最新商务沟通大英写作ppt课件

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1、商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作nInthisclass,studentswilllearn:nMainterms.nStructureofsomegenresintextbook.ObjectivesDecoding（解码）nTheactivityofthereceiverattachingmeaningtothewordsorsymbolsthatthesendersendsiscalleddecoding.nReceiversaretheaudiencetowhommessagesaredirected.Receivers（信息接收者）(P6)Feedback（信息反馈）nFeedbac

2、kconsistsofmessagesverbalandnonverbalthatconveyareactiontothecommunicatorsmessage.Noise（干扰因素）nItreferstoallthefactorsthatinterferewiththeexchangeofmessages.InternalnoiseExternalnoise(最典型)SemanticnoiseContextnThecommunicationcontextreferstothesituationinwhichcommunicationtakesplaceandtoeveryfactoraff

3、ectingitstransmission.PhysicalcontextSocialcontextInterpersonalcontextTheFlowofCommunication(P8)The Flow of CommunicationUpward communication Messages flowing from subordinates to superiorsDownward communicationWhenever superiors initiate messages to their subordinatesHorizontal communicationConsist

4、s of messages between members of an organization with equal powerCommunicationandCultureHigh-context cultureand Low-context cultureEdward T. HallnHigh-contextculturesprefertousehigh-contextmessagesinwhichmostofthemeaningiseitherimpliedbythephysicalsettingorpresumedtobepartoftheindividualsinternalize

5、dbelief,values,andnorms;verylittleisprovidedinthecoded,explicit,transmittedpartofthemessage.High-context cultureP10nLow-contextculturesprefertouselow-contextmessages,inwhichthemajorityoftheinformationisvestedintheexplicitcode.Low-context cultureChapter2ContrastiveRhetoricinBusinessCommunication（对比修辞

6、学）（对比修辞学）ContrastiveRhetoric对比修辞学对比修辞学(P16)ncontrastiverhetoricisanareaofresearchinsecond-languageacquisitionthatidentifiesproblemsincompositionencounteredbysecond-languagewritersand,byreferringtotherhetoricalstrategiesofthefirstlanguage,attemptstoexplainthem.nItisbelievedthatthelinguisticandrhetori

7、calconventionsofthefirstlanguageinterferewithwritinginthesecondlanguage.n对比修辞学是第二语言习得研究中的新领域,其主要研究范围是探讨第二语言学习者的学术写作问题,并借鉴母语修辞策略对第二语言学术写作问题进行解释。n并认为第一语言的语言学和修辞学特点会影响第二语言的写作。 Culture is the way we do things around here, and it is how people think, feel, and act. Culture(P17) Language, as we know, vari

8、es with culture, anddiffers among nations and geographic locations.LanguageRhetoric is the way we put together language to affect an audience, and each audience has certain expectations of rhetorical structure based on the traditional forms of rhetoric in their culture.RhetoricStereotype文化定势（P18）not

9、shownintextbooknStereotypes:Theyrefertonegativeorpositivejudgmentsmadeaboutindividualsbasedonanyobservableorbelievedgroupmembership.（文化定势：文化定势指基于明显的或受到认可的群体身份，对目标群体中的个体成员所持有的正面或反面的判断。）Powerdistance（权力距离）notshownintextbooknPowerdistance：istheextenttowhichthelesspowerfulmembersofinstitutionsand organi

10、zations accept that power isdistributedunequally.（权力距离是指机构或组织中权利较小的成员对权利被不平等分配的接受程度）。Chapter3ManagementandOrganizationalStructureManagement管理（P28）nManagementisdefinedastheprocessofadministeringandcoordinatingresourceseffectively,efficiently,andinanefforttoachievethegoalsoftheorganization.n管理（管理（mana

11、gement）:一个协调工作活动的过程，以便能够有效率和有效果地同别人一起或通过别人实现组织的目标。（包含两部分：过程（计划、组织、领导和控制）；协调其他人的工作）Efficiency效率效率/Effectiveness效果效果nEfficiencyisachievedbyusingthefewestinputs(suchaspeopleandmoney)togenerateagivenoutput.n效率（效率（efficiency）：以尽可能少的投入获得尽可能多的产出。nEffectivenessisachievedwhentheorganizationpursuesappropriate

12、goals.n效果（效果（effectiveness）：通常是指“做正确的事”，即所从事的工作和活动有助于达到其目标。ProcessofManagement管理过程（P28）nPlanninginvolvessettinggoalsanddefiningtheactionsnecessarytoachievethosegoals.计划计划（planning）：包括定义目标，制定战略以获取目标，：包括定义目标，制定战略以获取目标，以及制定计划和协调活动的过程。以及制定计划和协调活动的过程。nOrganizinginvolvesdeterminingthetaskstobedone,whowill

13、dothem,andhowthosetaskswillbemanagedandcoordinate.组织（组织（organizing）：）：安排工作以实现组织目标。包括决定应该从事哪些任务，安排工作以实现组织目标。包括决定应该从事哪些任务，应该由谁来从事这些任务，这些任务怎么分类和归集，谁应该由谁来从事这些任务，这些任务怎么分类和归集，谁向谁报告，以及在哪一级作出决策的过程。向谁报告，以及在哪一级作出决策的过程。nLeadingreferstothemanagersmustalsobecapableofleadingthemembersoftheirworkgrouptowardtheacco

14、mplishmentoftheorganizationsgoals.领导（领导（leading）：）：管理者具备管理者具备能够领导团队完成组织目标的能力。能够领导团队完成组织目标的能力。nManagersmustmonitortheperformanceoftheirorganizations,aswellastheirprogressinimplementingstrategicandoperationalplans.控控制（制（controlling）：监控、比较、纠正的过程。：监控、比较、纠正的过程。Levelsofmanagement（P30）n基层管理者（基层管理者（first-li

15、nemanagers）：）：Supervisetheindividualswhoaredirectlyresponsibleforproducingtheorganizationsproductordeliveringitservice.最低层的管理人员，他们管理着非管理雇员所从事的工作，这些工作是生产和提供组织的产品的工作，通常称为主管，也可以称为生产线线长或工长；n中层管理者（中层管理者（middlemanagers）：）：supervisefirst-linemanagersorstaffdepartment.Theyareresponsibleforthefirmsshort-term

16、decisions.包括所有处于基层和高层之间各个管理层次的管理者，这些管理者管理着基层管理者，他们可能具有部门经理、项目主管、工厂厂长，或者事业部经理的头衔；n高层管理者（高层管理者（topmanagers）:makedecisionsregardingthefirmslong-runobjectives.他们承担着制定广泛的组织决策、为整个组织制定计划和目标的责任。典型头衔是执行副总裁、总裁、管理董事、首席运营官、首席执行官或者董事会主席。DefinitionofOrganizing（P31）nOrganizingreferstotheprocessofdeterminingthetask

17、stobedone,whowilldothem,andhowthosetaskswillbemanagedandcoordinated.n组织：组织：安排工作以实现组织目标的过程。包括决定应该从事哪些任务，应该由谁来从事这些任务，这些任务怎么分类和归集，谁向谁报告，以及在哪一级作出决策的过程。JobDesign工作设计（P32）nJobdesignorworkarrangement(orrearrangement)aimedatreducingorovercomingjobdissatisfactionandemployeealienationarisingfromrepetitiveandm

