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1、非非谓语动词一一动词不定式不定式 动词不定式、分不定式、分词(如今分如今分词，过去分去分词)和和动名名词统称称为非非谓语动词。现代英代英语将如今分将如今分词和和动名名词合合为一大一大类叫作叫作v + ing方式。方式。 动词不定式、不定式、过去分去分词及及v-ing方式在句中方式在句中均不能作均不能作谓语用，所以叫做非用，所以叫做非谓语动词。1、动词不定式的方式不定式的方式变化：化：动词不定式有以下不定式有以下时态和和语态的方式的方式变化。化。语态语态式式普通式普通式完成式完成式进展式进展式完成进展式完成进展式主主 动动to buildto have builtto be buildingto
2、 have been building 被被 动动to be builtto have been buildGrammar-Infinitive1.He seems to know everything in the world.2.I wish to go to the moon.3.The bridge is said to be built next year.4.He seems to be looking for something over there.5.He seems to have been to Egypt. He has some photos with pyramid
3、s behind himself.6.The book is reported to have been translated in several foreign languages.My job is to drive them to the power station every day. (目的目的)Our plan is to set up another middle school for the peasants children. (目的目的)We are to set up another middle school for the peasants children. (未
4、来未来)1普通式：动词不定式普通式所表示的动普通式：动词不定式普通式所表示的动作是和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，但在作是和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，但在多数情况下，是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后多数情况下，是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生，表将要发生或目的发生，表将要发生或目的. 如：如：We decided to plant more trees this spring.其后其后They often watch us play table tennis.同同时时I came here to see you.(2完成式：动词不定式完成式所表示的动作完成式：动词不定式完成式所表示的动作发生在
5、谓语动词所表示的动作之前，如：发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，如：I am sorry to have kept you waiting.3进展式：动词不定式进展式所表示的动进展式：动词不定式进展式所表示的动作正在进展中，而且与谓语动词所表示的动作作正在进展中，而且与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，如：同时发生，如：She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I came in.加不定式加不定式:1. 动词want, plan, expect, intend, hope, wish, decide, seem, promise, pr
6、etend, agree, afford, offer, fail, demand, refuse, manage, happen, beg2. first, last, second, only She was the first (person) to come.3. 名名词 decision, wish, chance, promise, plan, time, attempt, effort, right, ability, patience 假设句中的谓语动词为假设句中的谓语动词为see, hear, watch, notice, make, look at, feel, liste
7、n to, observe, have, make, let等，作宾语等，作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将补足语的动词不定式须将to省去，如：省去，如：I saw a little girl run across the street.but / except / besides / than 除除之外之外+不定式的用法不定式的用法1.她只需哭泣她只需哭泣.She could do nothing_.but cry2.我我别无无选择,只需走只需走.I have no choice but_.to go3.父母回家之前父母回家之前,汤姆只需等待姆只需等待.Tom did nothing except
8、 _before his parents came home.wait4.我只能我只能说负疚疚.I cant help but_.say sorry5.由于没有公共汽由于没有公共汽车,他只能步行回家他只能步行回家.There being no buses, he cant but_.walk home6.他只能接受提他只能接受提议.He cant choose but_.accept the offer不得不不得不1. There is a lot of work_ (do).2. There are a number of problems _ (deal) with.3. I have a
9、 lot of work _ (do).4. The phenomenon is not easy _ (explain).5. The classroom is too small _ (hold) two hundred students.6. I am _ (blame) since Ive forgotten (tell) them the exact place where we are together.to do / to be doneto deal withto doto explainto holdto blameeasy/difficult/hard/amusing/im
10、possible/nice/pleasant作某些描画词的宾语：可以有动词不定式为宾语作某些描画词的宾语：可以有动词不定式为宾语的描画词普通有的描画词普通有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等，如：等，如：I am determined to give up smoking.动词不定式普通不作介词的宾语，但动词不定式动词不定式普通不作介词的宾语，但动词不定式之前如有疑问词时，就可作介词的宾语，如：之前如有疑问词时，就可作介词的宾语，如：Can you give us som
