矩转速speedatmaximumtorque最高空转转速maximumnoloadgovernedspeed调速speedgoverning超速overspeed怠速idling转速波动率speedfluctuationrate工况workingcondition(operatingmode)额定工况declaredworkingcondition变工况variableworkingconditio
73、n稳定工况steadyworkingcondition空载no-load全负荷fullload超负荷overload部分负荷partload充量（进气）charge旋转方向directionofrotation顺时针clockwise逆时针counter-clockwise左转left-handrotation右转right-handrotation外径majordiameter中径pitchdiameter内径minordiameter径向间隙radialclearance发动机性能engineperformance加载性能loadingperformance起动性能startingperf
74、ormance水泵带轮Pulley-WaterPump进气稳压箱Tank-AirIntakeSurge燃油喷嘴FuelInjector缸孔Bore分配管Pipe-Delivery定位销Pin-Dowel怠速Idle无铅汽油UnleadedGasoline气门导管ValveGuide燃烧室CombustionChamber发动机支架EngineSupportAutomobileChassis汽车底盘The chassisistheframeworktowhichthevariouspartsoftheautomobilearemounted.Thechassismustbestrongenoug
75、htobeartheweightofthecar,yetsomewhatflexibleinordertosustaintheshocksandtensioncausedbyturningandroadconditions.Attachedtothechassisarethewheelsandsteeringassembly,thesuspension,thebrakes,andthebody.Thesuspensionsystemenablestheautomobiletoabsorbtheshocksandvariationsintheroadsurface,keepingtheautom
76、obilestable.Mostcarsfeatureindependentfrontsuspension,thatis,thetwowheelsinfrontaresupportedindependentlyofeachother.Inthisway,ifonewheelhitsabumpwhiletheotherwheelisinadip,bothwheelswillmaintaincontactwiththeroad.Thisisespeciallyimportantbecausesteeringtheautomobileisperformedwiththefrontwheels.Mor
77、eandmorecarsalsofeatureindependentrearsuspension,improvinghandlingandthesmoothnessoftheride.Themaincomponentsofthesuspensionsystemarethespringsandtheshockabsorbers.Thespringssuspendtheautomobileabovethewheel,absorbingtheshocksandbumpsintheroadsurface.Asthechassisbouncesonthesprings,theshockabsorbers
78、acttodampen,orquiet,themovementofthesprings,usingtubesandchambersfilledwithhydraulicfluid.Thesteeringsystemisanotherpartofthesuspensionsystem.Itallowsthefrontwheelstoguidetheautomobile.Thesteeringwheelisattachedtothesteeringcolumn,whichinturnisfittedtoagearassemblythatallowsthecircularmovementofthes
79、teeringwheeltobeconvertedtothemorelinear,orstraight,movementofthefrontwheels.Thegearassemblyisattachedtothefrontaxlebytierods.Theaxleisconnectedtothehubsofthewheels.Wheelsandthetiresaroundthemaretheonlycontacttheautomobilehaswiththeroad.Tiresaregenerallymadeoflayersofrubberorsyntheticrubberaroundste
80、elfibersthatgreatlyincreasetherubbersstrengthandabilitytoresistpuncture.Tiresareinflatedwithairatalevelthatbalancesthegreatestcontactwiththeroadsurfacewiththeabilitytoofferpunctureresistance.Properinflationofthetireswilldecreasewearonthetiresandimprovefuelefficiency.ReadingmaterialOncethepistonsaref
81、iringandthecrankshaftisspinning,thisenergymustbeconverted,ortransmitted,todrivethewheels.Butthecrankshaftspinsonlywithinalimitedrange,usuallybetween1,000to6,000revolutionsperminute(rpm),andthisisnotenoughpowertocausethewheeltoturnwhenapplieddirectly.Thetransmissionaccomplishesthetaskofbringingtheeng
82、inestorque(theamountoftwistingforcethecrankshafthasasitspins)toarangethatwillturnthewheels.Onewaytoexperiencetheeffectoftorqueisbyusingtwowrenches,onewithashorthandle,theotherwithalonghandle.Itmaybedifficulttoturnanutwiththeshorterwrench;butthenutturnsmuchmoreeasilywiththelongerwrench,becauseitallow
83、samorepowerfultwistingforce.The transmissionhastwootherfunctions:allowingreversemovement,andbrakingtheengine.Therearetwotypesoftransmission:manualandautomatic.Withamanualtransmission,thedrivercontrolstheshiftingofthegears.Inanautomatictransmission,asitsnameimplies,gearsareengagedautomatically.Bothty
84、pesoftransmissionmakeuseofaclutch,whichallowsthegearstobeengagedanddisengaged.Automobilesgenerallyhaveatleastthreeforwardgearsplusareversegear,althoughmanymanualtransmissionshavefourorevenfivegears.Eachgearprovidesadifferentratioofthenumberofrevolutionsperminute(rpms)ofthecrankshaft(thepowerinput)to
85、thenumberofrevolutionsperminuteoftheoutputofthetransmission,directedtothewheels.Infirstgear,forexample,whichisneededtomovetheautomobilefromastandstill,theratioofinputtooutputis3.5tooneorevenhigher.Thegreatertheratio,themoretorquewillbeachievedintheoutput.Eachsuccessivelyhighergearhasalowerinputtoout
86、putratio.Thisisbecauseoncetheautomobileisrolling,progressivelylesstorqueisneededtomaintainitsmovement.Thefourthandfifthgearsfoundonmostcarsareusedwhentheenginehasachievedhigherspeeds;oftencalledoverdrivegears,thesegearsallowtheinputtooutputratiotosinklowerthanonetoone.Inotherwords,thewheelsarespinni
87、ngfasterthanthecrankshaft.Thisallowsforhigherspeedsandgreaterfuelefficiency.ReadingmaterialAutomobileChassisStructureWhat are four main systems of the chassis?AutomobileChassisStructure传动系行驶系转向系制动系主要是由离合器、变速器变速器、万向节、传动轴和驱动桥等组成。由车架、车桥、悬架和车轮等部分组成。a.转向操纵机构b.转向器c.转向传动机构a.制动操纵机构b.制动器Transmission (Power t
88、rain): Cluth,Transmission(Gearbox),UniversalJoint,PropellerShaft,Driveaxle.Running system: Frame,Axles,Suspension,Tyres(Tires).Steering system:a.Steeringcontrolmechanismb.Steeringrackc.Steeringlinkagea.Brakingoperationdeviceb.BrakegearBrake system:传动系传动系主要是由离合器、变速器变速器、万向节、传动轴和驱动桥等组成。由变速器壳、变速器盖、第一轴、第