18、echanistictasks.n作设计作设计(Jobdesign)是为减少或克服员工由于重复性或机械工作所产生的不满或疏离感而做的工作安排活重新安排整理。OrganizationalStructure组织结构组织结构nOrganizationalStructurereferstotheprimaryreportingrelationshipsthatexistwithinanorganization.n组织结构组织结构(OrganizationalStructure)是指组织内部的主要报告关系。是表明组织各部分排列顺序、空间位置、聚散状态、联系方式以及各要素之间相互关系的一种模式，是整个管理

19、系统的“框架”ChainofCommand命令链命令链（P33）nChainofcommandcanbedefinedbrieflyasthestructureofdecision-makingresponsibilitiesfromthehigherlevelsofauthoritytothelowerlevelsn命令链命令链(chainofcommand):从高权力阶从高权力阶层到低权力阶层的决策责任的结构。层到低权力阶层的决策责任的结构。SpanofControl(控制跨度控制跨度)nSpanofcontrolreferstothememberofemployeesthatreport

20、asinglemanager.控制跨度控制跨度(spanofcontrol)：向：向单一管理者回报的员工的数量。单一管理者回报的员工的数量。LineandStaff（运行与辅助人员）（运行与辅助人员）（P34）nLinepersonnelaredirectlyinvolvedindeliveringtheproductorserviceoftheorganization.Linepersonnel（运行人员）（运行人员）直接参与产品的组织和生产，他们的决策直接营销的产品的产量。nStaffpersonnelarenotpartoftheproductorservicedeliverysyste

21、mchainofcommand,butratherprovidesupporttolinepersonnel.Staffpersonnel（辅助人员）：（辅助人员）：不直接参与产品的生产，但为直接生产提够有效支持。Chapter4BusinessMeetingsMeeting会议（P38）nMeetingsareatypeoftheatrewheremanagersobserveandevaluatetheperformanceandprogressofsubordinates(管理者评介下属的工作绩效以及进展的场所）.2.TypesofMeetingsToDevelopNewIdeasToM

22、akeDecisionsToDelegateWorkToCollaborateTypesofMeetingsToInformToPersuadeOthersnToInform通知型会议nUseameetingtoinformwhenclarifyingwritteninformationparticipantshavereceivedpreviously.Thistypeofmeetingalsocanbeusedtopresentnewinformation.nToDevelopNewIdeas探讨型会议nAtthismeeting,participantssuggestnewideasin

23、anopen,democraticatmosphere.Italsodevelopsnewprocedures,programs,andsoforth.nToMakeDecisions决策型会议nDecision-makingmeetingsbringpeopleandcompaniestogethertodebateanissue,reconcileconflictingviews,andmakeadecision.nToDelegateWork委派工作型会议nMeetingstodelegateareheldtoassigntaskstopeopleorgroups,whoarethenr

24、esponsibleforcompletingthosetasks.Itisnecessarytoholdadelegatingmeetingtoclarifyspecificdetails.Meetingstodelegateoftenarefollowedbyinformationalanddecision-makingmeetings.nToCollaborate合作型会议nCollaborativemeetingsaresessionsinwhichparticipantsworktogether,toorganizecomplexmemos,letters,orreports.Col

25、laborativeeffortssucceedonlyifpeopleworktogetherasateam.nToPersuadeOthers说服型会议nPersuasivemeetingsinvolveoralpresentationstoachieveagroupconsensusandsupportforacourseofaction.Forexample,apersuasivemeetingmaypresentthemeritsofspecificelectronicproductorbuildenthusiasmforpurchasingtheproduct.TheProcess

26、ofMeetingPlanningaMeetingConductingtheMeetingClosetheMeetingChapter5FundamentalsofBusinessWritingIdentifyYourPurpose（P48）nGeneralpurposesToinformTopersuadeTocollaborate（合作）nSpecificpurposeTheoutcomeyouareseekingSelecting the appropriate mediumMessage formality（信息的正式性）Sender intentions（信息发出者的意图）Audie

27、nce preferences（听众的喜好）Urgency and cost（迫切性与成本）P49DirectPlanDirectPlan（直接式）（直接式）（直接式）（直接式） nLow-contextculturesnTheU.S.,Canada,Australia,Britain,NewZealandandNorthernEurope.IndirectPlanIndirectPlan（间接式（间接式（间接式（间接式nHigh-contextculturesnAsia,LatinAmerica,AfricaandMiddleEast.WritingRoutineandGood-NewsMe

28、ssages（P50）TheDirectApproachMainIdeaStep 1DetailsandExplanationsStep 2Future-orientedCloseStep 3FlowoftheMessageSubstanceoftheMessageTheIndirectApproachOtherPrioritiesStep 1MainIdeaStep 2CourteousCloseStep 3FlowoftheMessageSubstanceoftheMessageWritingBad-NewsMessages（P51）Direct PlanIndirect Plan1. b

29、ad news2. reasons3. positive close1. buffer2. reasons3. bad news4. positive closeWritingPersuasiveMessages（P52）Attention（引起注意）Interest（兴趣）Desire（需求）Action（行动）Chapter6Note-takingNote-taking记笔记（P58）nNote-takingisthepracticeofrecordinginformationcapturedfromatransient(短暂的）source,suchasanoraldiscussiona

30、tameeting,oralecture.GenreFeaturesofNote-taking（P60）nLinguisticFeaturesnWritethedefinitionofthetermsbutdontusetheauthorswords,useyourown.Abbreviatewhereverpossible.Itdoesnothavetobestandardabbreviations,justanyabbreviationsthatmakesensetothenote-taker.TechniquesforTakingNotes（P60）Methods of Note-tak

31、ingThe Cornell MethodThe Outline MethodThe Mapping MethodThe Sentence MethodThe Charting Methodn nTheCornellMethodTheCornellMethod科内尔法科内尔法科内尔法科内尔法nTheCornellmethodprovidesasystematicformatforcondensingandorganizingnoteswithoutlaboriousrecopying.n nTheOutlineMethodTheOutlineMethod（提纲法）（提纲法）（提纲法）（提纲法）

32、 1.Theinformationwhichismostgeneralbeginsattheleftwitheachmorespecificgroupoffactsindentedwithspacestotheright.n nTheMappingMethodTheMappingMethod（图示法）（图示法）（图示法）（图示法）nMappingisamethodthatusescomprehension/concentrationskillsandwhichrelateeachfactorideatoeveryotherfactoridea.Mappingisagraphicrepresen

33、tationofthecontentofameeting.n nTheChartingMethod(TheChartingMethod(列表法列表法列表法列表法) )nIftheformatisdistinct(suchaschronological),youmaysetupyourpaperbydrawingcolumnsandlabelingappropriateheadingsinatable.n nTheSentenceMethodTheSentenceMethod（截句法）（截句法）（截句法）（截句法）nWriteeverynewthought,factortopiconasepar

34、ateline,numberingasyouprogress.Itisusedwhenthemeetingissomewhatorganized,butheavywithcontent,whichcomesfirst.Chapter7SummarySummary摘要摘要（P72）A summary is a short version of alongertext,anditgivesonlythemainpoints.概概要要(summary)是是一一种种对对原原始始文文献献（或文章）的基本内容进行浓缩的短文。（或文章）的基本内容进行浓缩的短文。ClassificationofSummari

