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1、英语口译教程英语口译教程Lecture One: An OverviewLecture One: An OverviewLecturers: Lecturers: YU Hongliang, Xu Zhan, YU Hongliang, Xu Zhan, Zhang Yan, Tang LeiZhang Yan, Tang Lei 第1页，共33页。Interpretation Coursen nCourse Objectives: Course Objectives: n nIntroduces learners to skills and processes required to Int
2、roduces learners to skills and processes required to produce consecutive interpretations. produce consecutive interpretations. n nFocuses on developing basic cognitive, semantic, and dual Focuses on developing basic cognitive, semantic, and dual tasking abilities required to interpret rehearsed and/
3、or tasking abilities required to interpret rehearsed and/or spontaneous texts. spontaneous texts. n nTrain learners to incorporate semantic choice, register, and Train learners to incorporate semantic choice, register, and ethical behavioral decisions and understand how they impact ethical behaviora
4、l decisions and understand how they impact their interpretations. their interpretations. nTime allotment: 1 semester (36 periods); two periods per 1 semester (36 periods); two periods per weekweek第2页，共33页。Unit 0n nTypes of interpretingTypes of interpretingn nA Brief history of conference interpretin
5、g as a A Brief history of conference interpreting as a modern professionmodern professionn nWhat Makes A Good Interpreter? What Makes A Good Interpreter? n nProfessional Code of ConductProfessional Code of Conduct第3页，共33页。Types of Interpreting n nConference Interpreting: Simultaneous Conference Inte
6、rpreting: Simultaneous /Consecutive/Consecutive Most frequently used for large conferences or meetings, simultaneous Most frequently used for large conferences or meetings, simultaneous interpreting requires that the linguist “translate” what the speaker is interpreting requires that the linguist “t
7、ranslate” what the speaker is saying, as they speak. saying, as they speak. Thus, the interpreter is both listening and speaking at the same Thus, the interpreter is both listening and speaking at the same time. This takes intense concentration; simultaneous interpreters time. This takes intense con
8、centration; simultaneous interpreters often work in teams, taking breaks every 30 minutes or so. often work in teams, taking breaks every 30 minutes or so. Simultaneous interpreting generally requires equipment such as Simultaneous interpreting generally requires equipment such as microphones, heads
9、ets, and in some instances booths.microphones, headsets, and in some instances booths.第4页，共33页。Consecutive Interpretingn nMost appropriate in a smaller setting, the speaker will speak for a few minutes (a few paragraphs), then pause. n nThe interpreter takes notes and then translates the The interpr
10、eter takes notes and then translates the speakers message during the pause. speakers message during the pause. n nThe key element in consecutive interpreting is note taking: The key element in consecutive interpreting is note taking: the interpreter must record ideas and then translate them the inte
11、rpreter must record ideas and then translate them back into the words of another language without pause.back into the words of another language without pause.第5页，共33页。n nEscort InterpretingAnother form of consecutive interpreting is often called escort Another form of consecutive interpreting is oft
12、en called escort interpreting. If you are hosting a delegation of visitors from interpreting. If you are hosting a delegation of visitors from another country, you may want to use the services of an escort another country, you may want to use the services of an escort interpreter for meeting clients
13、 at the airport, city tours, and interpreter for meeting clients at the airport, city tours, and shopping excursions. shopping excursions. Escort interpreters generally translate informal conversations. Escort interpreters generally translate informal conversations.第6页，共33页。A Brief history of confer
14、ence interpreting as a modern professionn nThe oldest and youngest profession.The oldest and youngest profession.uuAt the time the course was founded, conference interpreter At the time the course was founded, conference interpreter training was still in its infancy with the first simultaneous train
15、ing was still in its infancy with the first simultaneous interpretation having been used after World War II at the interpretation having been used after World War II at the Nuremburg Trials (English, French, Russian and German). Nuremburg Trials (English, French, Russian and German). uuIn the interw
16、ar years consecutive interpretation alone was In the interwar years consecutive interpretation alone was provided at International gatherings, such as at meetings provided at International gatherings, such as at meetings of the League of Nations in Geneva where English and of the League of Nations i
17、n Geneva where English and French were used. French were used. 第7页，共33页。uuThe first interpreters were not trained but entered the The first interpreters were not trained but entered the profession on the strength of their mastery of languages, profession on the strength of their mastery of languages
