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1、学术型英语写作9 Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life, there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望 Acknowledgements The persons who do not meet the requirements of authorship but have made some contributions to the research result can be listed in the paper with the form of acknowledgement. People
2、of acknowledgement include:laboratory technicians that help to do the researchinstitutions or stuff that provide convenience for research (equipment, testing etc)people who have proposed guiding ideas fundation support (but not list the amount of the fund)Acknowledgements：Concreteness and truthfulne
3、ssPoint out the concrete help and contribution of the persons to be acknowledged. The acknowledgement to the person indicates that he agrees with the idea or conclusion;If the person to be acknowledged does not agree with the ideas or conclusion of the paper, then when the paper is published, it wil
4、l embarrass both the author and the person to be acknowledged ；l To show politeness and respect ,people to be acknowledged must be invited to read the paper(especially the acknowledgement) before it is submitted , so as to obtain the permission or acquiescence.Acknowledgement ：Appropriate WordingOne
5、 had better use “We thank ”instead of “ We wish tothank” , “would like to thank” etc； If one says “I wish to thank Jones for ”, he is wasting words, and it also indicates that “I hope to thank John Jones help, but this help is not important”. It seems more concise and sincere to say “I thank Jones ”
6、 In acknowledgment, the concrete help or contribution of the person we acknowledge should be pointed out. For example:“Thanks are due to J. Jones for assistance with the experiments and to R. Smith for valuable discussion.”Such empty acknowledgment is avoided, such as : “To acknowledge all of the pe
7、ople who have contributed to this paper in some manner ”Acknowledgment 1 The authors acknowledge the valuable comments and suggestions of their associates in Communications Research at Lockheed Missiles and Space Company. Special thanks are expressed to M.R. O Sulivan for his interesting and rewardi
8、ng comments.lAcknowledgment 2l Helpful suggestions by D.A . Kleinman and C.G.B . Garret are gratefully acknowledged . Without the equipment borrowed from a large number of our colleagues this experiment would not have been feasible.Acknowledge3 I have received considerable help by way of suggestions
9、, comments, and criticisms from members of both the medical and the engineering staffs of University College, London. My thanks are due to them all, and in particular to Dr. W. Taylor and Professor J.Z. Young for many stimulating discussions on the problems of learning. The financial support of the
10、Neffield Foundation is also gratefully acknowledged.Acknowledge 4 The accomplishment of this paper benefits from the enlightenment of my supervisor, assistant professor, Ming Xiaodong, whose inspiring insights, generous encouragements, and enthusiastic instructions have facilitated me much throughou
11、t my thesis writing. Her penetrating and insightful comments afford me with inspiring source. She has been in constant concern about my paper, spared no pains to entertain my thesis draft. I would also like to extend my sincere thankslto the Foreign Language Department of* University as well as all
12、my teachers. Thanks to their instructive guidance and comprehensive education during the four years schooling, I can acquire the opportunity to further study English. Finally, my great gratitude also goes to those writers and editors whose works I have perused and benefited greatly from without whic
13、h the completion of the thesis would not have been possible. English Expression of the research program supported by a certain fund The English journals of China usually use food note to express that the thesis to be published is fund-supported, while foreign journals usually put the information of
14、fund support in the section of acknowledgement. Case of expressing the fund support in the form of foot note in the first page of a thesis.English Expression of the research program supported by a certain fundlSupported by the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (Grant No. 2001GB
15、30940105),the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No. 60171009) and the Key Project of Science and Technology of Shanghai(Grant No. 02DZ/5002)lIN：Progress in Natural Science SCI，2004,14(3):269-275English Expression of a fundCase of information about fund support in the section of ackn
16、owledgement：Acknowledgments ： This work is supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. We thank Professor J.A. Pople and Dr.P.M.W.Gill for a preprint of Ref. 13,and Professor T. Ziegler and Professor R. A. Friesner for enlightening discussions.Documentation,MLA Styl
17、eA guide to in-text and reference citation methods.Documentation,MLA Style GENERAL RULE:lIdeally, no more than 25 percent of your paper should be direct quotations.lParaphrase as much as you can.lUse direct quotations when citing a statistic or original theorylUse authors words if they capture a poi