89、二轴、中间轴、倒档轴、齿轮、轴承、操纵机构等机件构成。由变速器壳、变速器盖、第一轴、第二轴、中间轴、倒档轴、齿轮、轴承、操纵机构等机件构成。Transmissioncase(Gearcase),Gearboxcover,Inputshaft(orPrimaryshaft/Maindrivetransmission),Outputshaft,Intermediateshaft(Countershafttransmission),Reverseshaft,gear,bearing,operationmechanism Transmission: Cluth,Transmission(Gearbox
90、),UniversalJoint,PropellerShaft,Driveaxle.Hydraulicclutch/Fluidclutch液压式离合器1-叶轮2-输出轮3-油4-油的流向1-Impeller2-out-putwheel3-oil1-离合器分离踏板2-偏心弹簧3-支承A4-离合器拉线自动调整机构5-传动器壳体上的支承B6-离合器操纵臂7-离合器分离臂8-离合器分离轴承9-离合器分离推杆1-Clutchreleasepedal,2-Side-LoadSpring,3-Support4-Clutchcableadjustingmechanism,5-Supportonhousing,
91、6-Clutchoperationlever,7-Clutchreleasearm,8-Clutchreleasebearing,9-Clutchreleasepullrod1-变速杆2-纵向拉线3-横向拉线1-Gearlever2-Longitudinalcable3-Crosscable(Power train/Drivetrain)The transmissionhasgearsthatcontroltheamountofpowerdeliveredtothewheels.Thetransmissionincreasesthepower(torque)tostartthecarmovin
92、g.Thistorqueisreducedwhenthetransmissionchangesgearsathigherspeeds.Thetransmissionalsocontainsasetofgearsthatcanreversethedirectionofthewheels.Thetransmissiondeliversthepowertothedifferential.Adrive(orpropeller)shaftwithuniversaljointsateitherendofthedirveshaftallowsaxlemovementonfront-engine,rear-w
93、heeldrivecars.Theseflexibleuniversaljointspreventthedriveshaftfrombreaking.Thedifferentialdeliverspowertothewheelsthroughtheaxle.Certaingearsallowonewheeltoturnfasterthantheotherwheelwhenthevehicleisturningacorner.Readingmaterial行驶系由车架车架、车桥、悬架和车轮等部分组成。Running System: Frame,Axles,Suspension,Tyres.保险杠
94、Bumper 挂钩Hook前横梁Front beam 纵梁Longitudinal beam发动机前悬横梁Cross member-engine front mounting 驾驶室后悬置横梁Cross member-cabin rear mounting 后钢板弹簧后支架横梁Cross beam -rear leaf spring 角撑横梁组件Cross beam-Tail gate parts后横梁Rear beam蓄电池托架Battery bracket钢板弹簧Leafspring1后桥壳体Rear axle housing 2放油螺塞垫圈Drain plug washer 3放油螺塞总
95、成Drain plug assy 4通气塞总成Breather assy 5加油螺塞Oil inlet plug 6加油螺塞垫圈Oil inlet plug washer 7六角头螺栓 Hex head bolt 8重型弹簧垫圈6Heavy spring washer 69挡油盘Oil slinger 10后轮毂内油封Rear wheel hub inside oil seal 11后轮毂内轴承Rear wheel hub inside bearing 12,13轮胎螺母Wheel nut14,15轮胎螺栓Wheel bolt16沉头螺钉Dormant screw 17制动鼓Brake dru
96、m 18后轮毂外油封Rear wheel hub outside oil seal 19锁止垫圈Locking washer 20轴承螺母Bearing nut 21后轮毂外轴承Rear wheel hub outside bearing 22轮胎螺栓内螺母Wheel bolt inside nut23后轮毂Rear wheel hub 24弹簧垫圈Spring washer 251型六角螺母半轴Hex nut- half axle 26锥垫半轴Cone washer-half axle 27双头螺柱半轴Stud-half axle 28半轴Half axle 悬挂系统悬挂系统(Suspens
97、ion System) 钢板弹簧(LeafSpring)扁平长方形的钢板呈弯曲形，以数片叠成的底盘用弹簧，一端以梢子安装在吊架上，另一端使用吊耳连接到大梁上，使弹簧能伸缩。目前适用于中大型的货卡车上。圈状弹簧(CoilSpring)：圈状弹簧为独立式悬吊装置使用最多之弹簧，以弹簧钢卷成螺旋状。扭杆弹簧(Torsion-BarSpring)：扭杆一端固定在车架上，另一端使用臂与车轮连接，车轮上下跳动时使扭杆扭转，以扭转弹力来吸收震动，构造简单占位置小，适合小型车使用，但材质要佳。平稳杆(StabilizerBar)：平稳杆属横向装置于车架与控制臂之间，其功用可减少悬吊系统的移动及车身摇摆，尤其汽
98、车转弯时，因离心力作用，会使车身发生倾斜，此杆抗衡扭力的作用足以减轻汽车偏外的程度。避震器(ShockAbsorber)避震器的需求是由于弹簧不能马上稳定下来，也就是说弹簧被压缩再放开以后，它会持续一段时间又伸又缩，所以避震器可以吸收车轮遇到凹凸路面所引起的震动，使乘坐舒适。前悬吊(FrontSuspension)前悬吊系统使前轮可以上下移动并吸收路面震动，但是也须使车轮能左右摆动，以便汽车转向。除大货卡车外，大多的车辆已普遍采用独立式悬吊装置，左右轮互相无关系，为独立动作。后悬吊(RearSuspension)一般车辆后悬吊系统会采用钢板弹簧，或螺旋弹簧，但现今的轿车为使乘坐舒适，亦采用独立
99、悬吊系，与前悬吊系相同，可以使四个轮子各自独立，为减少轮胎磨损及行驶稳定，需作后轮定位。自动水平控制装置(AutomaticLevelControl)自动水平控制系统为专门应付汽车后部荷重的改变，没有自动水平控制的汽车若在后部加重，汽车后部就会下沉，则会改变汽车的操纵特性，使头灯上扬。1后钢板弹簧衬套Rear leaf spring bush 2后板簧吊耳（带销）Rear leaf spring hanger 3弹簧垫圈Spring washer 41型六角螺母Hex nut 5后钢板弹簧总成Rear leaf spring assy 6后板簧盖板Rear leaf spring pressi
100、ng plate 7六角厚螺母Hex thick nut 8重型弹簧垫圈Heavy spring washer 9六角头螺栓Hex head bolt 101型六角螺母细牙Hex nut- fine thread 11弹簧垫圈Spring washer 12后缓冲块总成Rear damping block assy 13后簧骑马螺栓Rear leaf spring U bolt 钢圈与车胎钢圈与车胎(Wheel rim, Tyre/Tire) 轮胎面(TireTread)指轮胎面接触在地面的部份，为防止打滑及散热起见，在轮胎面设置有许多花纹。无内胎轮胎(TubelessTires)轮胎内未配装
101、内胎而此轮胎本身就有内胎构造，空气即充填在胎中，目前已普遍采用，取代有内胎的车轮。内胎(TireTube)轮胎尺寸(TireSize)轮胎尺寸印在胎壁上，表示方法有二种，即如34*7或7.50-20等表示之。前者为高压轮胎，后者为低压轮胎。另外也有许多记号，例如D用于轻型汽车，F用于中型汽车，G指标准型汽车，H、L、J是用于大型豪华及高性能汽车。如胎壁上加印个R，如175R13，表示轮胎是径轮胎，宽长175mm(6.9英吋)，装在轮圈直径13英吋(330mm)在车轮上，一般也会刻上RADIAL字。钢圈(WheelRim)大多数车辆所使用的钢圈为钢材压制及焊接而成，目前的钢圈为钢材压制及焊接而成
102、，目前的钢圈外环制造的很精确，以装配无内胎的轮胎。铝合金钢圈(Alumminum-Rim)质轻，加工容易，是一体铸成，不易变形，外观多变化，目前多采用，有省油，导热性良好，强度分布均匀，减少滚动噪音的优点。轮胎平衡(WheelBalance)是前轮定位中，对轮胎的检查项目之一，轮胎若不平衡，会造成车辆行驶时，左右偏摆震荡上下跳动，方向盘摆震的现象，驾驶乘座极不舒适，必须配挂重铅块于钢圈的两侧，使之平衡。车轮定位(WheelAlignment)汽车的前轮，为顾及操作容易及行驶上的安全，减少轮胎的磨损，于设计时则订定各项角度，即前束、内倾角、外倾角、后倾角，转向前展等五个项目，近年来车辆多采用四轮
103、独立悬吊，而后轮亦做有前束及外倾角，以增加行驶的稳定及舒适性，故有后轮定位。偏滑测试(SideSlipTester)以车子行驶1公里，车子偏向横侧之公尺数表非，即m/km，一般不得超过3-5m/km。车辆产生侧滑之原因为前束、外倾角，后倾角等调整不良之结果，所以监理站做车辆安全检查时，只需量偏滑值即可。转向系a.转向操纵机构转向操纵机构Steeringcontrolmechanism转向盘、转向轴、转向管柱（SteeringWheelColumn）等组成b.转向器转向器Steeringrack将转向盘的转动变为转向摇臂的摆动或齿条轴的直线往复运动，并对转向操纵力进行放大的机构。c.转向传动机构
104、转向传动机构Steeringlinkage将转向器输出的力和运动传给车轮(转向节)，并使左右车轮按一定关系进行偏转的机构。l.转向盘1.Steeringwheel2.安全转向轴2.Safetysteeringshaft3.转向节3.steeringknuckle4.转向轮4steeringspindle5.转向节臂5.steeringknucklearm6.转向横拉杆6.steeringtierod7.转向减振器7.steeringshockabsorber8.机械转向器8.mechanicalsteering机械转向装置（mechanicalsteering)Steering system1
105、.方向盘steering2.转向轴steeringshaft3.转向中间轴steeringcountershaft4.转向油管steeringoilpipe5.转向油泵steeringoilpump6.转向油罐steeringoilcan7.转向节臂steeringknucklearm8.转向横拉杆steeringtierod9.转向摇臂steeringrockerarm10.整体式转向器integralpowersteeringgear（PowerBooster）11.转向直拉杆steeringdragarm12.转向减振器steeringshockabsorber液压助力转向装置：兼用驾驶