18、, prodigious memory, and their impressively broad cultural prodigious memory, and their impressively broad cultural background. Some of the legendary figures of the world of background. Some of the legendary figures of the world of interpreting include Jean HERBERT, Andr KAMINKER and interpreting in
19、clude Jean HERBERT, Andr KAMINKER and Prince Constantin ANDRONIKOF, who was personal Prince Constantin ANDRONIKOF, who was personal interpreter to Gnral de Gaulle and one of the founders of interpreter to Gnral de Gaulle and one of the founders of AIIC, which was established in 1953. AIIC, which was
20、 established in 1953. uuWith the setting up of international and European organizations (United With the setting up of international and European organizations (United Nations-1945, Council of Europe-1949, European Community-1957) there Nations-1945, Council of Europe-1949, European Community-1957)
21、there was a growing need for a much larger number of trained professionals. To was a growing need for a much larger number of trained professionals. To meet this continuing challenge, the course has expanded and now meet this continuing challenge, the course has expanded and now encompasses the lang
22、uages of the European Union including accession encompasses the languages of the European Union including accession countries and the UN family.countries and the UN family. 第8页，共33页。n nTwo historical events stimulated the development of the Two historical events stimulated the development of the pro
23、fession.profession.n nThe Paris Peace Conference of 1919;n nThe Nuremberg Trials of Nazi war criminals.n nThe symbols of the formal establishment of conference The symbols of the formal establishment of conference interpretation as a profession:interpretation as a profession:uuThe first interpreting
24、 school was set up in 1950 in Geneva, Switzerland;uuAIIC, the International Association of Conference Interpreters, was founded on Nov. 11, 1953 with its Secretariat in Geneva.第9页，共33页。n nInterpreting, as an internationally recognized profession, Interpreting, as an internationally recognized profes
25、sion, began to take shape only around the turn of the twentieth began to take shape only around the turn of the twentieth century. century. n nChronologically, Consecutive Interpreting (CI) Chronologically, Consecutive Interpreting (CI) antedates Simultaneous Interpreting (SI). The Paris antedates S
26、imultaneous Interpreting (SI). The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 was conventionally cited as Peace Conference of 1919 was conventionally cited as consecutive interpreting official debut .consecutive interpreting official debut .n nBetween the two World Wars, consecutive interpreting Between the two
27、 World Wars, consecutive interpreting had predominant status. had predominant status. 第10页，共33页。n nThe first attempt to introduce SI was made shortly before the The first attempt to introduce SI was made shortly before the Second World War. SI was first patented as a technique by IBM Second World Wa
28、r. SI was first patented as a technique by IBM in 1926, and its first implementation (in whisper form) was at in 1926, and its first implementation (in whisper form) was at Geneva in a tentative form in 1927 and, on a larger scale, in the Geneva in a tentative form in 1927 and, on a larger scale, in
29、 the former USSR in 1928 for the Sixth Congress of Comintern. former USSR in 1928 for the Sixth Congress of Comintern. n nHowever, it was during the Nuremberg trials of the Nazi However, it was during the Nuremberg trials of the Nazi war criminals, which were conducted in English, French, war crimin
30、als, which were conducted in English, French, Russian, and German that real full-scale simultaneous Russian, and German that real full-scale simultaneous interpretations was first used. From 1947 onward, interpretations was first used. From 1947 onward, simultaneous interpretation had come to stay a
31、t the United simultaneous interpretation had come to stay at the United Nations. Nations. 第11页，共33页。n nIn the years after the Second World War, with the establishment of the United Nations (UN), European Union (EU), Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and many other internati
32、onal organs, there was a growing need for new interpreters to join the ranks of the first generation of highly skilled but untrained conference interpreters. n nSeveral training institutions were founded in Europe. Several training institutions were founded in Europe. Since then the training institu
33、tions for conference Since then the training institutions for conference interpreter have sprung all over the world.interpreter have sprung all over the world.第12页，共33页。n nThe earliest establishment of “interpreting officials“ in China The earliest establishment of “interpreting officials“ in China
34、goes as far back as the Zhou Dynasty (1100-770 BC). goes as far back as the Zhou Dynasty (1100-770 BC). n nAccording to written records, there was an official post According to written records, there was an official post called “called “寄寄寄寄”, “”, “象象象象”, “”, “译译译译” and “” and “象胥首象胥首象胥首象胥首” , “” ,
