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1、奶牛饲养导论奶牛饲养导论奶牛饲养导论 Introduction to Dairy FeedingQuality forage feeding is foundation of dairy businessGood forage feeding is basis to good nutritionConsider your investment, cow is 15 - 35,000 RMBWhy would you not want to feed her properly to get the best return?If you cant afford to operate a Merce
2、des, why buy such an expensive car?用优质饲料饲养奶牛是乳品业用优质饲料饲养奶牛是乳品业的基础的基础用优质饲料饲喂是奶牛获取营用优质饲料饲喂是奶牛获取营养物质的基础养物质的基础买一头奶牛的投资为买一头奶牛的投资为15 ,000 - 35,000 元元你为什么不采用合理的方式饲你为什么不采用合理的方式饲养奶牛以获取最高的回报？养奶牛以获取最高的回报？如果你承担不起养奔驰车的费如果你承担不起养奔驰车的费用为什么还买这么昂贵的车呢用为什么还买这么昂贵的车呢？Baz Fritz, Sustainable Agricultural Development II奶牛饲养导
3、论奶牛饲养导论奶牛饲养导论奶牛饲养导论奶牛饲养导论 Introduction to Dairy FeedingOnce you commit to the industry by the purchase of a cow, her pay back depends on feed/care for her.If you are going to feed a poor and inadequate diet, top genetics not profitableWith a Mercedes you get an operators manual, we should get one wi
4、th a dairy cow purchase, ”how to operate”一旦你买奶牛一旦你买奶牛, ,它的回报将它的回报将由饲养方式来决定由饲养方式来决定如果用劣质饲料来饲养奶如果用劣质饲料来饲养奶牛且饲喂量也不足牛且饲喂量也不足, ,再优良再优良的奶牛也无法取得好的效的奶牛也无法取得好的效益益像买奔驰车时随赠操作说像买奔驰车时随赠操作说明一样明一样, ,我们买奶牛时也应我们买奶牛时也应提供提供“饲养奶牛手册饲养奶牛手册”奶牛饲养导论奶牛饲养导论奶牛饲养导论 Introduction to Dairy FeedingDairy cow is a ruminant! An animal
5、 that chews its cud, has 4 stomach compartmentsPigs and man have one compartmentOther 3 compartments assist in digestion of fiber.This difference allows ruminants to use feed no other animals canCapacity of stomach is like 200 kg barrel with bacteria and protozoa 奶牛是反刍动物奶牛是反刍动物,其其 胃由胃由4个胃室个胃室组成组成,并且
6、与其它反刍动物一样进并且与其它反刍动物一样进行反刍活动行反刍活动人和猪是单胃动物人和猪是单胃动物瘤胃瘤胃,网胃网胃,瓣胃瓣胃3个胃室消化纤维个胃室消化纤维反刍动物这种独特的胃结构帮助反刍动物这种独特的胃结构帮助它们消化非反刍动物难以消化的它们消化非反刍动物难以消化的食物食物反刍动物的胃就如一个反刍动物的胃就如一个200kg的的包含细菌和原生动物的大桶包含细菌和原生动物的大桶奶牛饲养导论奶牛饲养导论奶牛饲养导论奶牛饲养导论 Introduction to Dairy FeedingConcept of Fiber:Minimum amount of fiber needed to keep st
7、omach working efficientlyHas been referred to as the scratch factorWoody portion of a feed, relatively indigestibleSome fiber required, excess can impact the system, low production (19-21% ADF)The reason and animal chews its cud纤维的概念纤维的概念:反刍家畜需要一个最低纤维量来反刍家畜需要一个最低纤维量来维持正常的瘤胃活动维持正常的瘤胃活动.纤维通常被认为是饲料中最粗糟
8、纤维通常被认为是饲料中最粗糟的因素的因素是饲料中不易被消化的木质部分是饲料中不易被消化的木质部分对纤维物质的需求量较少对纤维物质的需求量较少,过多会过多会对影响家畜消化，并导致减产对影响家畜消化，并导致减产纤维是家畜反刍的原因纤维是家畜反刍的原因奶牛饲养导论奶牛饲养导论奶牛饲养导论奶牛饲养导论奶牛饲养导论奶牛饲养导论奶牛饲养导论 Introduction to Dairy FeedingSame stomach as other ruminants but much more productionDairy cow is a fine, well bred milking machineThe