106、员体力和发动机(或电机)的动力为转向能源的转向系统，它是在机械转向系统的基础上加设一套转向加力装置而形成的。液压助力转向装置（Hydraulicpowersteering)AutomobileChassisStructure制动系a.Brakingoperationdevice制动操纵机构：产生制动动作、控制制动效果并将制动能量传输到制动器的各个部件以及制动轮缸和制动管路。b.Brakegear制动器：产生阻碍车辆的运动或运动趋势的力(制动力)的部件。汽车上常用的制动器都是利用固定元件与旋转元件工作表面的摩擦而产生制动力矩，称为摩擦制动器。它有鼓式制动器和盘式制动器两种结构型式。Brake s
107、ystem:a.按制动系统的作用：可分为行车制动系统（servicebrakingsystem）、驻车制动系统（parkingbrakingsystem）、应急制动系统（secondary(emergency)brakingsystem）及辅助制动系统（auxiliarybrakingsystem）等。在行车制动系统失效的情况下，保证汽车仍能实现减速或停车的制动系统称为应急制动系统；在行车过程中，辅助行车制动系统降低车速或保持车速稳定，但不能将车辆紧急制停的制动系统称为辅助制动系统。上述各制动系统中，行车制动系统和驻车制动系统是每一辆汽车都必须具备的。b.按制动操纵能源：可分为人力制动系统（m
108、uscularenergybrakingsystem）、动力制动系统（non-muscularenergybrakingsystem）和伺服制动系统（servobrakingsystem）等。以驾驶员的肌体作为唯一制动能源的制动系统称为人力制动系统；完全靠由发动机的动力转化而成的气压或液压形式的势能进行制动的系统称为动力制动系统；兼用人力和发动机动力进行制动的制动系统称为伺服制动系统或助力制动系统。c.按制动能量的传输方式：制动系统可分为机械式(mechanicalbrakingsystem)、液压式(hydraulicbrakingsystem)、气压式(airbrakingsystem/p
109、neumaticbrake)、电磁式(electromagneticbrakingsystem)等。同时采用两种以上传能方式的制动系称为组合式制动系统(combinationbrakingsystem)。构造构造分分 类类 制动系制动系 Brake System主剎车系统(ServiceBrakeSystem)，行驶时常用之剎车都是脚操作，又称脚剎车(FootBrake).驾驶人踩下剎车踏板后即由机械或液压将剎车力传到车轮之制动装置使产生磨擦作用。驻车剎车系统(ParkingBrakeSystem)，又称手剎车，为汽车停驻时，防止车辆滑行之制动装置。一般有装在传动轴之中间制动式，及直接控制后轮
110、制动式两种。剎车总泵(MasterCylinder)及剎车分泵(WheelCylinder)油压剎车的主要配合部份，其上面有储蓄剎车油的槽池，下方是汽缸内配有活塞。活塞是在缸内受剎车踏板再经推杆起作用，将缸内的剎车油压传至各轮分缸，亦是油压剎车装置，配置在各车轮内的制动缸。动力剎车器(Power-Brake)以引擎真空及油压操纵Booster等作用补助剎车力量的剎车。刹车片(BrakeLining)剎车蹄片上的制动表面所张贴的摩擦材料，一般大型汽车是以铆钉固定，而小型车则用粘剂加压张贴之。剎车蹄片(BrakeShoes)受剎车凸轮或推杆的作用量被推向外展开压制剎车鼓，而起制动作用的配件，其形状
111、似如半月形。鼓式剎车(Drumbrakes)由剎车底板、剎车分泵、剎车蹄片等有关连杆、弹簧、梢钉、剎车鼓所组成。目前仅普通采用于后轮。碟式剎车(DiscBrakes)使用金属块(碟)而不用鼓轮，在剎车碟的两边都有一平坦的剎车蹄，当剎车总泵来的油压压送到分缸，使剎车蹄向剎车碟夹住，以达到剎紧的效果，目前已普遍用于前轮，有的高级车装置四轮碟式剎车，其优点是作用灵敏，散热良好，不必调整剎车间隙，保养容易。剎车油(BrakeFluid)液压剎车系统所使用的液体称为剎车油，它必须不起化学作用，不受高温的影响，对金属及橡胶不会产生腐蚀、软化、膨胀之影响，目前所采用的有DOT3、DOT4、DOT5。 CHA
112、SSIS （底盘） Brake Pedal 制动踏板 Clutch Pedal 离合器踏板 Master Vacuum 真空助力器 Bracket 支架 Spring 弹簧 Spacer 垫圈 Rubber Bush 橡胶衬套 Shift Lever 换档杆 Stop Lamp Switch 制动灯开关 Cable 拉线 Weight-Balance 平衡块 Steering Wheel 方向盘 Differential Gear 差速器齿轮 Pulley 皮带 Wrench-Wheel Nut 车轮螺母扳手 Screw Driver 起子 Push Button 按钮 Lithium Gre
113、ase 锂润滑脂 Cam Shaft 凸轮轴 Clearance 间隙 Indicator 指示器 Stroke 行程 Rating Voltage 额定电压 Salt Spray Test 盐雾试验 Check Valve 单向阀 Label 标签 Fuel Gauge 油量计 Self Lock Nut 自锁螺母 Module 模块 Clamp 卡箍 Spanner 扳手 Retainer 座圈Taper Roller Bearing 圆锥滚子轴承Torque Converter 扭力变矩器 Grommet 衬垫 Return Spring 回位弹簧 Collar 套管Manual Tra
114、nsmission 手动变速器Gear Box 齿轮箱Thrust Washer 止推垫圈One Way Clutch 单向离合器 Coil Spring 螺旋弹簧Oil Temperature Sensor 油温传感器Oil Level Gauge 油标尺Spring Washer 弹簧垫圈Steering Column 转向管柱Snap Ring 止动环 Linkage 连杆Ball Bearing 球轴承Thrust Bearing 止推轴承Needle Bearing 滚针轴承 Torsion Spring 扭力弹簧 Rivet 铆钉 Oil Seal 油封 Rotor 转子 Vane
115、 叶片 Relief Valve 安全阀 Return Hose 回油软管Output Shaft 输出轴 Planet Carrier 行星齿轮架Suction Hose 进油管 Solenoid Valve 电磁阀 Impeller Blade 叶轮片 Speedometer Gear 里程表齿轮Surface Treatment 表面处理 Pinion 小齿轮 Double Cone Gear 双面锥齿轮 vocabularyAutomobileElectricalSystem汽车电器系统Electricityisusedformanypartsofthecar,fromtheheadl
116、ightstotheradio,butitschieffunctionistoprovidetheelectricalsparkneededtoignitethefuelinthecylinders.Thisisperformedbyanelectricalsystemcomprisesabattery,startermotor,alternator,distributor,ignitioncoil,andignitionswitch.Asdiscussedabove,thestartermotorisnecessaryforgeneratingthepowertocarrytheengine
117、throughitsinitialmovements.Initialvoltageissuppliedbythebattery,whichiskeptchargedbythealternator.Thealternatorcreateselectricalcurrentfromthemovementoftheengine,muchaswindmillsandwatermillsgeneratecurrentfromthemovementofairorwater.Turningthekeyintheignitionswitchdrawscurrentfromthebattery.Thiscurr
118、ent,however,isnotstrongenoughtoprovidesparktothesparkplugssoitisdrawnthroughtheignitioncoil,whichiscomprisedofthetightprimarywindingandtheloosersecondarywinding.Theintroductionofcurrentbetweenthesewindingscreatesapowerfulmagneticfield.Interruptingthecurrentflow,whichhappensmanytimesasecond,causesthe
119、magneticfieldtocollapse.Thecollapsingofthemagneticfieldproducesapowerfulelectricalsurge.Inthisway,the12-voltcurrentfromthebatteryisconvertedtothe20,000voltsneededassparktoignitethegasoline.Becausetherearetwoormorecylinders,andthereforeasmanysparkplugs,thispowerfulcurrentmustbedistributedbythedistrib
120、utortoeachsparkpluginacarefullycontrolledsequence.Thissequencemustbetimedsothatthecylindersandthepistonspoweringthecrankshaftworksmoothlytogether.Forthisreason,mostautomobilesmanufacturedtodayutilizeanelectronicignition,inwhichacomputerpreciselycontrolsthetiminganddistributionofcurrenttothesparkplug
121、s.Readingmaterial汽车电系汽车电系(Automotive Electric System)起动马达(StartingMotor)：利用齿轮传动来摇动引擎或起动引擎的电动马达。电磁开关(SolenoidSwitch)：借着电磁线圈蕊的移动而使开关合的一种小开关装置。其蕊也会导致机械作用，如将传动小齿轮与飞轮的齿轮啮合，以激活引擎。卤素头灯(HalogenHeadlamp)：一种灯泡内充满卤素的聚光大灯，其光度较一般头灯为亮。汽油表(FuelLevelIndicator)机油压力表(OilPressureGauge)：通称为机油表，指示引擎内部机油压力的大小。至于油底壳中的机油量，
122、需要引擎旁的机油尺测量。现今多数汽车以警告灯代替机油压力表。压缩机(Compressor)：空调系统的机件，可探冷却剂蒸气压缩以增加其压力及温度。冷凝器(Condenser)：空调系统的机件，能将管子中的热量，以很快的方式，传到管子附近的空气，大部分的汽车置于水箱前方。储液器和干燥器(Dehydrator)：安装在冷凝器和挥发器之间，*近冷凝器，用来储存液体冷媒，并且将冷媒里的水份吸掉。冷媒(Refrigerant)：在空调系统中，透过蒸发与凝结，使热转移的一种物质。俗称氟里翁(Freon)。冷冻油(RefrigerantOil)：润滑空调系统里的活动机件，实施空调工作时，必须重新充填。交流发