18、nt exactly.When to Give Your SourceYou must acknowledge in your paper the source of a direct quotation according to the following cases:A statisticAn ideaSomeone elses opinionConcrete facts not considered “common knowledge”Information not commonly knownInformation taken from the computer (CD ROMS, i
19、nternet, etc.)Illustrations, photographs, or charts if not yoursParaphrasing and SummarizingYou must still acknowledge your source if youParaphrase:lPut someone elses ideas into your own wordsSummarize:lCondense someone elses words or ideasSignal Phrases in MLAlModel Signal Phrases:“In the words of
20、researchers Long and McKinzie”“As Paul Rudnick has noted”“Melinda Stuart, mother of a child killed by a drunk driver, points out”“,writes Michelle Moore, ”NOTE: Never use “says”lVerbs in Signal Phrases:acknowledges admitsagrees assertsbelieves claimscomments confirmscontends declaresdenies disputese
21、mphasizes endorsesgrants illustratesimplies notesobserves points outreasons refutessuggests writesParenthetical Citationsa system in which you give your source in parentheses immediately after you give the information.lFour Common Citations:Author and page numberTitle and page numberPage number only
22、Secondhand quotationsParenthetical Citations:Author & Page Number(Keeling 125)lNotice there is no “p” and no comma.The struggle for identity is common during puberty (Keeling 125).Parenthetical Citations:Title & Page NumberHer distinctive writing style adds to her mystique (“Plath” 19). Often, artic
23、les, editorials, pamphlets, and other materials have no author listed; thus, give the first distinctive word of the title followed by page #Parenthetical Citations:Page Number OnlylIf you have already mentioned the authors name, put a page number only:Keeling states that Plaths work stands in stark
24、contrast to other confessional poets (58).Parenthetical Citations:Secondhand QuotationslWhen you quote someone who has been quoted in one of your sources, use:qtd. in = quoted inEvelyn Maxwell, author of numerous books about poetry, refers to Plath as the “queen of darkness” (qtd. in Keeling 99).Par
25、enthetical Citations:Multiple AuthorslTwo Sources by the Same Author:Use the first identifying words to indicate the title of the workThe radical disconnect in Plaths writing is evident in the poem Cut (In the Middle, 188). OR(Rimbaud, In the Middle, 188).Parenthetical Citations:Organization as Auth
26、orlOften, an organization serves as the author:The National Council for Teachers of English state that students bring insider knowledge of youth culture and a passion for and investment in its texts and practices (5).ORStudents bring insider knowledge of youth culture (National Council for the Teach
27、ers of English 5).Parenthetical Citations:How Often to Give CitationslWhen several facts in a row within one paragraph all come from the same page of a source, use one citation to cover them all. lPlace the citation after the last fact.lThe citation MUST be in the same paragraph as the facts!WORKS C
28、ITEDlList only those sources that you actually used.lList the complete title of the article, essay, or book.lAlphabetize your list by authors last names or the first main word in a title.lOnline sources usually follow the print format followed by the URL . (journals, newspapers, magazines, abstracts
29、, books, reviews, scholarly projects or databases, etc.). lFormat Authors last name firstDouble-spaceLeft MarginlIndent second and third lines five spaceslMost item separated by periods leave one space after ending punctuation.lPlace a period at the end of each entry.WORKS CITED:Specific EntrieslBoo
30、k:Author. Title. City: Publisher, date.Corti, Lillian. The Myth of Medea and the Murder of Children. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998.lArticle in a Magazine:Author. “Title of Article.” Title of Periodical Date: page(s).Gerard, Jeremy. “Review of Redwood Curtain.” Variety April 5, 1993: p. 43.WORK
31、S CITED:Specific EntrieslArticle in a Newspaper:Author (if given). “Title of Article.” Title of Newspaper Complete date, section number or title: page(s).Kerr, Walter. “The Lives they Lived.” The New York Times 29 December 1996, late ed.: sec. 1: 53.lArticle or Story in a Collection of Anthology:Aut
32、hor. “Title.” Book Title. Editor. City: Publisher, date. Pages.Franklin, Benjamin. “The Speech of Miss Polly Baker.” Benjamin Franklin: The Autobiography and Other Writings. Ed. Kenneth Silverman. New York: Viking, 1986. 209-213.WORKS CITED:Specific EntrieslArticle in a Scholarly Journal:Author. “Ti
33、tle of Article.” Journal Title Volume number (complete date): pages covered by article.Witham, Barry B. “Images of America.” Theatre Journal 34 (May 1982): 223-232.lEncyclopedia“Title of Article.” Title of Encyclopedia. Year of the edition.“Plath, Sylvia.” Encyclopedia Britannica. 2005 ed.WORKS CITE
34、D:Specific Entries Electronic SourcesDirect E-Mail to You (Not a Discussion Group)Author of e-mail title or area of expertise, professional affiliation. “Subject line.” E-mail to the author (meaning you) date.Rushbrook, Sally poet. “For Goths Sake.” E-mail to the author. 7 June 1999.Standalone Datab
35、ase or CD-ROMAuthor. “Title.” (or the heading of the material you read) Title of Entire Work publishing information of original, if known. Title of Database. Publication Medium. Vendor (if relevant). Electronic publication date.Good, Sarah. “Goth Tradition in Adolescents.” Newsday 16 Mar. 1997 sec.
