《国际经济学英文课件：ch14 Money, Interest Rates, and Exchange Rates》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《国际经济学英文课件：ch14 Money, Interest Rates, and Exchange Rates（44页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、Slides prepared by Thomas BishopCopyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.Chapter 14Money, Interest Rates, and Exchange RatesPreviewWhat is money?Control of the supply of moneyThe willingness to hold monetary assetsA model of real monetary assets and interest ratesA model of real mo
2、netary assets, interest rates, and exchange ratesLong run effects of changes in money on prices, interest rates, and exchange rates2Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.What Is Money?Money is an asset that is widely used as a means of payment.Different groups of assets may be c
3、lassified as money.Money can be defined narrowly or broadly.Currency in circulation, checking deposits, and debit card accounts form a narrow definition of money.Deposits of currency are excluded from this narrow definition, although they may act a substitute for money in a broader definition.3Copyr
4、ight 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.What Is Money? (cont.)Money is a liquid asset: it can be easily used to pay for goods and services or to repay debt without substantial transaction costs. But monetary or liquid assets earn little or no interest.Illiquid assets require substantia
5、l transaction costs in terms of time, effort or fees to convert them to funds for payment. But they generally earn a higher interest rate or rate of return than monetary assets.4Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.What Is Money? (cont.)Lets group assets into monetary assets (o
6、r liquid assets) and non-monetary assets (or illiquid assets). The demarcation between the two is arbitrary, but currency in circulation, checking deposits, debit card accounts, savings deposits, time deposits are generally more liquid than bonds, loans, deposits of currency in the foreign exchange
7、markets, stocks, real estate, and other assets.5Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.Money SupplyThe central bank substantially controls the quantity of money that circulates in an economy, the money supply.In the US, the central banking system is the Federal Reserve System.The
8、 Federal Reserve System directly regulates the amount of currency in circulation.It indirectly influences the amount of checking deposits, debit card accounts, and other monetary assets. 6Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.Money DemandMoney demand represents the amount of mon
9、etary assets that people are willing to hold (instead of illiquid assets).What influences willingness to hold monetary assets?We consider individual demand of money and aggregate demand of money7Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.What Influences Demand of Money for Individual
10、s and Institutions?1.Interest rates/expected rates of return on monetary assets relative to the expected rates of returns on non-monetary assets.2.Risk: the risk of holding monetary assets principally comes from unexpected inflation, which reduces the purchasing power of money.but many other assets
11、have this risk too, so this risk is not very important in defining the demand of monetary assets versus non-monetary assets3.Liquidity: A need for greater liquidity occurs when the price of transactions increases or the quantity of goods bought in transactions increases.8Copyright 2009 Pearson Addis
12、on-Wesley. All rights reserved.What Influences Aggregate Demand of Money?1.Interest rates/expected rates of return: monetary assets pay little or no interest, so the interest rate on non-monetary assets like bonds, loans, and deposits is the opportunity cost of holding monetary assets.A higher inter
13、est rate means a higher opportunity cost of holding monetary assets lower demand of money.2.Prices: the prices of goods and services bought in transactions will influence the willingness to hold money to conduct those transactions. A higher level of average prices means a greater need for liquidity
14、to buy the same amount of goods and services higher demand of money.9Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.What Influences Aggregate Demand of Money? (cont.)3.Income: greater income implies more goods and services can be bought, so that more money is needed to conduct transactio
15、ns.A higher real national income (GNP) means more goods and services are being produced and bought in transactions, increasing the need for liquidity higher demand of money.10Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.A Model of Aggregate Money DemandThe aggregate demand of money can
16、 be expressed as:Md = P x L(R,Y)where:P is the price levelY is real national incomeR is a measure of interest rates on non-monetary assetsL(R,Y) is the aggregate demand of real monetary assetsAlternatively:Md/P = L(R,Y)Aggregate demand of real monetary assets is a function of national income and int
17、erest rates.11Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.Fig. 14-1: Aggregate Real Money Demand and the Interest RateFor a given level of income, real money demand decreasesas the interest rate increases.12Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.Fig. 14-2: Effect o
18、n the Aggregate Real Money Demand Schedule of a Rise in Real IncomeWhen income increases, real money demand increases at every interest rate.13Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.A Model of the Money MarketThe money market is where monetary or liquid assets, which are loosely