123、电机(Alternator)：汽车电系中，一种可将机械能改变成为电能的装置。由此可充电至电瓶，并可供应各电器的电力。调整器(Regulator)：在充电系统中，能控制交流发电机电压的轮出，以防电压过高的装置。电瓶水(BatteryAcid)：电瓶内所用的电解液：是硫酸和水的混合物。电瓶电压(BatteryVoltage)：由电瓶极板数量决定，每一片极板为2.1伏特，一般12伏特电瓶则有六片极板。发火线圈(Coil)：在汽车点火系统中，它可将电瓶的电压(12v)转变成为火星塞点火燃烧时所需的高电压。分电盘(Distributor)点火系统高低压电的转接站，可将通往发火线圈的电路接通或切断，而后将
124、产生的高电压配送到各缸火星塞。点火开关(IgnitionSwitch)：点火系开关(通常用钥匙)，可自由开启或关闭点火线圈的主要电路，也适用于其它电系电路。火星塞(SparkPlug)：为两电极及一绝缘体组合而成，可提供引擎汽缸火花点火间隙的一种零件。分火头(Rotor)：分电盘里的零件，跟着分电盘轴一起轴动，利用一金属薄片，将高压电送至火星塞。Accel Sensor 加速传感器Alternator 发电机Antenna 天线Audio 音响Battery 蓄电池 Buzzer 蜂鸣器Capacity 容量Charge 充电Connector 接插件ACCS（Auto Cruise Cont
125、rol System自动巡航控制系统Current 电流Electrolyte 电解液 Feeder 馈线 Flasher 闪光器Fuse 保险丝Ground 接地H-Beam 远光Humidity 湿度Ignition Coil 点火线圈 Ignition Timing 点火正时Injection 喷射 Negative 负极 Nozzle 喷嘴 Oil Pressure Switch 油压开关 Positive 正极 Power 电源 Radio 收放机 Relay 继电器 Reserve Capacity 储备容量 Spark Plug 火花塞 Speaker 扬声器 Speedomet
126、er 速度表 Tachometer 转速表 Washer 洗涤器 Wiper 雨刮器 Sensor-Oxygen 氧传感器 Sensor-Knock 爆震传感器 Accelration Sensor 加速传感器 Oil Pressure Switch 油压开关 Hall Sensor 霍耳传感器 Knock Sensor 爆震传感器 Oxygen Sensor 氧传感器 Ground Cable 接地线 High Tension Cable 高压线 Regulator Assembly 调节器总成 Stator Assembly 定子总成 Rotor Assembly 转子总成 Vehicle
127、 Speed Sensor 车速传感器 Idle Speed Control 怠速控制 Armature Assy 电枢总成 Burglar Alarm Horn（蜂鸣喇叭 VocabularyTurn Signal Lamp 转向信号灯Side Repeater Lamp 侧标志灯Lamp-License Plate 牌照灯Working Circuit 工作电路Automatic System 自动系统Air Intake Temperature 进气温度Rr Comb Lamp 后组合灯Head Lamp 前大灯Lamp Assy-Room 室内灯总成 Switch-Multifunct
128、ion 组合开关Body-Multifunction switch组合开关壳体SW ASSY-Rr Defogger 后除霜开关总成SW ASSY-Hazard Lhd 应急灯开关总成Flashing Lamp 闪光灯Fog Lamp 雾灯Fusible Links 熔断器Heated Automatic Unit 暖风自控装置Vehicle Anti-Theft System 汽车防盗系统High/Low Beam 远/近光Dimmer Switch 变光开关BWS（Back Warning System倒车雷达PDC(Parking Distance Control)倒车雷达Ignitio
129、n Control Circuit点火控制电路 Heater 暖风系统 Blower Unit 鼓风机装置 Vacuum Tank 真空罐 Motor Assy-Blower 鼓风机电机 Case-Air Inlet Duct 进风盒 Lever-Air Inlet Door进风门控制杆 Link-Air Inlet Door 进风门连杆 Case Assy-Blower 鼓风机本体 Wheel Blower 鼓风机叶轮 Lever -Heater Contro 暖风控制杆 Hose Assy-Water Inle进水管 Pad Water Hose 进水管护套 Hose-Water Outl
130、et 出水管总成 Clip-Hose 管卡 Grommet-Heater Pipe 暖风管护圈 Bolt-Washer Assy 带垫螺栓 Evaporator Unit 蒸发器 Condenser Assy 冷凝器总成 Drain Hose 排水管 Compressor Assy 压缩机总成 Pulley Assy-Tension 张紧轮总成 Cover-Dust 防尘盖 Tension Pulley 张紧轮 Wiring Harness-Main 主线束 AutomobileBody汽车车身Thebodyofacarisusuallycomposedofsteeloraluminum,al
131、thoughfiberglassandplasticarealsoused.Thebodyisactuallyapartofthechassis,thewholeformedbyweldingstampedcomponentsintoasingleunit.Whilethebodyformsthepassengercompartment,offersstoragespace,andhousestheautomobilessystems,ithasotherimportantfunctionsaswell.Passengersafetyisachievedbyprovidingstructura
132、lsupportstrongenoughtowithstandtheforceofanaccident.Otherpartsofthecar,suchasthefrontandhood,aredesignedtocrumpleinacrash,therebyabsorbingmuchoftheimpact.Afirewallbetweentheengineandtheinteriorofthecarprotectsthepassengersincaseofanenginefire.Lastly,thebodysshapecontributestoreducingthelevelofwindre
133、sistanceasthecarmoves,allowingthedriverbetterhandlingandimprovingfuelefficiency.ReadingMaterialNut-Weld 焊接螺母 Plate-Nut 螺母板 Bolt-Weld 焊接螺栓 Pin-Weld 焊接销Bolt-Stud 焊接螺柱Bracket 支架 Reinforcement 加强板Plate-Junction 连接板Gusset 角板Crossmember 横梁Hinge 铰链Hook 吊钩，拖钩Sash 窗框Panel Shroud 前框架Apron Wheel ，Front Housing
134、 前轮罩Frame Front 前纵梁Frame Front Inner 前纵梁内板 Frame Front Outter 前纵梁外板 Reinf.-Bumper 前保险杠加强板 Frame Front Lower 中纵梁Reinf Front Frame Lwr 中纵梁加强梁Panel-Dash,Lwr 前围板Reinf.-Dash Lwr 前围加强板Sheet-Danp.Dash 前围隔热垫Member-Dash Lwr. 前围下横梁Hook Silencer 排气管吊钩Fender Front 前翼子板Bonnet 发动机罩Bonnet Complete 发动机罩装置Bonnet Ass
135、y 发动机罩总成Striker Bonnet 发动机罩锁扣Panel Front Floor 前地板Reinf Tunnel 前地板加强板Panel-Center Floor 中地板Pan-Rear Floor 后地板Ring Jack Mouting 千斤顶搭扣Braket-Flap 挡泥板支架 Frame Assy-Rear 后车架总成 Frame-Rear 后纵梁Sill-Side 下边梁 Panel-Rear End 后围板Frame Side 侧围Frame-Side Out 侧围外板Panel Quatr 后侧围内板 Front Pillar 前柱Pillar-Front Inne
136、r 前柱内板 Pillar-Center 中柱VocabularyPillar-Ctr Inner 中柱内板 Roof Rail 上边梁 Rail-Roof,Inner 上边梁内板 Panel-Whl House 后轮罩Cover-Hinge 铰链盖 Panel-Roof 顶盖 Box-Filler 加油口外支座 Door Assy-Front 前门总成 Panel-Front Door Out 前门外板 Panel-Front Door In 前门内板 Sash-Front Door 前门窗框 Bar Impact-No. 1 侧门防撞杆 Door Assy-Rear 后门总成 Panel-
137、Rear Door Out 后门外板 Panel-Rear Door In 后门内板 Sash-Rear Door 后门窗框 Door Assy-Back 背门总成Panel-Back Door Out 背门外板 Panel-Back Door,In 背门内板 Door Hinge 门铰链 Reinf.-Hinge 铰链加强板 Hinge Male 铰链凸座 Hinge Female 铰链凹座 Steel Panel 钢板 Steel Strip 钢条 Steel Wire 钢丝 Cold Rolled 冷轧 Hot Rolled 热轧 High Tension 高强度 Low Carbon
138、Steel 低碳钢 High Carbon Steel 高碳钢 Interior Part 内饰件Exterior Part 外饰件Hood System 机盖系统Gas Lifter-Hood 机盖撑杆Weather Strip-Bonnet 机盖密封条Rubber-Cushion 橡胶衬垫Wire-Bonnet 机盖拉线Return Spring 回位弹簧Rod-Key Cylinder 锁芯拉杆Door Latch 门锁Grommet 螺钉座Out Handle 外拉手In Handle 内拉手Striker 锁扣Handle Cover 外拉手罩Knob-Handle 拉手按钮Cont