36、Life: 1. Newsbank Newsday. CD-ROM. 1999.WORKS CITED:Specific Entries Electronic SourceslOnline Source or Website: NOTE - .Author or organization. “Title of section, if given.” Title of the Complete Work. Date of publication or last revision. Sponsoring organization if different from author. Date you
37、 viewed the site .Elder, Preston. “What is Goth?” G. 2000, 2001. G. 30 March 2006 .lPosting to a Discussion Group:Author (not screen name). “Subject line of article.” Online posting. Date of posting. Group to which it was sent multiple group names separated by comma. Date you viewed it .Rushbrook, S
38、ally. “Plath and Me.” Online posting. 7 June 2000. G. 6 March 2006. .WORKS CITED:Special CaseslNo Author:Alphabetize according to the first main word in the title, ignoring the articles a, an, and the.“Moonshot Tape.” Antaeus. Ed. Daniel Helpern. New York: Ecco Press, 1991.lTwo or More Authors:Give
39、the last name first for the first author only.Hall, David, Laura Henigman, and Lillian Corti. Worlds of Wonder, Days of Judgement. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990.WORKS CITED:Special CaseslMore Work by Same Author:Use three hyphens and a period (-.) in place of the authors name and alphabe
40、tize the works according to title.Wilson, Lanford. Day. New York: Dramatists Play Service, 1994.-. Sympathetic Magic. New York: Dramatists Play Service, 1998.-. Tally and Son. New York, Dramatists Play Service, 1995.WORKS CITED:Special CaseslRadio/Television Program:Speaker Name. Program Title. Comp
41、any if known. Network and/or station call letters, city. Date of broadcast.Mangone, Carlo. Weekend Edition Saturday. Natl. Public Radio. KSMU, Springfield, MO. 31 May 1997.lVideo/DVD or Audio Recording:Author, Director, or Performer. Title. Format. Distributor, date.Frizell, Michael. I Hate Hamlet.
42、DVD. Little Theatre Home Video, 2006.WORKS CITED:Special CaseslPamphlet:Follow the format for a book. If no date is listed, use n.d.lInterview, Speech, or Lecture:Speakers name Speakers position. Type of presentation. Location, date.Jenkins, Jeff Owner and Creative Director, The Skinny Improv Theatr
43、e. Personal Interview. Springfield, MO. 29 March 2006.Arrange of Thoughts New ideas expressed after a review of the old: This arrangement not only can express the authors ideas in proper sequence, but also conforms the reading expectation of readers (so that their thoughts do not break) The use of l
44、and, water and minerals has increased more than tenfold during the past two centuries. Future increases in population and economic development will intensify this pressure. * Major environmental changes varying from disruption of local ecosystems to disturbance of the biosphere are the likely cumula
45、tive impacts of human activities. lThe third sentence of the passage should be changed into:l The cumulative impacts of human activities are likely to lead to major environmental changes, varying from disruption of local ecosystems to disturbance of the biosphere. Use of Active Voice and Passive Voi
46、ceThe fact that such processes are under strict stereo-electronic control is demonstrated by our work in this.(18 words) Our work in this area demonstrates that such processes are under strict stereo-electronic control. (14 words) Subjects of sentences should be clear and coherent logically, change
47、of voices in the same sentence should be avoided so as not to make the sentence lengthy or circuitouslThese vugs carry no gold and the tenor of the vein has not been affected by them.l These vugs carry no gold and do not affect the tenor of the vein.Avoid Dangling modifierDangling modifier refers to
48、 the case that the verb phrase has nothing to do with the subject of the sentence, namely, there is inconsistency between the logic subject of the verb prase and the subject of the main clause. Wrong: Using the procedure described previously, the partition function can be evaluated.Right : Using the
49、 procedure described previously, we can evaluate the partition function.lWrong : When confronted with these limitations, the experiments were discontinued.lRight : When confronted with these limitations, we discontinued the experiments.lWrong: After determining the mapping of Ai from L1to Lp, the ne
50、xt array dimension can be processed in the same way.lRight: After determining the mapping of Ai from L1to Lp , we can process the next array dimension in the same way.Avoid writing long sentences that contain confusing ideas In English, the main idea and each supporting idea is typically written in