19、called “money,” are lent and borrowed.Monetary assets in the money market generally have low interest rates compared to interest rates on bonds, loans, and deposits of currency in the foreign exchange markets.Domestic interest rates directly affect rates of return on domestic currency deposits in th
20、e foreign exchange markets.14Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.A Model of the Money MarketWhen no shortages (excess demand) or surpluses (excess supply) of monetary assets exist, the model achieves an equilibrium:Ms = MdAlternatively, when the quantity of real monetary asset
21、s supplied matches the quantity of real monetary assets demanded, the model achieves an equilibrium: Ms/P = L(R,Y) 15Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.A Model of the Money Market (cont.)When there is an excess supply of monetary assets, there is an excess demand for interest
22、 bearing assets like bonds, loans, and deposits.People with an excess supply of monetary assets are willing to offer or accept interest-bearing assets (by giving up their money) at lower interest rates.Others are more willing to hold additional monetary assets as interest rates (the opportunity cost
23、 of holding monetary assets) falls.16Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.A Model of the Money Market (cont.)When there is an excess demand of monetary assets, there is an excess supply of interest bearing assets like bonds, loans, and deposits.People who desire monetary assets
24、 but do not have access to them are willing to sell non-monetary assets in return for the monetary assets that they desire.Those with monetary assets are more willing to give them up in return for interest-bearing assets as interest rates (the opportunity cost of holding money) rises. 17Copyright 20
25、09 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.Fig 14-3: Determination of the Equilibrium Interest Rate18Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.Fig 14-4: Effect of an Increase in the Money Supply on the Interest RateAn increase in the money supply lowers the interest rate for a g
26、iven price level. A decrease in the money supply raises the interest rate for a given price level.19Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.Fig 14-5: Effect on the Interest Rate of a Rise in Real IncomeAn increase in national income increases equilibrium interest rates for a given
27、 price level.20Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.Fig 14-7: Money Market/Exchange Rate Linkages21Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.Fig 14-6: Simultaneous Equilibrium in the U.S. Money Market and the Foreign Exchange Market22Copyright 2009 Pearson Addi
28、son-Wesley. All rights reserved.Fig 14-8: Effect on the Dollar/Euro Exchange Rate and Dollar Interest Rate of an Increase in the U.S. Money Supply23Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.Changes in the Domestic Money SupplyAn increase in a countrys money supply causes interest ra
29、tes to fall, rates of return on domestic currency deposits to fall, and the domestic currency to depreciate.A decrease in a countrys money supply causes interest rates to rise, rates of return on domestic currency deposits to rise, and the domestic currency to appreciate.24Copyright 2009 Pearson Add
30、ison-Wesley. All rights reserved.Changes in the Foreign Money SupplyHow would a change in the supply of euros affect the U.S. money market and foreign exchange markets?An increase in the supply of euros causes a depreciation of the euro (appreciation of the dollar).A decrease in the supply of euros
31、causes an appreciation of the euro (a depreciation of the dollar).25Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.Fig 14-9: Effect of an Increase in the European Money Supply on the Dollar/Euro Exchange Rate26Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.Changes in the Fore
32、ign Money Supply (cont.)The increase in the supply of euros reduces interest rates in the EU, reducing the expected rate of return on euro deposits.This reduction in the expected rate of return on euro deposits causes the euro to depreciate.We predict no change in the U.S. money market due to the ch
33、ange in the supply of euros.27Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.Long Run and Short RunIn the short run, prices do not have sufficient time to adjust to market conditions. the analysis heretofore has been a short run analysis. In the long run, prices of factors of production
34、and of output have sufficient time to adjust to market conditions.Wages adjust to the demand and supply of labor.Real output and income are determined by the amount of workers and other factors of productionby the economys productive capacitynot by the quantity of money supplied. (Real) interest rat
35、es depend on the supply of saved funds and the demand of saved funds.28Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.Long Run and Short Run (cont.)In the long run, the quantity of money supplied is predicted not to influence the amount of output, (real) interest rates, and the aggregate
36、 demand of real monetary assets L(R,Y).However, the quantity of money supplied is predicted to make level of average prices adjust proportionally in the long run.The equilibrium condition Ms/P = L(R,Y) shows that P is predicted to adjust proportionally when Ms adjusts because L(R,Y) does not change.