35、“重译重译重译重译” and “” and “舌人舌人舌人舌人” respectively in the eastern, western, ” respectively in the eastern, western, southern and northern part of China. These interpreting southern and northern part of China. These interpreting officials had, at that time, dual function: interpreting for officials had, a
36、t that time, dual function: interpreting for internal and external purposes. internal and external purposes. n nThe internal purpose referred to the interpreting activities The internal purpose referred to the interpreting activities between the central imperial government and the various ethnic bet
37、ween the central imperial government and the various ethnic nationalities, while the external purpose was for communication nationalities, while the external purpose was for communication between the central imperial government and its neighboring between the central imperial government and its neig
38、hboring states. states. 第13页，共33页。n nThe oral form of translation came into being earlier The oral form of translation came into being earlier than the written translation, which appeared in ancient than the written translation, which appeared in ancient China in the Spring and Autumn period (770 47
39、6 BC). China in the Spring and Autumn period (770 476 BC). n nHowever, regarding the training of conference However, regarding the training of conference interpreters, China is a relatively newcomer; the interpreters, China is a relatively newcomer; the Peoples Republic of China did not start until
40、the late Peoples Republic of China did not start until the late 1970s. 1970s. n nThe first such programme began in Beijing after China was accepted as working language of the UN.第14页，共33页。n nThe profession of conference interpreting was formally introduced into China with the establishment of the Un
41、ited Nations Training Programme for Interpreters and Translators in 1979. n nSet up as a joint project between the UN and the Chinese government to train professionals for the United Nations, the programme turned out 98 interpreters (out of 217 graduates), many of whom are now working for the UN and
42、 other international organisations, some for the Chinese government, and a few as full-time freelances.第15页，共33页。n nIn 1994, the UN programme was reconstituted as the In 1994, the UN programme was reconstituted as the Graduate School of Translation and Interpretation of Beijing Graduate School of Tr
43、anslation and Interpretation of Beijing Foreign Studies University (“Bei Wai“). Foreign Studies University (“Bei Wai“). n nIt continues to offer a two-year course of professional training It continues to offer a two-year course of professional training in conference interpreting at the MA level, but
44、 its graduates (32 in conference interpreting at the MA level, but its graduates (32 in conference interpreting out of 57 to date) are now responsible in conference interpreting out of 57 to date) are now responsible for securing their own employment. for securing their own employment. n nMost becom
45、e staff interpreters or officers in government Most become staff interpreters or officers in government ministries and agencies, with a minority taking positions ministries and agencies, with a minority taking positions in the private sector; it is still rare for a graduate to go in the private sect
46、or; it is still rare for a graduate to go freelance.freelance.第16页，共33页。n nTo date, the majority of Chinas professional interpreters To date, the majority of Chinas professional interpreters have been trained at Bei Wai, but these make up only a have been trained at Bei Wai, but these make up only a
47、 fraction of the large number of practitioners, including fraction of the large number of practitioners, including government officers and corporate personnel who perform government officers and corporate personnel who perform interpretation duties.interpretation duties.第17页，共33页。n nNow as we are ap
48、proaching the 21st century, the globalization of the world economy has become an irreversible trend. uuEconomic activities such as investment, banking, business and Economic activities such as investment, banking, business and trade are increasing rapidly, the transformation of science and trade are
49、 increasing rapidly, the transformation of science and technology and the training of personnel continue apace, and technology and the training of personnel continue apace, and international exchanges in politics, foreign affairs and culture international exchanges in politics, foreign affairs and c
50、ulture are flourishing. All of these would be impossible without the are flourishing. All of these would be impossible without the involvement of interpreters and translators.involvement of interpreters and translators.uu Furthermore, with the implementation of economic reform and Furthermore, with
51、the implementation of economic reform and its opening up policy, China s demand for qualified interpreters its opening up policy, China s demand for qualified interpreters and translators has become all the more urgent.and translators has become all the more urgent.第18页，共33页。Practice Textsn n Readin
52、g: The Art of InterpretingReading: The Art of InterpretingBerris makes a distinction between translation and interpreting, and she Berris makes a distinction between translation and interpreting, and she looks at a host of potential problems that can impede intercultural looks at a host of potential