51、separate sentences. One can usually recognize a very long sentence by its length sixty words or more. However, sentences of smaller lengths can also be too long sentences if they contain multiple statements that confuse the main idea. Too long: The gear transmission is grade seven, the gear gap is,
52、0.00012 radians, the gear gap has different output values corresponding to any given input value, nonlinearity of the gear, nonlinearity of the gear gap model can be described by using the phase function method , the existing backlash block in the non-linear library of the Matlab/zdimulink toolbox c
53、an be used, the initial value of gear gap toolbox can be used, the initial value of gear gap in the backlash block is set to zero.lCorrect: The gear transmission is grade seven. The gear gap, which is 0.00012 radians, has different output values corresponding to any given input value . The nonlinear
54、ity of the gear gap model can be described by using the phase function method. The existing backlash block in the non-linear library of the Matlab/zdimulink toolbox can be used; the initial value of gear gap in the backlash block is set to zero.Pay attention to some expressionsat home / abroad Inter
55、national papers should not use location dependant terms such as at home, abroad, here, our country because the reader most likely is not Chinese and not in China. at home, our country = in China abroad = outside China overseas = outside the mainland of China Expression of numbersArabic Numbers Shoul
56、d never be used at the beginning of sentencesShould not be used to give general information 11 parameters were selected for the experiment.Eleven parameters were selected for the experiment. All 3 studies concluded that the mean temperature should be 30 C. All three studies concluded that the mean t
57、emperature should be 30 Avoid redundancy research work = research / worklimit condition = limit / conditionsketch map = sketch / Maplayout scheme = layout / schemesimulation results = results / simulationcalculation results = results / calculationCorrect Use of “a, an, the ”(1) Omitted where they ar
58、e required; (2) Used where they are not needed (3) Used wrongly in place of the correct article. Incorrect: Figure 2 shows the distribution of relative velocity on surface of main and splitter blades. Correct: Figure 2 shows the distribution of relative velocity on the surface of the main and splitt
59、er blades. lIncorrect: The software Power SHAPE is chosen to be a 3D modeling tool; lCorrect: The software Power SHAPE Power SHAPE is chosen to be the 3Dmodeling tool; Example of Errors in ArticlesNuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has played a extremely important role in structural identification of
60、organic compound. Because it can resolve molecular structure with high precision without destroying molecular biological function, it is expected for biological analysis. However, due to diversity and complexity of biological molecule, large amount of structural information are still unknown.lCorrec
61、t: lNuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) has played an extremely important role in the structural identification of organic compounds. Because NMR can resolve , it is expected for the biological. However, because of the diversity and complexity of biological molecules, much structural information remain
62、s unknown.How to select journals for publication of articlesWhether the topic of your paper meets the scopes set by the journal？Guidance about the scope of papers in the “Authors Notice” ；journals that paper authors often read and cite from. Fame of journals:citation rates(Impact Factor、cited-freque
63、ncies)； influence of the journal in the specific research fieldWhether it is friendly or not to authors of non-English speaking countriesWhether it has page chargeTable 1 Most Common Reasons for Rejecting Article Manuscripts (Cited by 85 Editors of Scientific and Technical JournalslReason Number of
64、RespondentslSubjectlNot suitable for journal 63lNot timely 4lCoveragelQuestionable significance 55lQuestionable validity 39lToo shallow 39Table 1 Most Common Reasons for Rejecting Article Manuscripts (Cited by 85 Editors of Scientific and Technical JournalslReason Number of RespondentslToo exhaustiv
65、e 8lLengthlToo long 26lToo short 4lPresentation lBad organization 35lIneffective expression 3Table 1 Most Common Reasons for Rejecting Article Manuscripts (Cited by 85 Editors of Scientific and Technical JournalslReason Number of RespondentslIneffective or unreasonable illustrations 11lFailure to fo