139、roller Remote 遥控控制器Ignition Lock 点火锁Remote Key 遥控钥匙Key Ring 钥匙环 Actuator 闭锁器Retainer 固定器Washer 垫片Sunroof 天窗 Hose-Drain 出水管Joint Hose Drain 连接管Tail Gate System 背门系统Trim-Tail Gate 背门装饰Escutcheon 孔罩Fasterner 扣钉Stud-Ball 球头Stay Damper 撑杆Wedge-Back Door 背门楔块 Plug-Drain 漏水孔堵 Tape-Protector 保护贴 Screen-Fron
140、t Door 前门护膜 Door Glass 门玻璃 Grip-Door Glass 门夹子 Guide-Glass 玻璃导轨 Channel-Glass Run 玻璃导槽 Window Regulator 升降器 Motor-Door Regulator升降器电机 Roller 滚子 Nameplate 汽车铭牌 Pole 挡杆 Emblem 标识 Spacer 减震块 Grille-Radiator 散热器面罩 Ornament-Forland 时代标识 Slid Door 推拉门 Projection Weld 预焊 Weatherability 耐候性 Vibration Resist
141、ance耐振性 Chemical Resistance 耐化学性 Ignition Control Circuit点火控制电路 Humidity 湿度 Exposure Test 暴露试验 Label-Tirepressure 轮胎气压标贴 Cold Rolled Steel 冷轧钢 Spoiler Air 挠流板 Chart-Lubrication 润滑油表 Key Set 钥匙装置 Switch-Door Warning 门警报开关 Vin Plate VIN标牌 Revet-Blind 铆钉 Breakaway Load 破坏载荷 Operation Angle 开启角度 Air Duc
142、t 空气导管 Armrest 扶手 Ashtray 烟灰缸 Assist Handle 辅助拉手 Accessory 附件 Boot 防尘罩 Buckle 插锁 Bumper Fascia 保险杠面罩 Center Panel 中控台 Cigar Light 点烟器 Cluster Fascia 仪表壳 Distributor 分电器 Turbine 涡轮 Console 通道装饰罩 Dashboard 仪表台 Cup Holder 杯架 Door Scuff 门槛 Door Trim 门饰板 Floor Carpet 地毯 Foam 泡沫 Impact Resistance 耐冲击性 Fro
143、nt Bumper 前保险杠Front Seat Heater 座椅加热器Garment Hook 衣钩Glove Box 储物盒Headlining 顶棚Lumber Supportor 腰托Mud Guard 挡泥板Pillar 立柱Pocket Cover 地图袋Roof Rack 行李架Rear Hatch Door 后背门 Rear View Mirror 后视镜 Seat 座椅 Fabric 织布 Genuine Leather 真皮 Seat Back 座椅靠背 Recliner Knob 靠背调角器 ELR（Emergancy Lock Ret紧急锁止式安全带 WLR（Webb
144、ing Lock Retra预张紧式安全带 Shroud 组合开关 Socket 插座 Speaker Grille 扬声器面罩 Splashboard 挡泥板 Sunvisor 遮阳板 Suspension 悬架 Tilter 坐垫倾斜调节 Trunk 行李箱 Wheel Guard 护轮罩 Windshield 风窗玻璃 ABS（Anti-Brake System)制动防抱死系统 EBD（Electric Brake Distributor)电子制动力分配系统 4WD（4 Wheel Driving ）4轮驱动 4WS（4 Wheel Steering）4轮转向 TCS（Traction
145、Control S牵引控制系统 VSC（Vehicle Stability 汽车稳定性控制系统 Key-Less Device 遥控系统I.AutomobileParts1AutomobileTypes2AutomobileStructure3AutomobileEngine4AutomobileChassis5AutomobileElectricalSystem6AutomobileBodyII.AutomobilePerformance7Parameter8ComfortandConvenientEquipment9VehicleMaintainanceAutomobileParamete
146、rsCurb Weight 整备质量 GVW（Gross Vehicle Weight)满载质量 Engine Capacity 发动机排量 Rated Max Power 额定最大功率 Bore 缸径 Cylinder Number 汽缸数 Compression Ratio 压缩比 Transmission Type 变速箱形式 A/T （Auto Transmission） 自动变速箱 M/T （Manual Transmission 手动变速箱 Accelerating Time （0-100M加速时间 Max Speed 最大速度 Max Torque 最大扭矩 Fuel Consu
147、mption 油耗 Approach Angle 接近角 Departure Angle 离去角 Min Groud Clearance 最小离地间隙 Min Turning Radius 最小转弯半径 Overall Height 总高 Overall Length 总长 Overall Width 总宽 Front Tread 前轮距 Rear Tread 后轮距 Wheelbase 轴距 Fuel Tank Capacity 油箱容量 Trunk Capacity 后备箱容积 Automobile Parameter Vocabulary:ComfortandConvenientEqui
148、pment简称全称中文所属功能ABSAnti-lockBrakingSystem防报死制动系统制动BrakeEBDElectronicBrakeforceDistribution电子制动力分配装置BASBrakeAssistSystem制动辅助系统EBAElectronicBrakeAssist电子控制制动辅助PTSParkTronicSystem制动侦测系统ESPElectronicStabilityProgram电子稳定程式稳定StabilityTCSTractionControlSystem循迹控制系统ASPSAnti-SubmariningProtectionSystem防潜滑保护系统
149、ASRAccelerationSkidcontrolsystem加速防滑控制系统ETSElectronicTractionSupport电子循迹支援系统DSTCDynamicStabilityTracingControl动态稳定循迹控制DSADynamicStabilityAssistantsystem动态稳定辅助系统DSCDynamicStabilityControl动态稳定控制系统EDSElectronicDifferentialSystem电子差速锁差速锁Differential systemABDAutomaticBreakDifferential自动制动差速器DLSDifferent
150、ialLockSystem差速器锁定系统LSDLimitedSlipDifferential限滑差速器简称全称中文意思所属功能ABCActiveBodyControl主动车身控制系统悬挂SuspensionALSAutomaticLevelingSystem自动车身水平系统CATSContinuityAdjustableTracingSystem主动悬吊系统DSSDriverSelectSystem半主动悬吊系ADSAdaptiveDampingSystem可调避震系统SDSBSideDoorSteelBar车门防撞钢梁车身BodySIPSSideImpactProtectSystem侧面撞击
151、保护系统ASSAdaptiveSeatSystem全功能座椅系统操纵附件OperationAccessoriesESCEnergy-absorbingSteeringColumn能量吸收式方向机柱SSSSpeed-SensitiveSteering速度感应式转向系统DATCDigitalAnti-ThiefControl数字防盗控制系统ASLAutomaticShiftLock排档锁定装置PDCParkingDistanceControl停车距离控制系统VVT-iVariableValveTimingIntake智能可变配气正时发动机EngineVTECVariableValveTiminga
152、ndLiftElectronicControlSystem可变气门正时及升程电子控制系统VDEVariabledisplacementengine可变排量发动机DOHCDoubleOverheadCamshaft双顶置凸轮轴TTurbo涡轮增压OBDOn-BoardDiagnostics车载诊断系统排放DisplacementVehicleMaintainanceReadingMaterialQuick Tips on Automobile Maintenance:Keepingyourvehicleintopoperatingconditionwillsaveyoufuelandmoney,
153、reduceyourlong-termmaintenancecostsandminimizeharmfulexhaustemissions.Awell-maintainedvehicleisalsomorereliableandcouldbeworthmorewhenyouwanttosellit.Readtheownersmanualcarefullytobecomefamiliarwithyourvehiclesmaintenancescheduleandrequirements.Maintenanceregimesvarywidelyfromonevehicletoanotherthem
154、anufacturerofyourvehicleknowsbest.Itsusuallybesttoleavetheservicingofyourvehicleinthehandsoftrainedautomotiveprofessionals.Theyhavetheknowledgeandtoolstodiagnoseandcorrectproblemsandtoputyouontheroadtosafe,fuel-efficientdriving.Whenpurchasingmotoroil,lookforabrandthatisratedasbeingEnergyConserving.U
155、singthelowestmultigradeofoilrecommendedinyourownersmanualcanimprovethefuelefficiencyoftheengine,particularlywhenstartingitcold.Virtuallyallofyourvehiclesmechanicalsystemscanaffectfuelefficiencyifnotproperlymaintained.Followthemanufacturersrecommendationsforcheckingtheengine,coolingandignitionsystem,