11、e advice on what to do next? to be honest to tell (you) the truth to make things worsegenerally speaking strictly / honestly / frankly speakingconsidering 思索到思索到, 鉴于于judging from / by 根据根据, 判判别with / without + sth + She sat still in the chair, with her eyes closed.She went out of the room, without a
12、 word spoken.With all his children working outside, he felt lonely at home.非非谓语动词二二动词-ing方式方式动词动词 语态语态方式方式及物动词及物动词make不及物动不及物动词词go自动语态自动语态被动语态被动语态自动语态自动语态普通式普通式makingbeing madegoing完成式完成式having madehaving been madehaving gone -ing普通式的根本用法普通式的根本用法 -ing普通式所表示的动作是一个正在进展中普通式所表示的动作是一个正在进展中或表自动，而且这个动作也是和句
13、中谓语所表或表自动，而且这个动作也是和句中谓语所表示的动作同时发生或现阶段的形状。它普通在示的动作同时发生或现阶段的形状。它普通在句中作定语或状语用。如：句中作定语或状语用。如：The girl living with me is my relative. 自动语态自动语态-ing完成式的根本用法。自动完成式的根本用法。自动语态语态-ing完成式所表示的动作发生在句中谓语完成式所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前，普通在句中作时间或动词所表示的动作之前，普通在句中作时间或缘由状语用。句中的主语是它的逻辑主语，并缘由状语用。句中的主语是它的逻辑主语，并且是它所表示的动作的执行者，如：且
14、是它所表示的动作的执行者，如：Having answered the letter, she went on to read an English novel. 被动语态被动语态-ing普通式的根本用法。被动语普通式的根本用法。被动语态态-ing普通式所表示的动作是一个正在进展中普通式所表示的动作是一个正在进展中的被动动作，而且这个被动动作也是和句中谓的被动动作，而且这个被动动作也是和句中谓语所表示的动作同时发生的。它普通在句中作语所表示的动作同时发生的。它普通在句中作定语或状语用。如：定语或状语用。如：The truck being repaired there is ours.被动语态被动
15、语态-ing完成式的根本用法。被动语完成式的根本用法。被动语态态-ing完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，在句中普通作状语用表示的动作之前，在句中普通作状语用,而且而且表被动。如：表被动。如：Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the library.Verbs only followed by -ingenjoy, appreciate, dislike, avoid, consider, admit ,escape, finish, imagine, mind, miss, sta
16、nd/bear , practise , risk, keep, delay, (经得起，耐得住得起，耐得住 allow, advise, permit , forbid , suggest , abandon , quit, understand (分开分开,丢弃弃) 停停顿,中止，放弃中止，放弃Phrases followed by -ingfeel like, give up, be worth, burst out, thanks for , think of/about, set about, Its no use/good / point , be busy (in), be in
17、terested in , be good at , put offhave trouble/difficulty (in), look forward to, pay attention to, be/get used to , get down to,lead to succeed in, be successful in be tired of, be fond of, be proud of, be afraid of , devoteto, preferto insist on, keep on , object toprevent / keep / stopfromVerbs fo
18、llowed by ing and to docontinue, begin, start, like, love, prefer, hate, remember, forget, regret, mean, try, stop, go on , cant helprequire, want, need 需求需求 The ed form used as attributive a fallen tree fallen leaves/houses the risen sun boiled water the faded curtain a retired worker a developed c
19、ountry an escaped prisoner不及物不及物动词的的过去分去分词作定作定语只表示只表示动作已完成作已完成 an abandoned ship flooded fields a rescued woman respected soldiers frightened children the polluted air a newly-built bridge a painted wall people trapped in the flood 及物及物动词的的过去分去分词作定作定语表示表示动作已完成和被作已完成和被动 前置定语前置定语:1.He likes to read bo
20、oks written by Lu Xun.2.2. This is a fan made of feathers.3.3. There is something unheard of.4.4. Suddenly there appeared a young girl dressed in white.后后 置置 定定 语语6、-ing方式的复合构造。在方式的复合构造。在-ing前加物主代前加物主代词或名或名词一切格即构成一切格即构成-ing的复合构造。其中的物的复合构造。其中的物主代主代词或名或名词一切格一切格为-ing的的逻辑主主语。这种构造种构造在句中可作主在句中可作主语、宾语或表或表语
21、，如：，如：Your smoking and drinking too much will do harm to your health. 但在口但在口语中，中，这种构造如作种构造如作宾语用，其中的物主代用，其中的物主代词常用人称代常用人称代词的的宾格，名格，名词的一切格常用名的一切格常用名词的的普通格替代，如：普通格替代，如：She insisted on Peters ( Peter ) going there first.独立主格构造独立主格构造:The meeting being over, they went home.My homework having been done, I