66、llow style guide 4lDaviss editors were also asked several open-ended questions, including “What is the most common mistake made by contributors?” The following are their responses to the question:Printing and Final CheckBe sure to read the printed paper carefully (including cover letter)Ask your col
67、league to read through the paper before submission( to check whether there are some miss-spellings or grammar mistakes )If possible, ask a native English speaker to polish it. improve the quality of the expression of ideas make it fit for the thinking of western peopleWriting a cover letterBeing bri
68、ef, 、stressing on key ideas, not exceeding one page；Basic content of a cover letter ：type of the paper; suggestion of reviewers or avoidance of certain reviewers detailed address , phone number, E-mailSelf-introduction of the author ： Famous journals of the world publish brief introductions of autho
69、rs (even their photos) at the end of the paper. An author self-introduction usually contains the following sides：1）degrees , majors, times and schools of the author2）work experience （including time, positions and locations）3）outstanding research achievements , including published papers and books, c
70、ompleted engineering projects and obtained awards . If you are a member of a famous association, you should also mention it. Kevin L. Dickerson attended the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign from 1980 to 1987. In 1982 he was awarded a BS degree in engineering mechanics. He earned an MS degr
71、ee in the theoretical and applied mechanics in 1983 and completed requirements for the Ph. D degree in theoretical and applied mechanics in 1987. He is currently employed in the position of analytical engineer for the Sundstrand Corporation in Rockford, Illinois.lKyung S. Kim is associate professor
72、of theoretical and applied mechanics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He received BS (1974) and MS (1976) degrees in mechanical engineering from Seoul National University, Korea. He received the Ph. D. degree in solid mechanics from Brown University in 1980. After finishing Ph. D. requir
73、ements in 1979， he spent one year at the California Institute of Technology as a postdoctoral fellow. Since 1980, he has been a faculty member of the University of Illinois. Currently he is a visiting scholar at Harvard University for his Sabbatical leave. His research interests include dynamic plas
74、ticity and fracture, interface fracture , electronic packaging, fiber optics application in composite, and mechanics of brazing. He invented the transverse displacement interferometer (1977) and the stress intensity factor tracer (1985). He received the Melville medal of the American Society of Mech
75、anical Engineers with R.J Clifton in 1981 for their contribution in dynamic plasticity research Shen Li received the BS degree from the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Beijing Institute of Posts Communications, Beijing, China, in 1982. From 1982 to 1986, she was an assistant engineer for the
76、 Research Institute of Postal Science & Technology, Beijing, China. Now she is a graduate student in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook.lYongbing Wang received the B. Eng and M. Eng. Degrees in electrical engineering from Xian Jiaotong University, X
77、ian, China, in 1982 and 1984 , respectively. Currently, he is working toward the Ph. D degree in electrical engineering at Queens University, Kingston, Ont., Canada.l In 1984-1985, he was a teaching assistant at Xian Jiaotong University. From 1985 to 1986, he was a teaching assistant at Queens Unive
78、rsity, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. He also worked as a research assistant in 1987-1988 at Queens University. His current research interest include multidimensional digital signal processing, computer-aided design, and array processors. Mr. Wan was awarded the Mclaughlin Fellowship in 1986, and the On
79、tario Graduate Scholarship in 1988.lCommon-used Patterns in writing cover letters：l1）patterns expressing schooling and degreesl从年至年在大学学习专业lHe attended University from 1996 to 2000, majoring (specializing) in.在年在地方的大学系获得了学位。 In 2000, he received (obtained / earned / was awarded ) a (an/ the / his ).d
80、egree in (speciality ) fromDepartment at University, .(city, state or province, country)Names of degrees that often appear in S/T journals：B. S. (B. Sc) 理学士B. A. 文学士B. Eng. 工学士M. S. 理硕士M. A. 文硕士 Ph. D (哲学）博士Doctor of Engineering 工程博士2）Patterns used to express work experience 在（单位）当He works (acts/ se