35、esSummaryDescriptiveSummaryInformativeSummaryEvaluativeSummarynDescriptiveSummary描述型/说明型概要nAdescriptivesummaryisoftenreferredtoasadescriptiveabstractnInformativeSummary信息型概要（P74）nTheinformativesummarytellswhatisintheworkinaparagraphtoseveralpages,dependingonthelengthoftheoriginal.nEvaluativeSummary评

36、价型概要（P75）nitmaybethepurposeofthesummarynotonlytoreportthegistofapieceofwritingbutalsotocommentonitsaccuracy,completeness,andusefulness.Intheevaluativesummaryyouincludeyourownreactions,yourthoughtsandfeelings,alongwithareportonthemainfactsinthematerial.StructuralFeaturesofSummaries（P77）nTheformatmost

37、oftenincludes:a title, paragraphs, authors name and a date.nShortsentencesarenormallyrequired,butnumbered points and/or other graphicdevicesmayalsobeused.nThelengthofasummaryvariesaccordingtoitspurpose;however,itshouldgenerallybenomorethanone-fourth the lengthoftheoriginal.Chapter8GraphsGraphs图表/图解（

38、P84）nGraphsarediagramsthatpresentnumericaldatainvisualforminordertoshowtrends,movements,distributions,andcycles.TypesofGraphsnLinegraphs(折线图折线图)areusedtotrackchangestrackchangesovershortandlongperiodsoftimeovershortandlongperiodsoftime. .Linegraphscanalsobeusedtocomparechangesoverthesameperiodoftime

39、formorethanonegroupnPiecharts(饼状图饼状图)canbeusedtocomparecomparepartsofawholepartsofawhole.Theydonotshowchangesdonotshowchangesovertimeovertime.Inpiecharts,thepercentagesofawholecanbeshownandrepresentedatasetpointintime.Unlikebargraphsandlinegraphs,piechartsdonotshowchangesovertime.nBargraphs(柱状图柱状图)a

40、reusedtocomparethingscomparethingsbetweendifferentgroupsortotrackchangesbetweendifferentgroupsortotrackchangesovertimeovertime.However,whentryingtomeasurechangeovertime,bargraphsarebestwhenthechangesarebigger.nAreagraphs(面积曲线图面积曲线图)areverysimilartolinesimilartolinegraphsgraphs.Theycanbeusedtotrackch

41、angesovertimeforoneormoregroupsforoneormoregroups.nX-YPlot(X-Y坐标图、直角坐标曲线图）坐标图、直角坐标曲线图）areusedtodeterminerelationshipsbetweentwodifferentthings.Thex-axisisusedtomeasureoneevent(orvariable)andthey-axisistomeasuretheother.TypesofData（P85）nThedataareorderedbythetimeandarereferredtoastimeseriesdata(时间序列时

42、间序列数据数据).n时间序列数据时间序列数据是指隔一定时间间隔记录的数据，它着眼于研究对象在一定时间内的变化，寻找空间(对象)历时发展的规律。nDatathatischaracterizedbyindividualunits.Theseunitsmightrefertopeople,companiesorcountries.Withsuchcross-sectionaldata(横截横截面数据面数据),theorderingofthedatatypicallydoesnotmatter(unliketimeseriesdata).n横截面数据横截面数据是指在某一时点某一时点收集的不同对象的数据

43、，可指在同一时间点或近似同一时间点上收集的数据合。它对应同一时点上不同空间（对象同一时点上不同空间（对象）所组成的一组数据集合，研究的是某一时点上的某种经济现象，突出空间（对象）的差异nSomedatasetswillhavebothatimeseriesbothatimeseriesandacross-sectionalcomponentandacross-sectionalcomponent.Thisdataisreferredtoaspaneldata(面板数据面板数据).n面板数据面板数据有时间和截面两个维度，是截面数据与时间序列综合起来的一种数据资源。其有时间序列和截面两个维度，当这

44、类数据按两个维度排列时，是排在一个平面上，与只有一个维度的数据排在一条线上有着明显的不同，整个表格像是一个面板,所以把paneldata译作“面板数据”。n举例：举例：n如：城市名：北京、上海、重庆、天津的GDP分别为10、11、9、8（单位亿元）。这就是截面数据，在一个时间点处切开，看各个城市的不同就是截面数据。n如：2000、2001、2002、2003、2004各年的北京市GDP分别为8、9、10、11、12（单位亿元）。这就是时间序列，选一个城市，看各个样本时间点的不同就是时间序列。n如：2000、2001、2002、2003、2004各年中国所有直辖市的GDP分别为：北京市分别为8、

45、9、10、11、12；上海市分别为9、10、11、12、13；天津市分别为5、6、7、8、9；重庆市分别为7、8、9、10、11（单位亿元）。这就是面板数据。nSuchdataariseoftenineconomicswhenchoicesareinvolved(e.g.thechoicetobuyornotbuyaproduct,totakepublictransportoraprivatecar,tojoinornottojoinaclub).Theseanswersarereferredtoasqualitativedata(定定性数据性数据).n定性数据定性数据也称品质数据，它说明的是

46、事物的品质特征，不能用有一个统一单位的数值来表示。如:男，女；优秀、良好、及格。（P85P85）nThemacroeconomistsdataonsaleswillhaveanumbercorrespondingtoeachfirmsurveyed;forexample,thelastmonthssalesinthefirstcompanysurveyedwereRMB20,000.Thisisreferredtoasquantitativedata(定量数据定量数据).n定量数据也称定量数据也称数量数据数量数据，它说明的是事物的数，它说明的是事物的数量特征，能够用有一个统一单位的数值（比如，

47、量特征，能够用有一个统一单位的数值（比如，身高可以用身高可以用cm，m或英寸等，体重可以用或英寸等，体重可以用kg或或磅，温度可以用磅，温度可以用或或K，声音的频率可以用赫兹，声音的频率可以用赫兹或弧度或弧度/秒；这里的秒；这里的“统一单位统一单位”是指对不同的变是指对不同的变量值都可以使用这个单位，而不是一定要使用量值都可以使用这个单位，而不是一定要使用这个单位）表示。这个单位）表示。StructuralFeaturesofGraphs:（P87）StructuralFeaturesTitleLegendInformationanddataSourcesnThebasiccomponents

48、inthegrapharetitle,legend,sources,informationanddata.nThetitle（标题）（标题）offersashortexplanationofwhatisinyourgraph.Thishelpsthereaderidentifywhattheyareabouttolookat.Itcanbecreativeorsimple.nThelegend(图例图例)tellswhateachlinerepresents.Ithelpsthereaderunderstandwhattheyarelookingat.nInformationandData（信

49、息和数据）（信息和数据）:Linegraphscanpresentmorethanonegroupofdataatatime.Line,X-Yplotandareagraphscanpresentmorethanonegroupofdataatatime.nThesource（出处）（出处）explainswhereyoufoundtheinformationthatisinyourgraph.TechniquesPictureandWordWordandNumberWordandTextChapter9BusinessLettersDefinitionofBusinessLetters（P9

50、8）nLettersareabasicperson-to-personcommunicationthattakesplaceinawidevarietyofsettingsandsituations.nBusinesslettersrequiretheuseofconciselanguagethoughdifferenttypesofmessagesareorganizedaccordingtospecificsituations.ClassificationofBusinessLettersntypeofmessagen1.routinelettersn2.good-newslettersn