9、refore need quality forage to produce maintenance plus milk what the Holstein cow bred for.This doesnt mean cow can produce miracles by feeding straw即使奶牛胃结构与其它反刍动物即使奶牛胃结构与其它反刍动物相同相同, ,但其生产力远高于它们但其生产力远高于它们奶牛就像是一台性能良好的产奶奶牛就像是一台性能良好的产奶机机正如饲养荷斯坦奶牛一样正如饲养荷斯坦奶牛一样, , 奶牛奶牛需要优质饲料来维持生命和产奶需要优质饲料来维持生命和产奶用玉米秸秆饲养的
10、奶牛不可能创用玉米秸秆饲养的奶牛不可能创造出牛奶高产的奇迹造出牛奶高产的奇迹奶牛饲养导论奶牛饲养导论奶牛饲养导论 Introduction to Dairy FeedingPig猪猪Cow牛牛44213*奶牛饲养导论奶牛饲养导论奶牛饲养导论 Introduction to Dairy FeedingHigh quality forage implies, low fiber, high protein, high minerals and vitaminsMinimum amounts of fiber keeps gut and digestive system functioning we
11、llStraw as only forage and concentrate results in low fiber as cow consumes little straw and excess grain.优质饲料是指含有低纤维优质饲料是指含有低纤维,高蛋高蛋白白,高矿物质和维生素的饲料高矿物质和维生素的饲料奶牛需要一个最低纤维量保证奶牛需要一个最低纤维量保证内脏和消化系统的正常功能内脏和消化系统的正常功能用秸秆与精料的混合饲料饲喂用秸秆与精料的混合饲料饲喂奶牛时奶牛时,由于喜食精料中的谷类由于喜食精料中的谷类而不食秸秆，最终使奶牛缺乏而不食秸秆，最终使奶牛缺乏纤维物质纤维物质奶牛饲养导
12、论奶牛饲养导论奶牛饲养导论 Introduction to Dairy FeedingFeeds divided into 2 main categories:1) Roughages2) ConcentratesRoughages: make up about 40- 60% of dietRoughage or forages are usually relatively high fiberCan be legumes or grassesCan be pasture or hayCan be silage饲料可分为饲料可分为2大类大类: 1) 粗料粗料2) 精料精料粗料粗料:占奶牛日粮
13、的占奶牛日粮的40-60%粗料和牧草中纤维含量较高粗料和牧草中纤维含量较高粗料可以是豆科或禾本科植物粗料可以是豆科或禾本科植物粗料可以是草地牧草或干草粗料可以是草地牧草或干草粗料可以是青储饲料粗料可以是青储饲料奶牛饲养导论奶牛饲养导论奶牛饲养导论 Introduction to Dairy FeedingConcentrateAll other feeds, including grain, protein supplement and vitamin, mineral premixTend to be low in fiber, high in energy and/or protein,
14、minerals and vitaminsInclude corn grain, rapeseed cake, soy meal, 18% dairy ration.精料精料是指除上述粗料外的其它饲料，是指除上述粗料外的其它饲料，包括谷类包括谷类,蛋白质补充料蛋白质补充料,维生素维生素和矿物质预混料和矿物质预混料精料中纤维含量低精料中纤维含量低, 能量能量/蛋白质，蛋白质，矿物质和维生素的含量高矿物质和维生素的含量高包括玉米包括玉米,菜籽饼菜籽饼,豆饼豆饼, 18%的的奶牛精补料奶牛精补料奶牛饲养导论饲料营养成分表饲料营养成分表 FEED COMPOSITION TABLEOn an as f
15、ed basis 干物质干物质Dry Matter 可消化营可消化营养总量养总量TDN粗蛋白粗蛋白CP粗纤维粗纤维CF钙钙Ca磷磷P%粗料粗料Roughages 干草干草Hay 苜蓿开花前期苜蓿开花前期 Alfalfa, pre-bloom 90 5617.9242.2.3 苜蓿开花中期苜蓿开花中期 Alfalfa, mid-bloom 895014.2291.2.2禾本科干草禾本科干草 Grass hays 8855 9.2 29 .3 .2 青绿饲料青绿饲料 Green feed 88 54 8.1 27 .3 .2 混合干草混合干草(苜蓿苜蓿,乔麦乔麦) Mixed Hay (Alfal
16、fa brome) * 8852 12.5 27 1.0 .1 秸秆秸秆 Straw 90 43 4.0 37 .2 .1 青储饲料青储饲料Silage 青储玉米青储玉米, (抽穗的抽穗的)Corn Silage, well eared 3525 2.88.4 .1 .1 奶牛饲养导论饲料营养成分表饲料营养成分表 FEED COMPOSITION TABLEOn an as fed basis 干物质干物质Dry Matter 可消化可消化营养总营养总量量TDN粗蛋白粗蛋白CP粗纤维粗纤维CF钙钙Ca磷磷P%精料精料Concentrates 谷物谷物Grain 玉米玉米Corn 89808.9