156、brakes,drivetrainandemission-controlsystem.Operatingavehiclewithjustonetireunder-inflatedby8psi(56kPa)canreducethelifeofthetireby15000kilometresandincreasethevehiclesfuelconsumptionby4percent.Forimprovedfuelefficiencyandenhancedsafety,giveyourtirestheattentiontheyneed.Yourtiresneedspecialattentiondu
157、ringwinter.Coldtemperaturesdecreasetheairpressureintires,whichaddstotherollingresistancecausedbysnowandslush.Measuretirepressureregularly,especiallyafterasharpdropintemperature.Headoffproblemsthatcancostyoufuelandmoneybyperformingamonthlycheck.Apoorlymaintainedvehiclecanboostfuelconsumptionbyupto15p
158、ercentandgreenhousegasemissionsbyevenmore.Almostallgasolinevehiclesontheroadtodayarefuel-injected.Arecentstudyshowedthatreplacingacloggedairfilteronavehiclewithafuel-injectedgasolineenginedoesnotimprovefueleconomy.Howeverthestudyalsoshowedthatacloggedairfiltermayreduceaccelerationperformance.Under-i
159、nflatedtiresareestimatedtocostCanadianlight-dutyvehicleownersalmost643millionlitresoffuelannually.At$0.79perlitreforregularunleadedgasoline,thatamountstomorethan$500millionayearinwastedfuel.Neglectingtoreplaceworn-outoilresultsinpoorengineperformance,higherfuelconsumptionandpossiblysevereenginedamag
160、e.Awell-maintainedvehicleismorereliableandcouldbeworthmorewhenyouwanttosellit.Perform a monthly checkMostmaintenanceshouldbelefttotheprofessionals.However,onceamonthyoushouldperformthefollowingcheckstohelpidentifyandheadoffproblemsthatcancostyoufuelandmoneydowntheroad:Measuretirepressureandlookforsi
161、gnsofunevenwearorembeddedobjectsthatcancauseairleaks.Inwinter,measuretirepressurewheneverthereisasharpchangeintemperature.Checkaroundthecarandundertheengineforfluidleaks.Youcanoftenidentifythetypeoffluidthatisleakingbyitscolour.Oilisblack,coolantisabrightgreenishyellow,automatictransmissionfluidispi
162、nk,andpowersteeringandbrakefluidsareclear,withaslightbrowntinge.Allofthesefluidsareoilytothetouch.Checkfluidlevels,includingengineoil,enginecoolantlevel,transmissionfluidandpowersteeringfluid,accordingtotheinstructionsintheownersmanual.Checkunderthehoodforcrackedorsplitsparkplugwires,crackedradiator
163、hosesorlooseclampsandcorrosionaroundthebatteryterminals.Checkforproblemswiththebrakes.Onastraight,flatandtraffic-freestretchofroad,restyourhandslightlyonthesteeringwheelandapplythebrakesgradually.Ifthevehicleswervestooneside,oneofthebrakeliningsmaybewornmorethantheother,orthebrakesmayneedadjustment.
164、Useasimilartesttocheckforproblemswithwheelalignment.Onastraight,flatandtraffic-freestretchofroad,restyourhandslightlyonthesteeringwheelanddriveatanevenspeed.Ifthevehiclepullstooneside,thewheelsmaybemisaligned.Maintenance guide: Cooling systemsTheroleofthecoolingsystemistokeeptheengineatitsoptimalope
165、ratingtemperature.Outsidethisrange,fuelconsumptionincreases,asdoemissionsandenginewear.Thecoolingsystemwillperformproperlyonlyifitreceivesregularmaintenance.Thisincludesmonitoringthecoolantlevelintheoverflowtank,regularlyinspectinghosesforcracksorlooseclamps,andadjustingbelts,whereapplicable(mostnew
166、vehicleshaveself-tensioningbelts).Coolantdegradesovertime,anditsimportanttochangeitasspecifiedbythemanufacturer.Antifreezeconcentrationshouldalsobetestedeveryfallsothattheenginewillbeadequatelyprotectedforthewinter.Maintenance guide: Tires and wheel alignmentYoumightfindresistanceinyourtiresifyoudon
167、tmaintainthem.Rollingresistanceresultsinprematuretreadwearwhenyourtiresareunder-inflated,increasingfuelconsumption.Measuretirepressure(whentiresarecold)atleastonceamonthandondayswhenthetemperaturehasdroppedsignificantly.Alsocheckyourtiresforunevenwear,whichcouldbeasignofover-inflation,under-inflatio
168、norimproperwheelalignment.Regulartireinspectionsarethereforecrucialtoimprovingyourvehiclesfueleconomyandreducingemissions.Thisinspectionshouldincludethefollowing:Measuretirepressureatleastonceamonthwhenthetiresarecold.Thevehiclemanufacturersrecommendedpressureforthefrontandreartiresisspecifiedonapla
169、teorstickerattachedtotheedgeofthedriversdoor,thedoorpost,theglovecompartmentorthefueltankdoor(thepressuremarkedonthetireitselfisthemaximumpressureandisnotlikelytobethesameasthemanufacturersrecommendedpressure).Ifyoucantfindtheplate,checktheownersmanualorconsultyourdealer.Anddontforgettomeasurethepre
170、ssureofthesparetireyouneverknowwhenyoumightneedit.Checkforunevenwear,whichcanbeanindicationofchronicunder-inflationorover-inflation,improperwheelalignmentortirebalancing,oraproblemwiththesuspensionsystem.Checkforimbeddedstones,glassorotherforeignobjectsthatcouldworkintothetreadandcausealeak.Maintena
171、nce guide: BrakesWhilekeepingyourcargoingisimportant,soisgettingyourcartostop.Brakesthataresquealing,grinding,pullingthevehicletoonesideoraresoftcouldbedragging,meaningthebrakepadorshoeisnotreleasingfromthediscordrum.Ifyouwaittoolongtohaveyourbrakesserviced,thepadsandshoescanweartothepointwheretheyd
172、amageothercomponentsandincreaseyourrepaircostsnottomentionthatyourengineisworkinghardertoovercometheresistance.Draggingbrakes(whenthebrakepadorshoefailstoreleasefromthediscordrum)cansignificantlyincreasefuelconsumptionbecausethevehiclemustworkhardertoovercometheresistance.Thisalsoreducesbrakelifeand