51、3.bad-newslettersn4.persuasivelettersn nRoutineLettersRoutineLetters常规信息信函常规信息信函常规信息信函常规信息信函（P98-P100P98-P100）nAroutinelettercontainsaneutralmessage-themainideaisneitherpositivenornegative.Thesenderissurethereceiverwillrespondasthesenderwants.Thus,thereceiverdoesnotneedtobepersuadedtodosomething.nn

52、nGood-newsLettersGood-newsLetters好消息信函好消息信函好消息信函好消息信函nAreceiverwillreactfavorablytoaletterthatcontainsgoodnews.n nBad-newsLettersBad-newsLetters坏消息信函坏消息信函坏消息信函坏消息信函nAlettercontainingbadnewsconveysinformationthatwilldisappointthereceiver.Lettersthatdenyrequests,declinetosupplyinformation,refusecredit

53、,orrejectaproposalbelongtothistype.n nPersuasiveLettersPersuasiveLetters 劝说类信函劝说类信函劝说类信函劝说类信函nApersuasiveletterisaletterthatyouwritetoconvincesomeonetoagreewithyoursideofanargument.LinguisticFeaturesofLettersSevenCsnCompleteness(完整)nConcreteness（具体）nClarity（清楚）nConciseness（简洁）nCourtesy（礼貌）nConsidera

54、tion（体谅）nCorrectness（准确）Formats of LettersnFullBlockFormat齐头式齐头式AllPartsofthebusinessletterareplacedagainsttheleftmargin.nSemiblockFormat半齐头式半齐头式Threeelementsaremovedtotherightmargin:thereturnaddress,thedate,thesignatureincludingthecomplimentaryclosenIndentedFormat缩行式缩行式Thefirstlineofparagraphsarein

55、dented,usuallyfivespaces.nModifiedFormat混合式混合式CombinationoftheabovetwostylesEssential Parts of Business Letters商务信函的构成要素n商务信函通常由七个主要部分构成:n信头letterheadn日期daten信内地址insideaddressn主题subjectlinen称呼salutationn正文bodyn结尾敬辞complimentaryclosen签名signatureWritingRoutineandGood-NewsMessages（P108）TheDirectApproac

56、hMainIdeaStep 1DetailsandExplanationsStep 2Future-orientedCloseStep 3FlowoftheMessageSubstanceoftheMessageBad-newsletters（P108）TheIndirectApproachBufferStep 1ReasonsStep 2BadNewsStep 3PositiveCloseStep 4FlowoftheMessageSubstanceoftheMessageTechniquesPersuasiveLetter（P110）GeneralStructurenGaining Att

57、entionnArousing InterestnStimulating Desire/ Reducing ResistancenEncouraging ActionWritingE-mail（P111）n nSubjectlinesasbriefasyoucan.n nFormatacloseas“sincerely.”isnotamust.nameshouldbeafteryoumessage.n nEtiquetteusefullcapsontoemphasizeasinglewordortwoNOangrymessagesbye-mail.Messagesneededadaptyour

58、messagestotherecipientssystemincludetheessentialpartoftheoriginalmessageswhenrespondingtoamessageChapter 10BusinessMemosMemos备忘录备忘录（P118）Memorandum,alsocalledmemoorinternalmemo,isakindofsimpleandefficientinternalcommunicationwithinabusinessorganization.Memoscanbesentviahardcopy(onpaper)orviae-mail(e

59、lectronically).Classificationn按照体裁类型，可以分为：n要求类备忘录要求类备忘录(requestmemos)-itaimstoaskthereceiverforinformationoraction.n信息类备忘录信息类备忘录(informativememos)-itoutlinesthefactsandthenrequeststhereadersactions.n劝说类备忘录劝说类备忘录(persuasivememos)-itengagesthereadersinterestbeforeissuingadirectiven回复类备忘录回复类备忘录(respons

60、ememos)-itprovidestheaudiencewithdesiredinformation.Linguistic FeaturesConcisenessCorrectness and ClarityCourtesyNeutral or Positive Tone语言特点语言特点Structural FeaturesTITLEHEADINGBODYNOTATIONS（注释）（注释）结构特点结构特点Title标题部分标题部分(p119)备忘录的标题仅为一个词备忘录的标题仅为一个词“MEMO”或或“MEMORANDUM”，或内部备忘录，或内部备忘录(InternalMemorandum)

61、，办公室间备忘，办公室间备忘录录(InterofficeMemorandum)，位于首页，位于首页正中。一般情况下，在印制好的备忘录专正中。一般情况下，在印制好的备忘录专用纸张上，标题一般位于公司名称和徽标用纸张上，标题一般位于公司名称和徽标(logo)下方。下方。Heading开头部分开头部分备忘录的开头与标题之间空两行，包括收备忘录的开头与标题之间空两行，包括收件人件人(To)、发件人、发件人(From)、日期、日期(Date)和事和事由由(Subject)四部分。其格式布局一般采用四部分。其格式布局一般采用纵向垂直和横向水平两种。纵向垂直和横向水平两种。MEMORANDUMTO:Fran

62、kConnors,SecurityManagerFROM:JackVictors,SecuritySupervisorDATE:15thMarch,2007SUBJECT:IncidentReport-DamagetoMedicalEquipmentMEMORANDUMTO:FrankConnors,DATE:15thMarch,2007SecurityManagerFROM:JackVictors,SUBJECT:IncidentReportSecuritySupervisor-DamagetoMedicalEquipmentBody正文部分正文部分备忘录的正文部分是其主体部分，即信息备忘录

63、的正文部分是其主体部分，即信息内容。依据其主题内容，正文部分的篇幅内容。依据其主题内容，正文部分的篇幅可短至一两句，也可长达几页。如果涉及可短至一两句，也可长达几页。如果涉及两个主题，发送两份备忘录。为避免使备两个主题，发送两份备忘录。为避免使备忘录过长的话，可将其变成一个报告，并忘录过长的话，可将其变成一个报告，并附带一份备忘录进行简要说明。附带一份备忘录进行简要说明。Notations注释部分注释部分多数情况下，备忘录最后会附有与内容多数情况下，备忘录最后会附有与内容相关的各种表格、图表等注释，以证实相关的各种表格、图表等注释，以证实所提供的信息真实、可靠，且言之有据。所提供的信息真实、可

64、靠，且言之有据。同时，要提及所附加的附件，并在最后同时，要提及所附加的附件，并在最后加上一句话以表明附件内容。加上一句话以表明附件内容。例如：例如：Attachment(s)/Enclosure:SeveralComplaintsaboutProduct,January,2006Notations注释部分注释部分n n如果备忘录由助理或秘书经手的，起草人如果备忘录由助理或秘书经手的，起草人和助理都应标注他们的姓名缩写。前者以和助理都应标注他们的姓名缩写。前者以大写字母的形式出现，后者以小写字母的大写字母的形式出现，后者以小写字母的形式出现。例如：形式出现。例如：EIB:pjcIMK/pjcNo