37、 29Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.Long Run and Short Run (cont.)In the long run, there is a direct relationship between the inflation rate and changes in the money supply.Ms = P x L(R,Y)P = Ms/L(R,Y)P/P = Ms/Ms - L/LThe inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate
38、 in money supply minus the growth rate in money demand.30Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.Fig 14-10: Average Money Growth and Inflation in Western Hemisphere Developing Countries, by Year, 19872006Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook, various issues. Regional aggregates are
39、weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regional dollar GDP.31Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.Money and Prices in the Long Run How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output and inputs to change?1.Excess demand of goods and services: a higher quantity of mo
40、ney supplied implies that people have more funds available to pay for goods and services. To meet high demand, producers hire more workers, creating a strong demand of labor services, or make existing employees work harder. Wages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers for overtime.Pri
41、ces of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costs. 32Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont.) Alternatively, for a fixed amount of output and inputs, producers can charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due t
42、o the high demand.2.Inflationary expectations: If workers expect future prices to rise due to an expected money supply increase, they will want to be compensated. And if producers expect the same, they are more willing to raise wages. Producers will be able to match higher costs if they expect to ra
43、ise prices.Result: expectations about inflation caused by an expected increase in the money supply causes actual inflation.33Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.Money, Prices, Exchange Rates, and Expectations When we consider price changes in the long run, inflationary expecta
44、tions will have an effect in foreign exchange markets. Suppose that expectations about inflation change as people change their minds, but actual adjustment of prices occurs afterwards.34Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.Fig 14-12: Short-Run and Long-Run Effects of an Increas
45、e in the U.S. Money Supply (Given Real Output, Y)Change in expectedreturn on euro depositsThe expected return on euro deposits rises because of inflationary expectations:The dollar is expected to be less valuable when buying goods and services and less valuable when buying euros. The dollar is expec
46、ted to depreciate, increasing the return on deposits in euros.35Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.Fig 14-12: Short-Run and Long-Run Effects of an Increase in the U.S. Money Supply (Given Real Output, Y)Original (long run) returnon dollar depositsAs prices increase,the real m
47、oney supply decreases and the domestic interest rate returns to its long run rate.36Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.Money, Prices, and Exchange Rates in the Long Run (cont.) A permanent increase in a countrys money supply causes a proportional long run depreciation of its
48、currency.However, the dynamics of the model predict a large depreciation first and a smaller subsequent appreciation.A permanent decrease in a countrys money supply causes a proportional long run appreciation of its currency.However, the dynamics of the model predict a large appreciation first and a
49、 smaller subsequent depreciation.37Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.Fig 14-13: Time Paths of U.S. Economic Variables After a Permanent Increase in the U.S. Money Supply38Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.Exchange Rate OvershootingThe exchange rate i
50、s said to overshoot when its immediate response to a change is greater than its long run response.Overshooting is predicted to occur when monetary policy has an immediate effect on interest rates, but not on prices and (expected) inflation.Overshooting helps explain why exchange rates are so volatil
51、e.39Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.Fig 14-11: Month-to-Month Variability of the Dollar/Yen Exchange Rate and of the U.S./Japan Price Level Ratio, 19742007Changes in price levels are less volatile, suggestingthat price levelschange slowly. Exchange rates are influenced by
52、interest rates and expectations, which may change rapidly, making exchange rates volatile.Source: International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics40Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.Summary1.Money demand for individuals and institutions is primarily determined
53、 by interest rates and the need for liquidity, the latter of which is influenced by prices and income. 2.Aggregate money demand is primarily determined by interest rates, the level of average prices, and national income.Aggregate demand of real monetary assets depends negatively on the interest rate
54、 and positively on real national income.41Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.Summary (cont.)3.When the money market is in equilibrium, there are no surpluses or shortages of monetary assets: the quantity of real monetary assets supplied matches the quantity of real monetary a
55、ssets demanded. 4.Short run scenario: changes in the money supply affect domestic interest rates, as well as the exchange rate.An increase in the domestic money supply 1.lowers domestic interest rates, 2.lowering the rate of return on deposits of domestic currency, 3.causing the domestic currency to
56、 depreciate.42Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.Summary (cont.)5.Long run scenario: changes in the quantity of money supplied are matched by a proportional change in prices, and do not affect real income and real interest rates.An increase in the money supply 1.causes expect
57、ations about inflation to adjust,2.causing the domestic currency to depreciate further,3.and causes prices to adjust proportionally in the long run,4.causing interest rates return to their long run values,5.and causes a proportional long run depreciation in the domestic currency.43Copyright 2009 Pea
58、rson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.Summary (cont.)Interest rates adjust immediately to changes in monetary policy, but prices and (expected) inflation may adjust only in the long run, which results in overshooting of the exchange rate.Overshooting occurs when the immediate response of the exchange rate due to a change is greater than its long run response.Overshooting helps explain why exchange rates are so volatile.44Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