173、effectiveness,makingthevehiclehardertodrive.Itisimportanttohaveyourbrakesinspectedandthebrakefluidcheckedandchangedattheintervalspecifiedintheownersmanual.Ifyouwaittoolongtohaveyourbrakesserviced,thepadsandshoescanweartothepointwheretheydamageothercomponentsandincreaseyourrepaircosts.Warningsignstha
174、tyourbrakesneedservicingincludesquealingandgrindingnoises,brakefade(lossofbrakingeffectivenessbecauseofexcessheatinthebrakes),pullingofthevehicletooneside,orasoftorpulsatingbrakepedal.Wheel alignment and balancingWheelalignmentshouldbecheckedonceayear.Misalignedtireswilldraginsteadofrollingfreely.Th
175、iswillincreasefuelconsumption,reducetirelifeandcauseproblemswiththevehicleshandlingandride.Wheelsshouldalsobebalanced.Iftheyareoutofbalance,thedriverwillfeelapoundingorshakingthroughthesteeringwheel.Thispoundingwillshortenthelifeofothersuspensioncomponentsandwillproduceuneventirewear,whichwillincrea
176、sefuelconsumption.Tiresthatarenotbalancedexhibitcupping,awearpatternthatlookslikeaseriesofbaldspots.Maintenance guide: Ignition systemsRegularmaintenanceofyourvehiclesignitionsystemiscriticalinmaximizingfuelefficiency.Thesparkplugsinagasolineengineignitetheair-fuelmixture.Ifoneormoreoftheplugsisworn
177、ormalfunctioning,theenginewillmisfire,andsomefuelwillremainunburned.Wornordamagedsparkplugwirescanalsocausemisfiring.Amisfiringenginewastesfuel,produceshigherlevelsofemissionsandgenerallyperformspoorly.Signsofmisfiringcanbesubtle,whichiswhyitisimportanttofollowthemanufacturersrecommendationsonengine
178、checksandsparkplugandignitionwirereplacement.Regularsparkplugstypicallylast48000kilometres,whileplatinumplugscanlast160000kilometres.Somemanufacturersrecommendchangingsparkplugwiresat96000kilometres;otherssuggesttheybereplacedonlyasrequired.Vehicleswithdistributorsrequireadditionalignitionsystemmain
179、tenance.Thisisanothergoodreasontohaveyourenginetunedupregularly.Maintenance guide: Other mechanical systemsYourvehiclesairsystemsneedtobeinspectedaccordingtothetimetableinyourownersmanual.Airfortheenginepassesthroughtheairfilter,whichremovesdustanddirtthatcoulddamagetheengine.Adirtyairfiltermayreduc
180、eaccelerationperformance.Replacetheairfilteraccordingtotherecommendationsofyourownersmanual.Fuelalsopassesthroughafilteronthewayfromthetanktotheengine.Consultyourownersmanualforhowoftenyourfuelsystemshouldbeinspected,includingthefuellines,tankandcap.Aleakingfuelsystemisdangerous,increasesfuelconsump
181、tionandgivesoffevaporativeemissionswhenthefuelisreleasedintotheatmosphere.Althoughmostmaintenanceshouldbelefttotheprofessionals,youcanperformamonthlychecktohelpidentifyandheadoffproblemsthatcancostyoufuelandmoneydowntheroad.Vocabulary:汽车维护Vehiclemaintenance汽车修理Vehiclerepair汽车维修制度Systemofvehiclemaint
182、enanceandrepair汽车维修性Maintainabilityofvehicle汽车技术状况TechnicalConditionofVehicle汽车完好技术状况Goodconditionofvehicle汽车不良状况Badconditionofvehicle汽车工作能力Workingabilityofvehicle汽车技术状况参数Parametersfortechnicalconditionofvehicle汽车极限技术状况Limitingconditionofvehicle汽车技术状况变化规律Regularityforchangeoftechnicalconditionofvehi
183、cle运行缺陷Operationaldefect制造缺陷Manufacturingdefect设计缺陷Designdefect事故性缺陷Accidentaldefect汽车耗损Vehiclewear-out汽车零件磨损Wearofvehiclepart磨损过程Wearprocess正常磨损Normalwear极限磨损Limitingwear允许磨损Permissiblewear磨损率Wearrate机械磨损Mechanicalwear化学损耗Chemicalwear热磨损Thermicwear疲劳磨损Fatiguewear腐蚀性磨损Corrosionwear故障磨损Failurewear故障M
184、alfunctioning断裂Breakdown损坏Damage更换（零件）Replacing擦伤Scratching刮伤Scoring点蚀Pitting粘附Adhesion咬粘Seizure烧伤Burning穴蚀Cavitation老化Aging疲劳Fatigue变形Deformation缺陷Defect汽车故障Vehiclefailure完全故障Completefailure局部故障Partialfailure致命故障Criticalfailure严重故障Majorfailure一般故障Minorfailure汽车故障现象Symptomofvehiclefailure抢气Mixturero
185、bbery呛油Fuelfouling盘车Turning飞车Runway工作粗暴Roughrunning早燃Preignition回火Backfire自燃现象Dieseling(afterrun)爆震（爆燃）Detonation火花（点火）爆燃Sparkknock燃料爆燃Fuelknock(gasknock)不发火（不点火）Misfiring调速不匀Hunting过度停顿Flatspot调速器工作不匀Governorhunting回流Backflow窜气Blow-by稀释Dilution滤清器阻塞Cloggedfilter润滑超量Overlubrication（气缸）上油Oilpumping（柴
186、油喷射系）渗漏滴油Afterdripping（燃料系）气阻Vaporlock结胶Gumdeposit敲缸Knock拉缸Cylinderscore咬缸Cylindersticking轴颈擦伤Journalscore刮伤Scuff拉瓦Bearingscore（化油器）汽湿现象Percolation化油器结冰Carburetoricing活塞敲缸Pistonknock(pistonslap)活塞裙部挤扁Collapseofpistonskirt气门挺杆发响Tappetnoise(valveknock)气门弹簧颤动Valvespringsurge（蓄电池）硫化Sulphation（蓄电池）过度放电Ov
187、erdischarge（火花塞）铅沉积Leadfouling（火花塞）积碳Carbonfouling真空提前失效Defectivevacuumadvance高压线跳火错乱Secondarywirecrossfiring转向反冲Steeringkickback离合器炸裂Clutchexplosion制动踏板发软Spongybrakepedal制动踏板费力Hardpedal制动器发响Noisybrake制动踏板过低Lowbrakepedal制动盘摆动Discrunout制动失效Brakefade减振器失效Defectiveshockabsorber轮胎烧耗Burnrubber轮胎急速磨耗Peelr
188、ubber漂滑效应Hydro-planning(aqua-planning)（由于紧急制动）紧急滑行Impendingskid充气不足Under-inflation异响Abnormalknocking泄漏Leakage过热Overheat失控Outofcontrol乏力Lackofpower污染超限Illegalexhaustandnoise费油Excessiveconsumptionoffuelandoil振抖Fluttering故障率Failurerate平均故障率的观察值Observedmeanfailurerate故障树型分析法Faulttreeanalysis汽车维护类别Classo
189、fvehiclemaintenance定期维护Periodicmaintenance季节性维护Seasonalmaintenance技术保养Technicalservice清洗Washing技术检查Check-up保养周期Servicecycle保养里程Mileagebetweenservices每日保养Dailyservice防护Preserving冬季保养Wintercheck-up夏季保养Summercheck-up走合维护Running-inmaintenance汽车修理类别Classofvehiclerepair汽车大修Majorrepairofvehicle汽车中修Mediumre