65、tations注释部分注释部分n n当备忘录要分发给其他人，或其副本当备忘录要分发给其他人，或其副本(copynotation)要发送给多名商业伙伴要发送给多名商业伙伴或其他有关当事人，并列举这些收件人或其他有关当事人，并列举这些收件人的姓名。如下面的例子：的姓名。如下面的例子：Distribution:JeffreyJonesC/CC:JeffreyJones（副本）（副本）WritingSkillsforDifferentTypesofMemos(P123-P125)nInformativeMemos:areusedtotransferorexplainthecompanypolicies

66、,guidelinesandproclaims.nRequestMemos:usethedirectordertoguaranteetheeffectiveexpression.nResponsesMemos:beginswithshortparagraphstatingthepurposetorespondtoarequestforinformation.nPersuasiveMemos:thepointofviewisnotonlyfromtheexecutives,butalsofromthemanagersoremployees,whichmightbringagreatdealofr

67、esistance.Chapter 11BusinessMinutesMinutes会议记录（P130）nMinutesareabriefsummaryorrecordofwhatissaidanddecidedatameeting,especiallyofasocietyoracommittee.nTheformisnotsoimportantaslongasitcanbeconciseandbrief.ClassificationofBusinessMinutesnVerbatimMinutes逐字记录型会议记录逐字记录型会议记录:Incourtofhearingofwitnesses,e

68、verywordspoken,everythinghappenedatthemeetingisrecordedandused.nMinutesofResolution决议型会议记录决议型会议记录:Inminutesofresolution,onlytheresultofdiscussionsandthemainconclusionsarerecorded.nMinutesofNarration叙述型会议记录叙述型会议记录:Minutesofnarrationreferstoconcisesummaryofallthediscussionsandconclusionsmadeatthemeeti

69、ng.nMinutesofAction行动型会议记录行动型会议记录:Insuchmeetingminutes,thereshouldbespeechesanddiscussiongivenbytheattendeesaswellasthemeasuresandthemanagerforspecificproject.Linguistic FeaturesConciseness & CoherenceFormal Written StyleAccurate SpeechObjective ToneStructural FeaturesHEADINGBASICSITUATIONBODYENDING

70、StructuralFeaturesHeading标题标题:即会议的名称或者会议的类别。即会议的名称或者会议的类别。由公司、机构名称、由公司、机构名称、标识或事由（含届、次）标识或事由（含届、次）和会议记录组成。和会议记录组成。nBasic Situation基本情况基本情况: 记录人要写清开会时间记录人要写清开会时间(time)、会议地点、会议地点(venue)、出席人、出席人(presence)、缺席人、缺席人(absence)、列席人、列席人(attendee)、主持人、主持人(chairperson)和记录人和记录人(recorder)，必，必要时应注明其职务。如果会议规模非常要时应注

71、明其职务。如果会议规模非常小，记录人要把出席者和因故未出席者小，记录人要把出席者和因故未出席者姓名列出，并标注出主持人和记录员。姓名列出，并标注出主持人和记录员。如果会议规模很大，只需列出出席人数、如果会议规模很大，只需列出出席人数、主持人和记录员姓名即可。主持人和记录员姓名即可。nBody正文正文: 正文部分是会议记录的主要部分，包含正文部分是会议记录的主要部分，包含主持人发言、主讲人报告、上级指示、主持人发言、主讲人报告、上级指示、会议讨论内容、会议决议等。该部分是会议讨论内容、会议决议等。该部分是记录和撰写的重要部分，是了解会议意记录和撰写的重要部分，是了解会议意图图(purpose)的

72、主要依据，是会议结果的主要依据，是会议结果(resolution)的综合反映，也是日后备的综合反映，也是日后备查查(reference)的可靠依据。在较为正的可靠依据。在较为正式的会议记录中，该部分常由式的会议记录中，该部分常由背景、议背景、议背景、议背景、议题和结论组成题和结论组成题和结论组成题和结论组成。 Ending结尾：结尾：一般要包含一般要包含:下次会议日期及主要议程、下次会议日期及主要议程、休会时间、会议记录人签名、附件信息、休会时间、会议记录人签名、附件信息、抄送人信息等。抄送人信息等。此外，在会议记录的右下方，此外，在会议记录的右下方，由会议主持和记录人签名由会议主持和记录人签

73、名。Otherterms（P132）nAgenda(议事日程议事日程)isalistoftopicswhichhavetobediscussedatameeting.nMinutesofNarration（叙述型会议记录）（叙述型会议记录）Whiletakingtheminutesofnarration,youshouldrecordtheprocessandcontentofameetingwithsimple,declarativesentencesandordinarywordsorexpressionsnMinutesofResolution（决议型会议记录）（决议型会议记录）:The

74、resolutions,measures,andthediscussionresultsarethekeypointstobewrittendownfortheminutes-takerinthiskindofminute,whilethecontentshouldbewrittenwithgeneralizedstatementsandabstractnouns.nMinutesofAction（行动型会议记录）（行动型会议记录）:Itmainlyrecordstheissueputforwardbyapersonorprocessofaprojectindetailevenincludin

75、gthespecificsteps,thecompletenessandsuperintendentsandsoon.Chapter 12PressReleasePressRelease新闻稿（P144）Apressreleaseisatargetedstatementthatanorganization,grouporindividualcanmaketonotifythepublicregardingitsproduct,service,orbusiness.新闻稿(newsrelease;pressrelease)主要是指组织、企业或个人向大众告知有关其新产品、新服务、或商业信息的有目的

76、性的声明。Itcanbecalledakindof“free”advertisingthatletsthepublicpotentialcustomersgetsomeinformationaboutitsbusiness.n新闻稿也可被称作为“免费”的广告。它能使公众，尤其是潜在客户对其业务获得更多信息ClassificationofPressReleasesnByTransmissionModePressroom（新闻中心（新闻中心/新闻室）新闻室）isafoldercontainingallthepressreleasesavailableonthewebsite,whichisanim

77、portbusinesschanneltoissuepressreleases.nByReleaseTimenBySourceandTopicofInformationCommunicativePurposes（P145）nProvidingTimelyInformation提供即时信息提供即时信息nMeetingMediaNeeds满足媒体需求满足媒体需求nEnhancingInfluenceonthePublic提升大众影响力提升大众影响力LinguisticFeaturesn准确性准确性Accuraten简洁性简洁性Concisen可读性可读性Readablen客观性客观性Objecti

78、ven条理性条理性LogicalStructuralFeaturesofPressReleases（P147）n企业标识企业标识Title/Logon发布指示发布指示ReleaseTimen联系信息联系信息ContactInformationn标题标题Headlinen导语导语Leadn正文正文Bodyn结尾结尾EndBoilerplate样板文件样板文件（P150）nAboilerplateisaparagraphafterthepressreleasebody,oftenprecededwithalinesaying,forexample,“AboutAfrica2000Network”w

79、hichgivesgeneralbackgroundaboutthepersonororganizationissuingthepressrelease.n新闻稿中的样板文件是指附在新闻稿正文内容后面的一段关于该公司或组织的简单介绍。n注意这部分内容不要以“CompanyIntroduction”为题目，是相关内容。InvertedPyramidStructure倒金字塔式结构（倒金字塔式结构（P155）Invertedpyramidwritingstyleplacesthemostimportantfactsatthebeginningandthen,thepressreleasemoves