22、listened to the music.Winter having come, its getting colder and colder.Mother being ill in bed, she couldnt go to work.It being too late, we had to go by taxi.7、-ing方式与动词不定式在句中作主语、方式与动词不定式在句中作主语、表语、宾语时的区别。普通说来，表示一个比表语、宾语时的区别。普通说来，表示一个比较笼统或泛指的动作时多用较笼统或泛指的动作时多用-ing方式。表示一方式。表示一个详细某一次的动作时，多用动词不定式，如：个详细
23、某一次的动作时，多用动词不定式，如：Our job is making steel. She likes playing the piano, but she doesnt want to play it today. 自自动 /被被动式式 to do/do (普通式普通式)与自与自动词同同时发生或生或发生在自生在自动词之后之后 to be done (普通式普通式)与自与自动词同同时发生或生或发生在自生在自动词之后。之后。 to be doing (进展式展式)与自与自动词同同时发生，生，动作在作在进展。展。 to have done (完成式完成式)发生在自生在自动词之前。之前。 to h
24、ave been done (完成式完成式)发生在自生在自动词之前。之前。1.我等待着不久收到他的来信。我等待着不久收到他的来信。 I expect to hear from you soon.2.他似乎懂点法他似乎懂点法语。 He seems to know a little French. 3.那男孩当教那男孩当教师看看他的看看他的时候，他候，他伪装正在装正在专心心听听课。 The boy pretended to be listening attentively when the teacher looked at him.4.当我去当我去见她她时，她碰巧出去了。，她碰巧出去了。 She
25、 happened to have gone out when I went to see her. 9、-ing方式与动词不定式在作宾语补足语方式与动词不定式在作宾语补足语时的区别。时的区别。1不定式作宾补时，其动作普通发生在谓语不定式作宾补时，其动作普通发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，如：动词所表示的动作之后，如：I have told them to come again tomorrow.2在在see, watch, hear, feel等之后，假设用等之后，假设用-ing方式作宾补，表示其动作正在进展中，而用方式作宾补，表示其动作正在进展中，而用不带不带to的不定式作宾补时，不定式所
26、表示的动作的不定式作宾补时，不定式所表示的动作是一个动作的过程，如：是一个动作的过程，如：I hear her singing in the room.我听见她正在我听见她正在屋里唱歌。屋里唱歌。 I hear her sing in the room.我听见她在屋里唱我听见她在屋里唱过歌。过歌。5.他似乎看他似乎看过这部小部小说。 He seems to have read the novel. 6.明天要开的会是关于如何阻止明天要开的会是关于如何阻止污染。染。 The meeting to be held tomorrow is about how to stop the pollutio
27、n.7.我我们必需学会面必需学会面对困困难时该怎怎样做。做。 We must learn what to do in face of difficulties. 8.问题是能否要通知他是能否要通知他这个坏音个坏音讯。 The problem is whether to tell him the bad news. 9. 没什么可做的事情。没什么可做的事情。 There is nothing to do.或或: There is nothing to be done.10.那座被洪水冲那座被洪水冲毁的大的大桥得在明年夏天完工。得在明年夏天完工。 The bridge washed away by
28、 the flood has to be finished next summer. 11.那个那个实验听听说已已进展了三年展了三年. The test is said to have been going on for three years.1作主语：作主语：To help each other is good.动词不定式作主语时，普通可用动词不定式作主语时，普通可用it作方式主语，作方式主语，而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末，如：而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末，如：It is good to help each other.2作表作表语：My job is to drive them to
29、 the power station every day. (目的目的)Our plan is to set up another middle school for the peasants children. (目的目的)We are to set up another middle school for the peasants children. (未来未来)4作宾语补足语，如：作宾语补足语，如：Tell the children not to play on the street. 假设句中的谓语动词为假设句中的谓语动词为see, hear, watch, notice, have,
30、 make, let等，作宾语补足语的动等，作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将词不定式须将to省去，如：省去，如：I saw a little girl run across the street.5动词不定式在句中作不定式在句中作宾语，如，如带有有宾语补足足语时，须先用先用it作方式作方式宾语，而，而将将该动词不定式后置，如：不定式后置，如：I dont think it right to do it that way. 8、-ing方式与动词不定式在句中作定语方式与动词不定式在句中作定语的区别。的区别。-ing方式作定语用时，其动作普通与方式作定语用时，其动作普通与句中谓语动词所表示的动词同时发
31、生，而动词句中谓语动词所表示的动词同时发生，而动词不定式作定语时，其动作普通发生在句中谓语不定式作定语时，其动作普通发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之后。如：动词所表示的动作之后。如：The girl writing a letter there can speak English very well.I have three letters to write.10、-ing方式与动词不定式在句中作状语方式与动词不定式在句中作状语的区别。的区别。-ing方式在句作状语表示时间、缘由、方式在句作状语表示时间、缘由、方式或伴随情况，而动词不定式普通式在句中方式或伴随情况，而动词不定式普通式在句中作状语时，普通是作目的或结果状语，如：作状语时，普通是作目的或结果状语，如：Not receiving his letter, I wrote to him again. I looked into the window to see what was going on inside.