81、rves ) as at (in/ for ). He is employed in the position of (holds the position of ).for (at)是大学系专业的副教授。He is (an) associate (adjunct ) professor of .speciality in. Department at ., .University, .place是（成为）大学的教师。He is (has been ) a faculty member of (jointed the faculty of ).University.在大学攻读专业博士学位。He
82、 has been working (is currently / presently working ) towards (on ) the Ph. D degree in speciality at .University.Patterns used to express research orientation： His research interests focus on (concentrate on / include/ concern/ are in ) the area (s) (field (s) of .He is actively (has been ) engaged
83、 in (research in the area (s) of ,He is active in (the area (s) of.Patterns used to express research achivements and awards：He invented ( has made contributions specifically in )He was awarded .He received the medal (award ) ofHe has published .books and .papers .He is the author (co-author , the fi
84、rst-named author )of the bookContact with Journal EditorslContact with editors mainly includes the following sides: l1) cover letter before submitting a paperl2) Reminder letter when the editors of a journal do not reply to your paperl3) response letter when editors demand you to revise your paper1、
85、What is cover letter？ A cover letter refers to a letter written to the editor of a certain journal by an author before submitting his2、What does a cover letter include? A brief statement of the key contents ,main discovery and significance of the submitted paper, journal to which you intend to submi
86、t your paper, specific demand for the dealing of the paper. Besides, attach the names , correspondence address of the main authors. Some journals also demand that the author recommend some paper reviewers and their means of correspondence . Some journals also demand that the author point out the sig
87、nificance of the paper and the relevance between the paper and the journal. Some papers also demand that the author state that he has only submitted the paper to no other journal else. If the paper is about the clinical experiment, then the author is demanded to state that the research meets the eth
88、nical requirement.3、How to write a cover letter？ Different journals have different requirements for writing cover letters. Usually authors can find the guide for authors in the journal. If there is no specific requirement, authors can write their cover letters according to commonly-used styles.l4、Co
89、mmonly-used patterns：l（1）Dear Mr. * The work described has not been submitted elsewhere for publication, in whole or in part, and all the authors listed have approved the manuscript that is enclosed. I have read and have abided by the statement of ethical standards for manuscripts submitted to Neuro
90、science.kind regards.Your sincerely, name of the correspondence writer l2）Pattern 2 Dear Dr. (editor-in-chiefs) name:We submit our manuscript entitled “ paper title” to “journal name” for publication. In the following, you can give a brief introduction about the main originalities of your paper and
91、its significance . The introduction should not be lengthy, but it must emphasize the key points of the paper. All authors have seen the manuscript and approved to submit to your journal. Thank you very much for your attention and consideration. Sincerely yours, correspondence author3）Dear Prof. Gil:
92、 This is a manuscript by*and *entitled “.”. It is submitted to be considered for publication as a “.” in your journal. This paper is new. Neither the entire paper nor any part of its content has been published or has been accepted elsewhere. It is not being submitted to any other journal.We believe
93、the paper may be of particular interest to the readers of your journal as it .Correspondence should be addressed to *at the following address, phone and fax number, and email address:.Thanks very much for your attention to our paper. Sincerely yours,Examples of Cover letters 1Dear Editor, We would l
94、ike to submit the enclosed manuscript entitled GDNF Acutely Modulates Neuronal Excitability and A-type Potassium Channels in Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons, which we wish to be considered for publication in Nature Neuroscience. GDNF has long been thought to be a potent neurotrophic factor for the sur
95、vival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, which are degenerated in Parkinsons disease. In this paper, we report an unexpected, acute effect of GDNF on A-type potassium channels, leading to a potentiation of neuronal excitability, in the dopaminergic neurons in culture as well as in adult brain slices.
