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1、WheredidIcomefrom ?WheredidIcomefrom ?WheredidIcomefrom ?WheredidIcomefrom ?WheredidIcomefrom ?WheredidIcomefrom ?WheredidIcomefrom ?FromFatherFromMotherWheredidIcomefrom ?WheredidIcomefrom ?WheredidIcomefrom ?WheredidIcomefrom ?WheredidIcomefrom ?WheredidIcomefrom ?Wherearewefrom?WheredidIcomefrom
2、?WheredidIcomefrom ?Humanembryologyissciencefocusedontheresearchesofontogenesis,developmentanditsvariationforhumanbody.ConceptInclusionsHumanEmbryologyPeriodoffertilizedovumorzygotetoblastocystFertilizationbeginningtothesecondweekend:includingfertilization,cleavage,blastocystformationandbeginningofi
3、mplantationPeriodofembryogenesisThethirdweektoeighthweekends:embryonicdiscformation,andprimordiaofprincipalorgansestablishmentandprimitivehumanbodysettingFetalperiodTheninthweektoparturitionPerinatalperiod:the28thweekto1stweekafterbirth.TimeofBirth266daysEarlyStagesofDevelopmentinHumanEmbryoItindica
4、testhetimebetweenbeginningoffertilizationto8thweekendforprimitivehumanbodysetting,includinggameteandfertilization,cleavageandformationofblastocyst,implantation,embryonicdiscformationanddifferentiation,fetalmembraneandplacenta,including:Pre-embryoperiodandperiodofembryogenesis.1.Thepreparationofferti
5、lizationGermcellsdevelopmentandmaturationFertilizationCompositionReproductiveglandtestisGenitalductsepididymis,vasdeferens,ejaculatoryduct&urethraAccessorysexglandsprostategland,seminalvesicle&bulbourethralglandExternalgenitalorganspenis&scrotumMaleReproductiveSystemFunctionTestisproducespermatozoa&
6、secreteandrogenReproductivetractspermmaturation,nutrition,storage&transportationAccessoryglandsThesecretionstoformseminalplasmaSeminiferousTubulesSeminiferousepitheliumSpermatogeniccells(5-8layers)Sertolicells(only1layer)BasementmembraneTheoutsideofbasementmembranemyoidcell,collagenousfibertoformlim
7、itingmembraneTestisspermatogoniaprimaryspermatocytessecondaryspermatocytesspermatidsspermatozoaSpermatogenicCells1.SpermatogoniumCellisrelativesmallinsize，situatednexttothebasallamina.46xy,2nDNA,mitosisAType(AdAp)BTypeAdType:nucleusshowsovalshapeanddarkstaining,belongtostemcellApType:nucleusshowsova
8、lshapeandlightstainingBType:roundnucleusandroughchromatinprimaryspermatocyte2.PrimarySpermatocyteThelargestcells，severallayersLargeandroundnucleus，darkstaining，roughorgranularchromatin46xy,4nDNAFirstmeioticdivisionsecondaryspermatocyte3.SecondarySpermatocyteAdjacentlylocalizedinthelumenofseminiferou
9、stubules,smallinsize,short-livedcellsRoundnucleus，darkstaining23xor23y,2nDNASecondarymeioticdivisionspermatid4.SpermatidJuxtaluminallocationwithintheseminiferoustubules,distinguishedbytheirsmallinsize,nucleiwithareasofcondensedchromatin(roundnucleitoflatnuclei)Cellsinroundshape inelongatedshape23xor
10、23y,1nDNATransformingtospermatozoa4.SpermatidSpermiogenesisanditsprocedureNucleusflatshapeandcondensed，GolgiapparatusacrosomalvesicleacrosomeCentrioleflagellumMitochondriagraduallymovetowardtheflagellumandarrangethemselvesasaspiralaroundthemiddlepiecesheathofmitochondriaCytoplasmresidualbodiessheddi
11、ngSpermiogenesis 贺忆培，季颖婕，黄敏，丁之德。贺忆培，季颖婕，黄敏，丁之德。精子变形中相关蛋白的精子变形中相关蛋白的研究进展研究进展。国际生殖健康国际生殖健康/ /计划生育杂志计划生育杂志 2014;2014; 33(6):432-43633(6):432-436 基金资助基金资助 上海交通大学医学院第七期大学生科学创新项目上海交通大学医学院第七期大学生科学创新项目 （20120092012009）；）；第七期国家大学生科学创第七期国家大学生科学创新项目。新项目。 作者单位作者单位 上海交通大学医学院上海交通大学医学院 20112011级临床医学八年制级临床医学八年制Sper