80、ontoaninvertedpyramidstructureinordertodescendingorderofimportanceChapter 13BusinessReportsBusinessReports商务报告商务报告（P162）nAbusinessreportisanorderly,objectivemessageusedtoconveyinformationfromoneorganizationalareatoanotherorfromoneinstitutiontoanothertoassistdecision-makingorproblemsolving.n商务报告是某一企业

81、内部或与其他企业之间传递信息，进行沟通的一种工具，用以帮助做出决策或问题解决的有组织性的客观的信息。By Formality Formal Reports 正式报告 Formal report is generally long and about complex problems. Informal Reports 非正式报告 An informal report is usually a short message written in natural or personal language, which is produced as accounts of daily business

82、 matters, or anything requiring quick decisions. Classification of Business Reports By Function Informational Reports 信息式报告信息式报告 The informational report merely presents the facts and a summarywithout analyzing, interpreting, drawing conclusions, or making recommendations. Analytical Reports 分析式报告分析

83、式报告 The analytical report provides facts, analyzes and interprets them, and makes conclusions as well as recommendations if needed. Classification of Business Reports Linguistic FeaturesObjective and Impersonal 客观性客观性 Specific and Factual 具体翔实具体翔实 Consistent and Coherent 句式连贯，段落衔接句式连贯，段落衔接 Complete

84、and Concise 完整、清晰、准确完整、清晰、准确Genre Features of Business Reports （P 163） Structural FeaturesComponents of Formal Reports nPrefatory Parts （序言）nThe Text of Report （正文）n Supplementary Parts （补充）Components of Informal Reports nTitle 标题nIntroduction 简介nFindingsn发现nConclusionsn结论nRecommendationsn建议Genre Fe

85、atures of Business Reports Trip Reports Trip Reports 差旅报告差旅报告差旅报告差旅报告 The trip report calls for description of what occurred during a meeting trip or other activity. Progress Reports Progress Reports 进展报告进展报告进展报告进展报告 It describes the progress of a plan being carried out a a project which is underway

86、 or whether it is within the budget or not so that the managers can have the updated information about business activities or project worked onWriting Methods for other Business Reports ( P168)Periodic Reports Periodic Reports 阶段性报告阶段性报告阶段性报告阶段性报告 A periodic report is designed to describe what has h

87、appened in department during a particular period. Investigative Reports Investigative Reports 调查报告调查报告调查报告调查报告 Investigative reports are written in response to a request for information.Analytical Reports Analytical Reports 分析报告分析报告分析报告分析报告 Their emphasis is placed on analyzing, drawing conclusions

88、and proposing recommendations.Writing Methods for other Business Reports ( P169)Chapter 14ProposalsProposals建议书建议书（P174）nAproposalisaspecialtypeofanalyticalreportdesignedtogetproducts,plans,orprojectsacceptedbyothers.Classification（P174-175）nInternalproposal内部建议书内部建议书nExternalproposal外部建议书外部建议书nSoli

89、citedproposal非主动提供的建议书非主动提供的建议书nUnsolicitedproposal主动提供的建议书主动提供的建议书Internalproposals内部建议书nInternalproposalaresubmittedtodecisionmakersinonesownorganization,andtheyareissuedtosuggestachangeandimprovementwithinanorganization.内部建议书提交给组织内部的决策者,内部建议书的提交是为了公司内部的变革或改进。Externalproposals外部建议书nExternalproposa

90、lsareissuedtoprospectiveclientsintheworkplaceandgovernmentoutsideandorganization.外部建议书是提供给公司外部的政府或潜在客户的。Solicitedproposals非主动建议书nAsolicitedproposalisaresponsetoaformalorinformalrequest.非主动建议书是对正式或非正式要求作出的答复。Unsolicitedproposals主动提供建议书nAnunsolicitedproposalhasnotbeeninvitedbythepotentialcustomers.主动建

91、议书是在潜在客户没有要求的情况下提出的。Linguisticfeaturesn1.Factualwriting依据事实依据事实n2.Clear,simpleandnontechnicallanguage清楚，简单，非技术用语清楚，简单，非技术用语n3.Directandpositivetone直接语气？直接语气？n4.Formality是否正规？是否正规？n5.Length篇幅长短？篇幅长短？StructureofBusinessProposal（P176）n1.coverpage封面封面n2.coverletter附信附信/说明信说明信/通通知函知函n3.summary摘要综述摘要综述n4.

92、tableofcontents目录目录n5.introduction导言导言n6.proposedprogram项目计划项目计划n7.qualificationsandexperience资历资质资历资质n8.facilitiesandequipment设施设备设施设备n9.budget预算预算n10.appendices附件附录附件附录Formatandlength（P181）nUnsolicitedproposal,subheadingsninformalproposalforprojectscostlessthan2,000nformalproposalforprojectscostmo

93、rethan2,000.Chapter 16ResumenAresume(alsocalledadatasheetoravita)isaconcisesummaryofanapplicantsqualificationsforemployment.(P200)ClassificationElectronicResumesScannableResume可扫描简历可扫描简历可扫描简历可扫描简历On-lineResume在线简历在线简历在线简历在线简历nScannableResume:ispreparedandbecomespartofafilewhichiscreatedbyusingscanne

94、rs.nOn-lineResume:canbeviewedviatheInternetandgenerallyituseslinkstootherscreens.Expoundingoninformationthatmightbeomittedinonepageresume.ClassificationByOrderChronologicalResume时间性简历时间性简历时间性简历时间性简历FunctionalResume功能性简历功能性简历功能性简历功能性简历CombinationResume组合式简历组合式简历组合式简历组合式简历nChooseanorganizationalplanth

95、athighlightsinformationthatwillimpressemployers选择一种可以突出重要信息、给雇主留下深刻印象的组织结构。(P202)Classification1.Chronological2.FunctionalAlsocalledReverseChronologicalOrderStartfromthepresentandgobackintimeOrbeginatthestartofonescareerandgoforwardintime(P202)PresentyouraccomplishmentsorskillsinorderoftheirImportan

96、ce,Showingthemostimportantorimpressivefirst(P202)按时间顺序编排的简历功能性简历Classification3.Cbinesboththechronologicalandfunctionalformats.groupyourexperiencesorkeysellingpointstogetherbyfunctionalareasgroupyourexperiencesorkeysellingpointstogetherbyfunctionalareasandthenlistthoseexperienceschronologicallywithi

97、neachsectionandthenlistthoseexperienceschronologicallywithineachsection.(P203).(P203)组合式简历Chapter 17ApplicationLettersDefinitionofApplicationletters(P212)nAnapplicationletterorcoverletterorcoveringletterisaletterofintroductionattachedto,oraccompanyinganotherdocumentsuchasaresumeorcurriculumvitae(CV)

98、.Yourletteristhefirstindicatorofyourcommunicationskillstoapotentialemployer.ClassificationofApplicationletters(P212)nSolicitedLetters公开职位求职信公开职位求职信Asolicitedletterofapplicationiswrittentoapplyforaspecificjobopening,whichhasbeenannouncedoradvertised.Forexample,youmaybeapplyingforajobadvertisedinthene

99、wspaperorforajobyoulearnedaboutfromacurrentemployee.nUnsolicitedLetters非公开职位求职信非公开职位求职信nAnunsolicitedletterofapplicationiswrittentoapplyforapositionthathasnotbeenadvertisedorannouncedandmayormaynotbeopen.nIntheletter,youneedtoshowyourskillsandexperiencesbasedyourunderstandingoftherelatedcompanies.Co