53、 problems that can impede intercultural communication. Among the more serious issues is the problem of not communication. Among the more serious issues is the problem of not having enough interpreters for long sessions. She also discusses the having enough interpreters for long sessions. She also di
54、scusses the importance of proper preparation, the differences between precise importance of proper preparation, the differences between precise translations and simple paraphrasing, and nonverbal communication translations and simple paraphrasing, and nonverbal communication and its role in interpre
55、tive eventsand its role in interpretive events. . n nListening: At the Shoulder of HistoryListening: At the Shoulder of HistoryAn interview of the BBC correspondent with world famous An interview of the BBC correspondent with world famous interpreters. Listen to the recording 2- 3 times and you will
56、 gain a interpreters. Listen to the recording 2- 3 times and you will gain a better understanding of the profession. better understanding of the profession. 第19页，共33页。The Art of InterpretingInterpreting, is a physically exhausting and often Interpreting, is a physically exhausting and often emotiona
57、lly draining art. But those who work with emotionally draining art. But those who work with interpreters can do a great deal to help maximize the interpreters can do a great deal to help maximize the interpreters effectiveness and minimize his or her interpreters effectiveness and minimize his or he
58、r weaknesses.weaknesses. JAN CAROL BERRIS former Vice JAN CAROL BERRIS former Vice President ofPresident of the National Commission on U.S. China Relations the National Commission on U.S. China Relations第20页，共33页。 Jan Carol BerrisJan Carol BerrisJan Carol Berris has been with the National Jan Carol
59、Berris has been with the National Committee on United States-China Relations since Committee on United States-China Relations since 1971 - first as program associate, then program 1971 - first as program associate, then program director, then vice president. She is responsible for director, then vic
60、e president. She is responsible for directing all program activities of the Committee. directing all program activities of the Committee. Ms. Berris has been actively involved in preparation and Ms. Berris has been actively involved in preparation and operations for the visits to the United States o
61、f hundreds of operations for the visits to the United States of hundreds of Chinese delegations, including the 1972 Chinese Ping Pong Chinese delegations, including the 1972 Chinese Ping Pong Team, the first PRC group to come to this country. Team, the first PRC group to come to this country. At the
62、 request of the State Department she coordinated At the request of the State Department she coordinated Chinese press activities during Premier Deng Chinese press activities during Premier Deng Xiaopings February 1979 visit to the United States. Xiaopings February 1979 visit to the United States. An
63、d she has overseen the visits of hundreds of And she has overseen the visits of hundreds of American delegations to China. She herself has American delegations to China. She herself has traveled to China about seventy times since 1973, with traveled to China about seventy times since 1973, with peop
64、le and groups as diverse as a tennis team and a people and groups as diverse as a tennis team and a Supreme Court Justice. Supreme Court Justice. 第21页，共33页。I. What Makes A Good Interpreter? n nBilingualism and biculturalismBilingualism and biculturalism uuA good command of both languages and alertne
65、ss to their constant A good command of both languages and alertness to their constant evolution is the foundation of effective interpreting. evolution is the foundation of effective interpreting. uuA good interpreter is more than a translator of words, since A good interpreter is more than a transla
66、tor of words, since language skills are only a part of the process of communication. language skills are only a part of the process of communication. Biculturalism sensitivity to cultural and social differences is often Biculturalism sensitivity to cultural and social differences is often as importa
67、nt as bilingualism. as important as bilingualism. uuAnother important aspect of biculturalism is knowing what Another important aspect of biculturalism is knowing what makes people laugh in the other culture. makes people laugh in the other culture. uuPolitical sensitivity is also an essential aspec
68、t of Political sensitivity is also an essential aspect of biculturalism.biculturalism. 第22页，共33页。uuBilingualism and biculturalism can be learned though often Bilingualism and biculturalism can be learned though often only by a process of osmosis during long years of study only by a process of osmosi
69、s during long years of study and/or living in another country. But there are other, more and/or living in another country. But there are other, more innate characteristics that contribute to the making of a good innate characteristics that contribute to the making of a good interpreter. interpreter.