12、matogenesis&structureofhumanspermatozoon5.SpermatozoonTadpole-shaped,length60m,head(5m)andtail5.SpermatozoonHeadNucleus(DNA)；Acrosome：covered2/3nucleus,containingacrosinandseveralotherproteolyticenzymesFertilization5.SpermatozoonTailAxoneme(9+2microtubules)motilityFourpiecesNeck,middlepiece,principa
13、lpieceandendpieceNeck:short,ContainingcentrioleMiddlepiece:spermaxoneme,outercondensedfibersheath,mitochondrialsheathprovidingenergy5.SpermatozoonTail5.SpermatozoonTailPrincipalpiece:length45m,spermaxoneme,outercondensedfibersheathEndpiece:spermaxonemeSpermatogenesisDefinitionSpermatogoniaspermatozo
14、a(64days)Synchronousdevelopment 1.SpermatogoniaproliferationMitosisAdApBprimaryspermatocyte(46XY,4nDNA)2.Spermatocytemeiosis23X/23Y,2nDNA23X/23Y,1nDNA3.Spermatidtransformation(spermiogenesis)NochangingbothinDNAandchromosomespermatozoa(23X/23Y,1nDNA)SpermatogenesisinthreeperiodsSpermatogenesisSpermat
15、ogenicCellsSpermatogonia：ATypeBTypeATypedifferentiationMitosisPrimarySpermatocytes:46XYSecondarySpermatocytes:23X/23YSpermatid:23X/23YSpermatozoa:23X/23YSpermiogenesisSpermatogenesisSertoliCellsMorphologicalStructureLMElongatedpyramidalcells,partiallyenvelopspermatogeniccells.Cellsadheretothebasalla
16、mina,whiletheirapicalendsfrequentlyextendintothelumenoftheseminiferoustubule.Cytoplasmappearspoorlydefined.Nucleusistriangleorirregular,andpalestainingandnucleolusisobvious.EMOrganellesarewelldevelopedincludingRER,SER,Mitochondria,Golgiapparatus,lysosome,microtubuleµfilament.Tightjunctionsextra
17、tubularcompartmentandintratubular(adluminal)compartment.FunctionSupport,protection,andnutritionalregulationofdevelopingspermatozoa,Phagocytosis:residualbodies,SynthesizeandsecreteInhibitin,Secretetesticularfluidtotransportspermatozoa,Secreteandrogen-bindingprotein(ABP)highconcentrationofandrogenwith
18、inseminiferoustubulesfacilitatethespermatogenesisBuilduptheblood-testisbarriertoprotectthedevelopingspermcellsfromimmunologicattackLeydig(Interstitial)CellsLocalization Agroupofthecellshavecharacteristicsofsteroidsecretorycell,adjacenttothebloodandlymphaticvessels.StructuresLMRoundedorpolygonalinsha
19、pe,acentralnucleusandaeosinophiliccytoplasmrichinsmalllipiddroplets seminiferousepitheliumspermatogenesisT bloodsecondarysexualcharacteristicslibido(sexualfunction)developmentofgenitalorgansFunctionsynthesizeandsecreteandrogenEMRichinSER,Thecristaeofmitochondriashowtubularinshape,Containinglipiddrop
20、letsMr.ArnoldSchwarzeneggerSeminiferousEpithelium&TesticularInterstitiaReteTestis,DuctuliEfferentes(EfferentDuctules)andDuctusEpididymisCaput efferentductpseudostratifiedcolumnarepitheliumLumenisirregularinshape,containingtallcolumnarciliatedcellsandshortcolumnarnon-ciliatedcells.Corpus&Caudaepididy
21、malductpseudostratifiedcolumnarepitheliumLumenisregularinshape,containingtallcolumnarciliatedcells( (stereocilium)andbasalcells.Functionspermatozoastorageandmaturation,synthesizeandsecretebioactivemolecules,e.g.carnitine,glycerophosphorylcholine,sialicacidandtestosterone.Epididymis Caput,CorpusandCa
22、udafromEpididymisDuctuliEfferetes(EfferentDuctules)fromEpididymisMucosapseudostratifiedciliatedcolumnarepitheliumlaminapropria:richinelasticfibersplica:longitudinalfoldsMuscularissmoothmuscle,thick,innerlongitudinal,middlecircular,outerlongitudinalAdventitiaC.T. DeferentDuctAccessorySexGlandsprostat