17、1.8.03.3 燕麦燕麦Oats 896810.010.5.03.3 小麦小麦Wheat 8978 12.7 2.7 .04.4 蛋白质添加剂蛋白质添加剂Protein Supplements菜籽饼菜籽饼Canola Meal 896437.011.1.71.2豆饼豆饼44%Soybean Meal, 44%897244.16.2.3.7 葵花饼葵花饼 Sunflower Meal 937941.013.3.41.0奶牛饲养导论45.336.327.218.19.00306090120150180210240270300 奶牛泌乳曲线奶牛泌乳曲线Dairy Cattle Lactation
18、Curve产奶天数产奶天数 Days in Milk Production日产奶量日产奶量(kg) Daily Milk (kg)Adapted from Manitoba Dairy Manual 奶牛饲养导论Daily Milk (kg)45.336.327.218.19.00306090120150180210240270300标准泌乳曲线标准泌乳曲线 Normal Lactation curve日粮供应不足时的泌乳曲线日粮供应不足时的泌乳曲线 Lactation curve where insufficient dairy ration supplied产奶天数产奶天数 Days in
19、 Milk Production 奶牛泌乳曲线奶牛泌乳曲线Dairy Cow Lactation Curve日产奶量日产奶量(kg) Daily Milk (kg)损失的奶量损失的奶量Lost milk productionAdapted from Manitoba Dairy Manual 奶牛饲养导论45.336.327.218.19.00306090120150180210240270300 奶牛泌乳曲线奶牛泌乳曲线Dairy Cow Lactation Curve标准泌乳曲线标准泌乳曲线 normal lactation curve干奶方式不正确，以及饲喂劣质饲料造成营养极度不良的奶牛
20、泌乳曲线干奶方式不正确，以及饲喂劣质饲料造成营养极度不良的奶牛泌乳曲线 Lactation curve with poor dry cow program & overall poor nutrition, i.e. poor forage产奶天数产奶天数 Days in Milk Production损失的奶量损失的奶量Lost milk production日产奶量日产奶量(kg) Daily milk (kg)Adapted from Manitoba Dairy Manual 奶牛饲养导论奶牛饲养导论奶牛饲养导论 Introduction to Dairy FeedingSigns o
21、f StressLow milk productionlow butterfatreduced feed intakevariable feed intakeinconsistent manurechange in temperament/behaviorsigns from other stock/ age differencemore specific feed stress signs discussed in second presentation奶牛应急反应症状产奶量降低乳脂减少采食量减少采食量变化大排泄异常家畜性情和行为的改变造成家畜个体之间和各年龄组之间的差异下一个讲座中将进一步
22、讨论家畜对更为具体的饲养应急反应的特征奶牛饲养导论奶牛饲养导论奶牛饲养导论 Introduction to Dairy FeedingFeed makes up 5 class of nutrients1) Water2) Energy3) Protein4) Minerals5) VitaminsThese nutrients essential for Maintenance Growth Production Reproduction Immunity disease resistance饲料是由饲料是由5种营养物组成种营养物组成 1) 水水2) 能量能量 3) 蛋白质蛋白质4) 矿物质
23、矿物质5) 维生素维生素这些营养物对家畜的作用这些营养物对家畜的作用:维持正常功能维持正常功能生长发育生长发育生产生产繁殖繁殖增强奶牛免疫和抗病能力增强奶牛免疫和抗病能力& FIBER& 纤维纤维奶牛饲养导论奶牛饲养导论奶牛饲养导论奶牛饲养导论奶牛饲养导论奶牛饲养导论奶牛饲养导论奶牛饲养导论奶牛饲养导论奶牛饲养导论奶牛饲养导论 Introduction to Dairy FeedingSummaryQuality forage is base of dairy industryCow needs quality and consistencyWe are feeding microbesMin
24、imum amount of fiber neededFeed to genetic potentialFeed is made up of roughage and concentrates Dairy operator responsible to provide balance of forage and concentrates Feed is made up of nutrients总结总结优质饲料是乳品业的基础优质饲料是乳品业的基础奶牛需要长期饲喂优质饲料奶牛需要长期饲喂优质饲料饲喂奶牛的同时，要考虑奶牛瘤胃微生物饲喂奶牛的同时，要考虑奶牛瘤胃微生物的活动条件的活动条件奶牛需采食一个最低量的纤维物质奶牛需采食一个最低量的纤维物质用优质饲料饲养奶牛发挥其遗传潜力用优质饲料饲养奶牛发挥其遗传潜力饲料可分为粗料和精料两大类饲料可分为粗料和精料两大类牧场经营者应平衡奶牛饲料中的草料和精牧场经营者应平衡奶牛饲料中的草料和精料的比例料的比例饲料中含有多种营养物质饲料中含有多种营养物质奶牛饲养导论