190、pairofvehicle汽车小修Currentrepairofvehicle总成修理Unitrepair零件修理Partsrepair计划修理Scheduledrepair定期修理Regulatingrepair视情修理Repairontechnicalcondition非计划修理Unscheduledrepair修复Reconditioning修理里程Mileagebetweenrepair拆开Separating拆下Withdrawing拆卸Disassembling校正Aligning装配Fitting重新装配Reassembling调整Adjusting单独修理Individualr
191、epair汽车报废Motorvehicleliquidation报废Scrapping汽车维护工艺TechnologyofVehicleMaintenance汽车维护作业Operationofvehiclemaintenance汽车维护工艺过程Technologicalprocessofvehiclemaintenance汽车修理工艺Technologyofvehiclerepair汽车修理工艺过程Technologicalprocessofvehiclerepair技术检验Technicalchecking检视Inspection零件检验分类Inspectionandclassificati
192、onofparts走合，磨合Running-in冷磨合Coldrunning-in热磨合Hotrunning-in修理尺寸Repairsize走（磨）合期Running-inperiod走（磨）合过程Running-inprocess走（磨）合工况Running-inconditions加速磨损期Periodofacceleratedwear极限间隙Limitingclearance允许间隙Permissibleclearance装配间隙Assemblingclearance汽车维修工艺设备Technologicalequipmentofvehiclemaintenanceandrepair汽
193、车修理技术标准Technicalstandardofvehiclerepair汽车诊断Vehiclediagnosis汽车检测Detectingtestofvehicle诊断参数Diagnosticparameters诊断规范Diagnosticnorms汽车维修管理AdministrationofVehicleMaintenance汽车维护方法Methodofvehiclemaintenance汽车维护流水作业法Flowmethodofvehiclemaintenance汽车维护定位作业法Methodofvehiclemaintenanceonuniversalpost汽车修理方法Metho
194、dofvehiclerepair汽车修理流水作业法Flowmethodofvehiclerepair汽车修理定位作业法Methodofvehiclerepaironuniversalpost总成互换修理法Unitexchangerepairingmethod周转总成Reversibleunit混装修理法Depersonalizedrepairmethod就车修理法Personalizedrepairmethod汽车维修指标Indicesofvehiclemaintenanceandrepair汽车维修周期Periodofvehiclemaintenance汽车诊断周期Periodofvehic
195、lediagnosis汽车维修竣工辆次Numberofvehiclebeingreceivedfrommaintenanceorrepair汽车大修平均在厂车日Averagedaysinplantduringmajorofvehicles汽车大修平均在修车日Averagedaysduringmajorrepairofvehicles汽车大修平均工时Averageman-hoursofvehiclemaintenanceandrepair汽车维修平均费用Averagecostsofvehiclemaintenanceandrepair汽车大修返修率Returningrateofmajorrepa
196、irofvehicle汽车小修频率Frequencyofcurrentrepairofvehicles汽车大修间隔里程Averageintervalmileageofmajorrepairofvehicles汽车修理工人实物劳动生产率Labourproductivityofrepair-man汽车维护企业Enterpriseofvehiclemaintenanceandrepair汽车维护场（站）Maintenancedepot(station)ofvehicles汽车停车场（库）Park汽车修理厂Vehiclerepairplant汽车总成修理厂Unitrepairplantforvehic
197、le汽车诊断站Vehiclediagnosisstation汽车检测站Detectingteststationofvehicle汽车维修网点Networkofvehiclemaintenanceandrepair汽车维修工具和设备InstrumentandDeviceforVehicleMaintenanceandRepair螺丝刀Screwdriver花扳手Ringspanner锉刀File双头扳手Double-endedspanner鲤鱼钳Combinationpilers轮胎螺栓扳手Wheelwrench厚度规Feelergauge杆式气缸量规Bar-typecylindergauge气
198、缸压力表Cylindercompressorgauge活塞台钳Pistonvice活塞加热器Pistonheater活塞环工具Pistonringtool活塞环钳（活塞环拆装钳）Pistonringpliers(pistonringtongs)压环器Pistonringcompressor活塞环锉Pistonringfile活塞销拉器Piston-pinextractor连杆校正器Connectingrodalignmentfixture气门座刀具Valveseatcutter气门弹簧压缩器Valvespringcompressor气门研磨工具Valvegrindingtool(valvela
199、pper)调整气门间隙扳手Tappetwrench浮子室液面仪Floatlevelgauge歧管压力表Manifoldpressuregaugeset点火正时灯（正时观测灯）Ignitiontiminglight(stroboscope)燃烧分析仪Combustiontester断电器触点闭合角Dwellmeter火花塞间隙量规Pluggapgauge火花塞套筒扳手Sparkplugbox(socket)spanner.蓄电池液体比重计Batteryhydrometer汽车架Carstand(jackstand)轮轴架Axlestand前束量尺Toe-ingauge外倾测量器Cambergau
200、ge制动踏板压下器Brakedepressor制动器放气软管Hoseforbrakebleeding车架量规Framegauge轮毂拆卸器Hubpuller车轮拆卸器Wheelwrench拆装轮胎用撬杠Tire-lever打气筒Tirepump螺旋千斤顶Screwjack轮胎压力计Pressuregauge油壶Oilcan手油泵Manualfuelpump黄油枪Greasegun起动摇把Startingcrank工具袋Toolbag车身修整工具Bodybumpingtool发动机测功机Enginedynamometer发动机综合试验机Engineanalyzer发动机示波器Enginescop
201、e(oscillograph)电子诊断式发动机试验仪Electronic-diagnosticenginetester滚筒式测功试验台Rollertypedynamometer(testbed)发动机加速测功仪Freeaccelerationenginetester容积式油耗计Volumetricfuelmeter红外线废气分析仪Infraredraysexhaustgasanalyzer异响诊断仪Abnormalenginenoisediagnosisequipment气缸漏气率检验仪Cylinderleaktester发动机分析仪Engineanalysisapparatus进气歧管真空度
202、表Intakemanifoldvacuummeter气缸压力表Cylinderpressuregauge调整用的试验检测仪Tune-uptester底盘测功机Chassisdynamometer底盘润滑机Chassislubricator曲轴箱窜气量测定仪Blow-bymeter反作用力制动试验台Reactiontypebraketester惯性式制动试验台Inertiatypebraketester转向盘间隙测量仪Steeringwheelfreeplaygauge测滑试验台Side-slipcheckingstand前照灯检验仪Headlightcheckingequipment气缸孔垂直
203、检验仪Cylinderperpendicularitygauge主轴承座孔同轴度检验仪Mainbearingaligninggauge移动式车轮平衡机Portablewheelbalancer固定式车轮平衡机Wheelbalancer车轮动平衡机Dynamicwheelbalancer镗缸机Cylinderboringmachine气缸珩磨机Cylinderhoningmachine直线镗削机Lineborer气门修整机Valvereseater（活塞）销孔珩磨机Pinholehoner曲轴磨床Crankshaftgrindingmachine气门研磨机Valvegrindingmachine
204、气门面磨光机Valverefacer气门座磨光机Valveseatgrinder气门座偏心磨光机Eccentricvalveseatgrinder研磨机Lappingmachine电子点火试验器Electronicignitiontester点火线圈试验器Ignitioncoiltester氖管火花试验器Neonsparktester电容器试验器Condensertester电枢试验器Armaturetester制动盘专用车床Disclathe制动蹄片磨削装置Brakeshoegrinder制动鼓车床Brakedrumlathe制动液自动更换装置Brakeflushersophisticate
205、d精密的，尖端的enormous巨大的，极大的utility services公用事业服务selfpropelled自行式albeit尽管soil erosion 土壤侵蚀petroleum-derive石油衍生fertilizers肥料，化肥sprawl 城市无序扩张的地区congestion拥挤，塞车pedestrians步行者ozone layer臭氧层greenhouse-gas温室气体disrupt扰乱vessel血管，脉管，导管circulatory system 循环系统interact相互作用，相互配合spin使旋转alternator 交流发电机muffler消音器friction摩擦analogous可比拟的skeletal 骨骼的the elements 大自然的力量（风、雨、雷、电等）byproducts副产品Backtoreadingmaterial