23、eglandseminalvesiclebulbourethralglandSecretionstoformseminalplasmaComposedbyspermatozoaandseminalplasma,milkycolor,pH7.2Normalvolume:1.41.7mL/perejaculation，15M/mL,alivesperm58%，spermmotility40%，forwardmotility32%,normalmorphologicalsperm4%(WHO5th)Ifthespermamountandmotilitydecline,andabnormalmorph
24、ologicalspermincreaseorelementsinseminalplasmachangesleadingtomaleinfertilitySemenPollutionandMaleInfertilityMeekerJD,et al.Reprod Toxicol 2010LiDK,et al.Fertil Steril 2010BisphenolAPollutionandMaleInfertilityMendiolaJ,et al.J Androl2011 di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEPH)DEPHandBPA周婉格，王统菲，周周婉格，王统菲，周 任任
25、 综述；丁之德综述；丁之德 审校。审校。 DEHPDEHP对哺乳对哺乳动物生殖系统影响的研究进展；动物生殖系统影响的研究进展；国际生殖健康国际生殖健康/ /计划生育杂计划生育杂志志2013; 32(1):50-542013; 32(1):50-54李李 倩倩, , 应应 倩倩 综述；丁之德综述；丁之德 审校。审校。双酚双酚A A对哺乳动物生殖对哺乳动物生殖系统影响的研究进展；系统影响的研究进展；国际生殖健康国际生殖健康/ /计划生育杂志计划生育杂志2012; 31(6):46-50 2012; 31(6):46-50 作者单位作者单位: : 上海交大医学院上海交大医学院0909级临床医学八年制
26、级临床医学八年制 基金资助：基金资助：上海交通大学医学院第五期大学生创新项目上海交通大学医学院第五期大学生创新项目 （20110252011025）；）；第五期上海市大学生创新第五期上海市大学生创新训练项目。训练项目。MaleObesityandInfertilityYueLiu,YiGuoZhideDing*.Proteomicpatternchangesassociatedwithobesity-inducedathenozoospermia.Andrology2015;3(2):247-59*CorrespondingauthorYueLiu,WenzhenZhao,ZhideDing*
27、.Palmitoyl-ProteinThioesterase1(PPT1):AnObesity-InducedRatTesticularMarkerofReducedFertility.Mol Reprod Dev 2014;81:55-65*CorrespondingauthorObesityandMaleInfertilityObesityandMaleInfertilityFanY,DingZ*.Diet-inducedobesityinmaleC57BL/6micedecreasesfertilityasaconsequenceofdisruptedblood-testisbarrie
28、r.PLoS One 2015; 10(4):e0120775. *CorrespondingauthorMaleFertilityTheyoungestfatherTheoldestfatherMaleContraceptivePills(2012)CompositionandFunctionOvaryproduceoocyte,synthesizeandsecretefemalesexualhormonesOviducttransportoocyte,thesiteforfertilization UterusfetusgrowthVaginaandVulvaMammaryglandsba
29、byfeedingFemaleReproductiveSystemGeneralStructureSurfaceasinglelayerofsquamousorcuboidalcellsTunicaalbugineaathinlayerofdenseconnectivetissueCortexouterpart,thick,CT,oocytesindifferentstages,reticularfibersandstromacellsMedullacentralpart,CT,richinbloodvesselsandelasticfibersaswellasnervesHilusvesse
30、lsandnervereachandleave,CT,hiluscells,androgensecreting,smoothmusclesOvaryAmodelforovarystructureFollicleoocyte+follicularcells1.PrimordialFolliclesuperficiallayerofcortex,alargeamountofcells,ball-shapePrimaryoocyte resultsofmitosisofoogoniumandenteringintothephaseoffirstmeiosis,andstopinthestageofp
31、rophase,30mindiameter,cellsinroundshape,lightstaining,prominentnucleolus,eosinophiliccytoplasmcontainingcorticaloocytegranulesFollicularcells asinglelayerofsquamouscells,smoothsurface,celljunctionsbetweentheprimaryoocyteandfollicularcells，athinlayerofbasalmembraneoutside FollicleDevelopment&Maturati
32、on2.GrowingFollicle(1)PrimaryFollicleprimaryoocyteincreaseinsize,50-80mfollicularcellsasinglelayerofsquamouscellscuboidalcellsorseverallayerszonapellucida:betweentheprimaryoocyteandfollicularcellssperm-oocyterecognitionthecafolliculithecainternaandthecaexternaZonaPellucida(ZP)betweentheprimaryoocyte
33、andfollicularcells,ahomogeneouseosinophilicmembraneofglycoproteinPrimaryoocyteFSHstimulating,increaseinsize,125-150m,ZP5mFollicularcells antrumfolliclecontainingfollicularfluid, composedofsecretoryfluidfromfollicularcellsandpenetratedfluidfrombloodvesselsofthecafolliculi,cumulusoophorus, ,coronaradi
34、ata,granulosacellstoformzonagranulosa. （2）SecondaryFollicle granularcells primaryoocyteSecondaryFollicle(TEM)3.MatureFollicle(TertiaryFollicleorGraafianFollicle) Theterminalstageoffolliculardevelopment,thefullsizeof25mm,abulgeonthesurfaceoftheovary(stigma),accumulationoftheliquorfolliculi,enlargedan