70、 A special kind of personality, or a somewhat schizophrenic one. uuand aggressive enough to be relaxedand aggressive enough to be relaxed uuof submerging their own egos and take on the personalities of of submerging their own egos and take on the personalities of the speakersthe speakers 第23页，共33页。
71、Projection Being able to do two (or more) things at one time is important. uuListen; Listen; uuJot down key words to jog their memories; Jot down key words to jog their memories; uuLook up unknown words in a small dictionary (which Look up unknown words in a small dictionary (which usually appears m
72、agically out of a pocket); usually appears magically out of a pocket); uuJuggling notebook and dictionary, write down the Juggling notebook and dictionary, write down the unfamiliar word so if it is repeated later the dictionary unfamiliar word so if it is repeated later the dictionary will not have
73、 to be hauled out again. will not have to be hauled out again. 第24页，共33页。uu And speaking of writing things down, interpreters should always carry notebooks and use them. uu Obviously interpreters should be matched to specific jobs 第25页，共33页。II. THE INTERPRETING SITUATION n n Preparation n n Pacingn
74、n Precision Versus Paraphraseuu The interpreter should always be given a sense of how The interpreter should always be given a sense of how precise a translation is expected. precise a translation is expected. uu Another aspect of this issue is when to translate and Another aspect of this issue is w
75、hen to translate and when to leave people alone. when to leave people alone. uuSometimes we encounter interpreters who feel the need Sometimes we encounter interpreters who feel the need for great precision and will take several seconds (which for great precision and will take several seconds (which
76、 always seem like eons to listeners) to think of the word always seem like eons to listeners) to think of the word or phrase carrying the precise nuance of the situation. or phrase carrying the precise nuance of the situation. uu Another kind of interpreter is the paraphraser or Another kind of inte
77、rpreter is the paraphraser or editor who tends to give the gist of what the speaker is editor who tends to give the gist of what the speaker is saying, ignoring the details.saying, ignoring the details. 第26页，共33页。n nSupplying Background InformationSometimes, trying to be helpful and fill in gaps in
78、the audiences Sometimes, trying to be helpful and fill in gaps in the audiences understanding, interpreters will add background information not understanding, interpreters will add background information not supplied by the speakersupplied by the speaker. . 第27页，共33页。n nLength of Speech Unitsn nInvi
79、sibility of InterpretersInterpreters should confine themselves to facilitating Interpreters should confine themselves to facilitating communication, and not (except in unusual situations) add communication, and not (except in unusual situations) add their own personal comments.their own personal com
80、ments. 第28页，共33页。n n Direction of Translationn nNumbersn nTranslating Substancen nQuestionsn nNonverbal Communicationn nHelping with Problems第29页，共33页。Qualifications of a good interpretern nKnowledge of the general subject of the speeches that are Knowledge of the general subject of the speeches tha
81、t are to be interpreted. to be interpreted. n nGeneral erudition and intimate familiarity with both General erudition and intimate familiarity with both cultures. cultures. n nExtensive vocabulary in both languages.Extensive vocabulary in both languages.n nAbility to express thoughts clearly and con
82、cisely in both Ability to express thoughts clearly and concisely in both languages. languages. n nExcellent note-taking technique for consecutive Excellent note-taking technique for consecutive interpreting. interpreting. n nAt least 2-3 years of booth experience for simultaneous At least 2-3 years
83、of booth experience for simultaneous interpreting. interpreting. 第30页，共33页。Listening n nAn interview of the BBC correspondent with world famous An interview of the BBC correspondent with world famous interpreters. interpreters. Listen Listen to the following recording 2- 3 times to the following rec
84、ording 2- 3 times and you will gain a better understanding of the profession.and you will gain a better understanding of the profession.第31页，共33页。Professional Code of Conductn nServe the interest of their organization;Serve the interest of their organization;n nScrupulously observe the secrecy to wh
85、ich they are already bound to their Scrupulously observe the secrecy to which they are already bound to their professional code;professional code;n nMaintain the professional standards of their work by keeping abreast of Maintain the professional standards of their work by keeping abreast of organiz
86、ation activities, of subjects under discussion and of relevant organization activities, of subjects under discussion and of relevant terminology;terminology;n nPrepare for meetings with the help of duly supplied documents and by Prepare for meetings with the help of duly supplied documents and by ob
87、taining additional papers for meetings of exceptional technical or obtaining additional papers for meetings of exceptional technical or linguistic difficulty;linguistic difficulty;n nLiaise with free-lance interpreters, when called upon to do so;Liaise with free-lance interpreters, when called upon
88、to do so;n nAct as interpreters outside the organization only with the latters Act as interpreters outside the organization only with the latters consent and in compliance with the local working conditions of free-consent and in compliance with the local working conditions of free-lance interpreters who are AIIC members.lance interpreters who are AIIC members.第32页，共33页。演讲完毕，谢谢观看！第33页，共33页。