100、mmunicativePurposes:n求职信作为一封自我推荐信，意在让招聘者了解应聘者的学历、经历、能力、业绩、愿望等等，给招聘一方留下深刻印象，从而获得面试的机会。StructuralFeaturesofApplicationletters:(P216)nOpeningParagraph（概述部分）（概述部分）nBodyParagraph（详述部分）（详述部分）nClosingParagraph（总结部分）（总结部分）StructuralFeaturesofApplicationletters:nOpeningParagraph（概述部分）：（概述部分）： 要想引起读者兴趣，第一步就是要

101、称呼具体的个人。不要把信件邮给“人事部经理(Personnel Managers)”或者“人力资源部(Human Resources Managers)”，而要把称呼指向适当的个人。 组织名称正确拼写，地址完整。n求职信的开头取决于雇主是不是在征聘。假如一个职位是公开招聘，就可以采用直接的方式。n假如不知道那个职位招聘与否或者是期待应聘的某一个职位，就要用间接的方式。不管是直接还是间接，开头都应该吸引招聘者的注意力，使开头更具有吸引力。n明确说明信息的来源。假如求职信是针对广告写的，就要写出广告的具体时间、地点、名称。对于较大的招聘单位，提及广告所在的报纸版块可以有效提示招聘者。n针对工作名称

102、描写一下应聘者的条件是如何符合要求的。nBodyParagraph（详述部分）：（详述部分）：n详述部分主要陈述招聘者的求职资格和所具备的能力，即可以为雇主做什么。n专业情况要突出与招聘工作密切相关的内容，包括自己所学的专业和业余所学的专业及特长，具体所学的课程，教育背景的陈述。n工作经历工作经历要突出与求职目标相关的经历,一定要说出最主要、最有说服力的资历、能力和工作经历。n说明的语气要肯定、积极、有力,主要是突出近期的工作经验。n在每一项工作经历中先写工作日期,接着是单位和职务。n陈述个人的资格和能力经历个人的资格和能力经历时，要选择应聘者资格最强的事实资格最强的事实来陈述，说明它们是如何

103、与目标工作需求吻合的。n详述部分要把能证明证明资历、能力以及工作经历的材料列举出来，让阅信人觉得所言是实，最好是印制随信的附件。nClosingParagraph（总结部分）（总结部分）：n介绍完情况以后，可以以行动激励来收尾。n表明自己希望加入招聘单位的诚意，礼貌地提出希望参加面试的请求，标明与自己联系的最佳方式和预约面试的可能时间范围，也可以礼节性地感谢对方花时间浏览简历。Chapter 18OralPresentationsOral Presentation 口口头陈述述 （P226）As one typed of public speaking, oral presentation i

104、s a kind of mental dialogue between the speaker and the audience. Selecting the styleImpromptu Speaking即即兴式式陈述述 Manuscript Speaking手稿式手稿式陈述述 Extemporaneous Speaking提提纲式式陈述述 Memorized Speaking脱稿式脱稿式陈述述/背背诵式式陈述述 Classification （P 227）（P227）nImpromptuSpeaking即兴式陈述即兴式陈述:Impromptupresentationsusuallyoccu

105、reitheratinformalgroupmeetingsoratconferenceswhenadditionalinformationisneededorwhenyouareaskedtosay“afewwords”withoutwarning.Theyarespontaneousandinformal.nExtemporaneousSpeaking提纲式陈述提纲式陈述:Extemporaneousspeakingoccurswhenyouhavetimetoplanandprepare.Itisatypeofinformalspeaking,butitisdeliveredfromno

106、tesoranoutline.（P228）nManuscriptSpeaking手稿式陈述手稿式陈述:Manuscriptspeakingoccurswhenyoudecidetopreparecompletelyforapresentation,writingdowntheexactwordsyouwillsay.Itisdeliveredfromafulltext.nMemorizedSpeaking脱稿式陈述脱稿式陈述/背诵式陈述背诵式陈述:Memorizedspeakingoccurswhenyoutalkwithoutamanuscriptbecauseyouhavememorize

107、dtheinformationinit.传递信息信息 To Inform 劝说 To Persuade激励激励 To Motivate娱乐 To EntertainCommunicative Purposes:Genre Features of Oral Presentations（P128） CommunicativepurposeofOralPresentation(P229)nInformativepresentation:requiresastraightforwardstatementofthefactswhenyouarecalledontoinstructorinformothe

108、rs.nPersuasivepresentation:Ifyouarecalledontoadvocateoneposition,yourmajorpurposeistochangethemindoftheaudience.nEntertainingPresentation:Thisspeakinggenremayincludenotonlyhumorousstatementsbutalsothenumerousceremonial,introductory,orstimulatingstatementsinsuchsocialoccasionsaspromotionparties,retir

109、ement,oranniversaries.nMotivatingPresentation:Motivationalspeechestendtobemorespecialized,somanycompaniesbringinoutsideprofessionalspeakerstohandlethistypeofpresentation.What Else Can U Conclude?Adapted to the AudienceLinguistic Features Concise and ClearAccurate and VividBusinessCommunicationChapte

110、r 1 Fundamentals of Business Communication1. _is an exchange of messages between individuals for the purpose of creating or influencing the meaning that others assign to events.A. channelB. communicationC. messageD. corporation cultureE. context2. A _ is the written, oral, or nonverbal communication

111、 that sender transmits to an audience.3. A _ is the medium through which the message sender and the message receiver communicate.4. The communication _ refers to the situation in which communication takes place and to every factor affecting its transmission. 5. _ refers to the patterns, traditions,

112、and values that make one organization distinctly different from another. BCAEDChapter 2 Contrastive Rhetoric in Technical Communication1. _ is an area of research in second-language acquisition that identifies problems in composition encountered by second-language writers and, by referring to the rh

113、etorical strategies of the first language, attempts to explain them. A. RhetoricB. High-contextC. Contrastive rhetoricD. Power distanceE. Low-context2. _ is the way we put together language to affect an audience, and each audience has certain expectations of rhetorical structure based on the traditi

114、onal forms of rhetoric in their culture. 3. In _ cultures the way the message is delivered is as important as the message, and it is actually part of the message. 4. In _ cultures the meaning is less dependent on implicit background information. Instead, communication in such cultures depends on exp

115、licit written and oral messages.5. _ is the distance between the highest and lowest members of society. CABEDChapter3ManagementandOrganizationalStructure1. _or work arrangement aimed at reducing or overcoming job dissatisfaction and employee alienation arising from repetitive and mechanistic tasks.