35、trum,zonagranulosabecomingprogressivelythinner3.MatureFollicle Beforethe36-48hrsofovulation，primaryoocytecanfinishthefirstmeiosis，formingsecondaryoocyteandthefirstpolarbody,localizedinperivitellinespace(betweenthesecondaryoocyteandZP).Thechromosomeisdividedintohalfforeach(23,X).Then,secondaryoocytei
36、mmediatelyenterthesecondarymeiosisandstopinthemetaphase.ERp57andOocyteMaturationYueLiu,YeminZhu,XiaohuiWu,ZhideDing*.IncreasedExpressionofERp57inRatOocytesDuringMeioticMaturationIsAssociatedWithSperm-EggFusion.Mol Reprod Dev2014;81:315-325*CorrespondingAuthorEpigeneticsinGameteandFetusDevelopments李美
37、姿、姜梦迪、黄楷李美姿、姜梦迪、黄楷 综述；丁之德综述；丁之德 审校。审校。表观遗传学与哺乳动物配子表观遗传学与哺乳动物配子和胚胎发生发育的研究进展；和胚胎发生发育的研究进展；中国男科学杂志中国男科学杂志2015; 29(1): 63-66 2015; 29(1): 63-66 作者单位作者单位: : 上海交大医学院上海交大医学院20122012级临床医学专业级临床医学专业基金资助：基金资助：上海交通大学医学院第八期大学生创新项目（上海交通大学医学院第八期大学生创新项目（20140112014011） Primaryoocyte(46,XX2nDNA) firstmeiosisFirstpol
38、arbody+Secondaryoocyte(23,X2nDNA)metaphaseinsecondarymeiosisfertilizedunfertilizedsecondarymeiosisfinishSecondarypolarbody+matureoocyteDegeneration(23,X1nDNA)4.TheSynthesisofEstrogenDuringtheoocytedevelopment,estrogencanbesynthesizedandsecretedbycellsfromboththecagranulosaandthecainterna.Thecellsoft
39、hecainterna(LHR)takecholesterol(blood)，synthesizeAndrogen(aromatase)granulosacells(FSHR&LHR)Estrogenantrumfolliculiandbloodcirculationtargetcellsandtissues Fourteendaysbeforetheexpectedonsetofthenextmenstruation,theserumlevelofluteinizinghormone(LH)reachapeak.Enzymesofthefollicularfluidleadtoaruptur
40、eofthethinfollicularwall,andthesecondaryoocyte,withitscoronaradiataandtheliquorfolliculiandZP,arereleasedintothepelviccavityandsweptintotheoviductbyitsfimbriatedfunnel. OvulationAmodelforovulationofmaturefollicleOvaryOocyte OvulationCorpusLuteumFormation&DegenerationAfterovulation,therupturedfollicl
41、ecollapses,anditsholeisfilledbyahemorrhage.Followingseveraldays,itbecomesacellmasswithyellowcolorunderfreshconditionandsecretsthesteroidhormones.Granulosaluteincells derivedfromgranulosacells,polygonalshape,increaseinsize,lightstaining,localizedincentralpartofcorpusluteum,secretingprogesteroneandrel
42、axinThecaluteincells derivedfromthecellsofthecainterna,smallinsize,darkstaining,localizedinperipheralpartofcorpusluteum,secretingestrogen(togetherwithgranulosaluteincells)CorpusLuteumL.M.（thecaluteincellsgranulosaluteincells)TheChangesinCorpusLuteumIfoocyteisnotfertilized,corpusluteumofmenstruation
43、degeneratedaftertwoweeksIfoocyteisfertilized,corpusluteumofpregnancy degeneratedafter46monthscorpusalbicans(connectivetissue)SecondaryfollicleCorpusluteumofmenstruationEndocrineinOvaryThecellsofthecainterna andzonagranulosa androgenestrogenthecaluteumcellsestrogen(withgranulosaluteumcells)granulosal
44、uteumcellsprogesteroneHiluscellsandrogenCorpusluteumofpregnancy progesterone,estrogen,relaxinWallmucosaepitheliumsimplecolumnarlaminapropriaathinlayerofC.T. ciliatedcell secretorycellmuscularissmoothmuscle,circular(inner)andlongitudinal(outer)serosa L.C.T.+mesothelium(fibrosa+mesothelium)Oviduct(Fal
45、lopianTube)infundibulum,ampulla,isthmus,uterinepartAmpullainoviductMucosafromampullainoviductIsthmusinoviduct Structureofuterinewallendometriummyometrium perimetrium-epithelium-LPserosamyometriumlaminapropriaUterusepithelium1.EndometriumSimplecolumnarepitheliumSecretorycells+ciliatedcellsLaminapropr