116、A. Chain of command B.ManagementC.Organizational Structure D. Span of control E. Job design 2. _ refers to the primary reporting relationships that exist within an organization.3. _ can be defined briefly as the structure of decision-making responsibilities from the higher levels of authority to the

117、 lower levels4_ refers to the member of employees that report a single manager. 5. _ is defined as the process of administering and coordinating resources effectively, efficiently, and in an effort to achieve the goals of the organization. ECADBECADBChapter 4 Meetings 1. _ are sessions in which part

118、icipants work together, to organize complex memos, letters, or reports.A.Persuasive meetingsB. Informative meetingsC. The minute-takerD. The agendaE. Collaborative meetings2. _ involve oral presentations to achieve a group consensus and support for a course of action.3._ is an outline of what the me

119、eting will address.4. should record major decisions made and tasks assigned.5._ are used to inform, when clarifying written information participants have received previously or to present new information.EADCBEADCBChapter 5 Fundamentals of Business Communication1. The purpose of _ is either to expan

120、d your audiences knowledge or to help them acquire a specific skill.A. Persuasive writingB. Good-news messages C. Persuasive messagesD. Routine messagesE. An informative message2. _ focus on trying to change what an audience thinks or do.3. Messages that are of interest to the reader but are not lik

121、ely to generate an emotional reaction are referred to as _.4. _ means that your main goal is to persuade or convince someone to do something that you want them to do.5. Messages that convey pleasant messages are referred to as _.ECDABECDABChapter 6 Note-taking1. is the practice of recording informat

122、ion captured from a transient source, such as an oral discussion at a meeting, or a lecture.A. ChartingB. The mapping methodC. The sentence methodD. Note-takingE. The Cornell method2. provides a systematic format for condensing and organizing notes without laborious recopying. 3. uses comprehension/

123、concentration skills and which relate each fact or idea to every other fact or idea.4. Speed is the most desirable attribute of _ because not much thought about formatting is needed to form the layout and create enough space for more notes.5. involves creating a graph with symbols, or a table with r

124、ows and columns.DEBCAChapter 7 Summary1. _is very important to businessman who want to keep abreast of what is going on in a field.A. A summaryB. the evaluative summaryC. The informative summaryD. The communicative purposesE. A descriptive summary2. _ tells what is in the work in a paragraph to seve

125、ral pages, depending on the length of the original.3. _ is a short version of a longer text with only the main points. Summarizing skills can help people to distinguish essentials from nonessentials and manage the volume of reading you have to do in the process of technical communication.4. In _ you

126、 include your own reactions, your thoughts and feelings, along with a report on the main facts in the material.5. _ of summaries may be to inform and present, in general, the principal facts and conclusions given in the original work.ECABDECABDChapter 8 Graphs1. _ can be used to compare parts of a w

127、hole. They do not show changes over time.A. Area graphsB. Pie chartsC. Line graphsD. X-Y plotE. Bar graphs2. _ are used to compare things between different groups or to track changes over time.3._ are used to track changes over short and long periods of time and good for plotting data that has peaks

128、 and valleys.4._are very similar to line graphs and can be used to track changes over times.5._ are used to determine relationships between two different things.BECADBECADChapter 9 Business Letter1._ are a primary written channel of communication for delivering messages outside an organizationA. Goo

129、d news lettersB. LettersC. Persuasive lettersD. SalutationE. Heading2. _ are letters that recipients are happy to receive. 3. _ are written to convince the reader to change ideas or take action.4. _ is also called return address or outside address. 5. _ is the traditional hello used in letter writin

130、g. BACEDBACEDChapter 10 Business Memo1. _ is a kind of simple and efficient internal communication within an organization.A. Response memoB. MemoC. Persuasive memoD. Informative memoE. Request memo2. _ attempts to convince the reader to adopt the writers point of view or take a particular action.3._

131、 outlines the facts and then requests the readers actions.4. _aims to ask the receiver for information or action.5._ provides the audience with desired information.BCDEABCDEAChapter 11 Business Minutes1. Organizations and committees keep official records of their meeting such records are known as _.

132、A. Verbatim minuteB. Minutes C. Minutes of resolutionD. Minutes of actionE. Minutes of narration 2. _ is usually adopted in court of hearing of witnesses, in which, every word spoken, everything happened at the meeting is recorded and used.3._ refers to concise summary of all the discussions and con

133、clusions made at the meeting.4. _ refers to there should be speeches and discussion given by the attendees as well as the measures and the manager for specific project in such meeting minutes.5._ refers to only the result of discussions and the main conclusions are recorded in such minutes.BAEDCBAED

134、CChapter 12 Press Release1. _ is a targeted statement that an organization, group or individual can make to notify the public regarding its product, service, or business.A. Press RoomB. A press releaseC. HeadlineD. BoilerplateE. Inverted pyramid structure2. _ should be centered in all capital letter

135、s, including one or two lines.3._ is generally a short “about” section, providing independent background on the issuing company, organization, or individual.4. places the most important facts at the beginning and then moves on in order of descending order of importance.5._ is a folder containing all

136、 the press releases available on the website, which is an important business channel to issue press releases.BCDEABCDEAChapter 13 Business Report1. _calls for description of what occurred during a meeting trip or other activity. A.Analytical ReportB. Periodic ReportC. Progress Report D. Trip Report

137、E. Investigative Report2. _describes the progress of a plan being carried out a a project which is underway or whether it is within the budget or not so that the managers can have the updated information about business activities or project worked on.3. _is designed to describe what has happened in

138、department during a particular period. 4._is written in response to a request for information.5. The emphasis of _ is placed on analyzing, drawing conclusions and proposing recommendations.DCBEADCBEAChapter 14 Proposals1. _ is a special type of analytical report designed to get products, plans, or p

139、rojects accepted by others.A. External proposalB. An unsolicited proposalC. Internal proposalD. ProposalE. A solicited proposal2. _ is submitted to decision makers in ones own organization, and they are issued to suggest a change within an organization.3._ is a response to a formal or informal reque

140、st.4. is issued to prospective clients in business and government outside an organization.5._ has not been invited by the potential customers.DCEABDCEABChapter 16 Resume1. _ (sometimes called a data sheet or a vita) is a concise summary of an applicants qualifications for employment. A. A resume B.

141、An organizational plan C. The functional order D. An on-line resume E. The reverse chronological order 2. _ is a resume that is written so that it can be viewed via the Internet.3._ presents the most recent work experience first and works backward to earlier jobs.4.Choose highlights information that

142、 will impress employers.5._ in a resume presents your accomplishments or skills in order of their importance, showing the most important or impressive first.ADEBCADEBCChapter 17 Application Letter1. _ is a letter of introduction attached to, or accompanying another document such as a resume or curri

143、culum vitae.A. A solicited letter of application B. An application letter or cover letter C. An unsolicited letter of application D. The closing paragraph E. The opening part 2. _ is written to apply for a specific job opening, which has been announced or advertised.3._ of the application letter sta

144、tes that you are applying for a position and captures the readers attention.4. _ is written to apply for a position that has not been advertised or announced and may or may not be open. 5._ should have a confident tone and ask for an interview. BAECDBAECDChapter 18 Oral Presentation1. _ occurs when

145、you have time to plan and prepare. It is a type of informal speaking, but it is delivered from notes or an outline.A. Impromptu presentations B. Extemporaneous speakingC. Memorized speakingD. Manuscript speakingE. Oral presentation2. _ is a kind of mental dialogue between the speaker and the audienc

146、e.3. _ occurs when you decide to prepare completely for a presentation, writing down the exact words you will say. It is delivered from a full text.4. _ occurs when you talk without a manuscript because you have memorized the information in it.5. _ usually occur either at informal group meetings or at conferences when additional information is needed or when you are asked to say “a few words” without warning. BEDCABEDCA结束语结束语谢谢大家聆听！谢谢大家聆听！187