46、iathick,CT,uterineglands,stromacells,richinbloodvessels Theepitheliafromendometrium(SEM)ClassificationofEndometriumStratumfunctionale4/5layerfromthesurfaceofendometrium,periodicchangesunderthestimulationofhormonesfromovarymenstruationDuringthepregnancy,itbecomesthesiteforimplantationandfetalgrowth.S
47、tratumbasale1/5layerjustbeneaththestratumfunctionale,noperiodicchanges,repairedbystratumfunctionale.2.Myometriumthick,consistsofsmoothmusclecells,connectivetissue,bloodvesselsandnerves.Threeill-definedlayers:inside,athincircularlayer,centrally,athickreticularlayer,outside,athincircularlayer3.Perimet
48、riumcoveredbyaperitonealserosa,butcervixfibrosaBloodCirculationinUterus Uterineartery（muscularis) (branches)Basalartery(straightandshort,nutritionforbasallayer) (majorstem) Helicalartery(nutritionforfunctionallayer,affectedbyhormones)Capillary network (superficial layer in the endometrium,affectedby
49、hormones) SmallveinsUterineveinAmodelforbloodvesselsanduterineglandsfromendometriummenstrualcycle Inthesexually-mature,non-pregnantfemalethegenitalorgansundergoperiodically-recurringchanges(28days),whicharecausedbyhormonesofthehypothalamicadenohypophyseal-ovarianaxis.Cyclichistologicalchangesaremost
50、markedintheendometriumofthecorpus,wherethreetypicalphasescanbedistinguishedmenstrualphase1stday4thdayproliferativephase5thday14thdaysecretoryphase15thday28thdayTheCyclicalChangesinUterineEndometrium1.ProliferativePhaseOvary Folliculardevelopmentandgrowth,ovulation,hormone(estrogen)UterineEndometrium
51、 Initially, the uterine glands are short, straight, tubular andfew,buttowardstheendofthephase,theybecomecoiledandtheir cells start to store glycogen. The stroma cells areproliferatedandpackedtightly. Thehelicalarteriesbegintosprout into the growing functional layer. During the late ofproliferative p
52、hase, the endometrium increases in thethicknessto2-3mmorevenmore.ProliferativephaseofuterineendometriumL.M.(E:functionallayer,M:basallayer,G:uterinegland,S:stroma)Theendofproliferativephaseinuterineendometrium(L.M.)2.SecretoryphaseOvarycorpusluteumformed,progesteroneestrogenUterineEndometriumcontinu
53、etoincreaseinthickness,reaching57mm. Theuterineglandsbecomemorecoiledandtheircellsaccumulateglycogen.Duringthatprocess,thenuclei,whichwerelocatedcentrallyatfirst,becomeorientedapically.Thehelicalarteriesalsobecomemoreandmorecoiledandcanreachsurfaceofendometrium.Thelaminapropriaisedemaandstromacellsa
54、refurtherproliferative,becomingthepredecidualcells(roundandlargerinsize,containingglycogenandlipiddroplets).Iffertilizationtakesplace,theendometriumbecomesdecidua.Ifnot,theendometriumenterthemenstrualphase.Secretoryphaseofuterineendometrium(L.M.)Theendofsecretoryphaseinuterineendometrium(L.M.)3.Mens
55、trualPhaseOvarycorpusluteumofmenstruationdegenerating,progesteroneandestrogenUterineendometriumThehormonecausesvasoconstrictionofthehelicalarteriesanduterineglandsstopsecretion,leadingtheischemia,degenerationandnecrosisofthefunctionallayer,thenfunctionallayerissloughed,butthebasallayersuppliedbystra
56、ightarteries,doesnotbecomenecrotic.Whentheestrogenlevelrisesagain,transientvasodilatationcausesbleedingandthesheddingofthenecrotictissuemenstruation.Severaldayslater,thefunctionallayerisregeneratedfromthecellsofthebasallayer.Menstrualphaseofuterineendometrium(L.M.)Amodelforcyclicalchangesinuterineendometrium