96、 Further, we show that GDNF regulates the K+ channels through a mechanism that involves activation of MAP kinase. Thus, this study has revealed, for the first time, an acute modulation of ion channels by GDNF. Our findings challenge the classic view of GDNFas a long-term survival factor for midbrain
97、 dopaminergic neurons, and suggest that the normal function of GDNF is to regulate neuronal excitability, and consequently dopamine release. These results may also have implications in the treatment of Parkinsons disease. Due to a direct competition and conflict of interest, we request that Drs. XXX
98、 of Harvard Univ., and YY of Yale Univ. not be considered as reviewers. With thanks for your consideration, I am Sincerely yours,Example of Cover letter 2To: SOLA Chief EditorDivision of Geo-environmental SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukuba 305-8572, JAPANE-Mail: solasakura.cc.tsukuba.ac.jpDear Sir
99、s, I am sending herewith a copy of the manuscript, which Iwould like to submit to SOLA, the Electronic Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. The paper is entitled: “Energy Spectrum Proportional to the Squared Phase Speed of Rossby Modes in the General Circulation of the Atmosphere” by H. L
100、. Tanaka, Yasushi Watarai, and Takahiro Kanda. In this study, energy spectrum of the large-scale atmospheric motions is examined in the framework of the 3D normal mode decomposition. The horizontal scale of disturbance is measured by the phase speed of a Rossby mode c. According to the analysisresul
101、t for the barotropic component of the atmosphere, we obtain a characteristic energy spectrum with distinct slopes for the turbulence and wave regimes separated by the spherical Rhines speed. In order to explain the observational finding that the energy spectrum is proportional to c2, we put forward
102、a hypothesis based on the criterion of Rossby wave breaking such that the local meridional gradient of potential vorticity becomes negative, dq/dy 0, somewhere in the domain. With a constant m describing a total mass of the atmosphere for unit area, we have shown that the baro-tropic energy spectrum
103、 of the general circulation E can be represented as E=mc2.Corresponding Author:Dr. Hiroshi L. TanakaDivision of Geo-environmental SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukuba 305-8572, JAPANTel: +81-29-853-4502Fax: +81-29-853-6879E-Mail: tanakasakura.cc.tsukuba.ac.jpl I hereby certify that this paper consis
104、ts of original, unpublished work which is not under consideration for publication elsewhere.Correspondance with editorslIf there is no reply three months after the submission of the paper, you can e-mail to the editors inquiring whether your paper will be accepted or has been dropped. l You can use
105、the following pattern to inquire about the submission result. lDear Editors, We dispatched our manuscript to your journal on 3 August 2006 but have not, as yet, receive acknowledgement of their safe arrival. We fear that may have been lost and should be grateful if you would let us know whether or n
106、ot you have received them. If not, we will send our manuscript again. Thank you in advance for your help. If it has been two months since the submission of the paper, and you can not inquire about the state of the paper through on-line submission system, you can e-mail to the editor-in-chief or vice
107、 editor-in-chief to inquire the state of the paper.Dear Editors， It is more than 12 weeks since I submitted our manuscript (No: ) for possible publication in your journal. I have not yet received a reply and am wondering whether you have reached a decision. I should appreciated your letting me know
108、what you have decided as soon as possible.Or：Dear ,I write this email to ask whether my paper has been accepted. And if it is still being reviewed, when can I get the information of the final result? How long, in ordinary condition, can you finish reviewing a paper ? I would very much appreciate you
109、 if you could afford a little time toanswer these question. Thanks a lot!Best regards!sincerely yoursCommon sentences of the editors reply lettersl1. This is a carefully done study and the findings are of considerable interest. A few minor revision are list below.l2. This is a well-written paper con
110、taining interesting results which merit publication. For the benefit of the reader, however, a number of points need clarifying and certain statements require further justification. There are given below.ll3. Although these observation are interesting, they are rather limited and do not advance our
111、knowledge of the subject sufficiently to warrant publication in PNAS. We suggest that the authors try submitting their findings to specialist journal such as l4. Although this paper is good, it would be ever better if some extra data were added.5. This manuscript is not suitable for publication in t
112、he journal of because the main observation it describe was reported 3 years ago in a reputable journal of - . 6. Please ask someone familiar with English language to help you rewrite this paper. As you will see, I have made some correction at the beginning of the paper where some syntax is not satis
113、factory. 7. We feel that this potentially interesting study has been marred by an inability to communicate the finding correctly in English and should like to suggest that the authors seek the advice of someone with a good knowledge of English, preferable native speaker.8. The wording and style of s
114、ome section, particularly those concerning HPLC, need careful editing. Attention should be paid to the wording of those parts of the Discussion of and Summary which have been underlined.Example of Editors Reply:Dear Dr. *, Thank you for your message below. I understand your concern. I was most troub
115、led by the incorrect listings in Table I of all four components from Reference 21. Your letter says that the error was only in one of the four, but they all look different to me and apparently to the referee. There were also a number of other features which seemed to be easily found errors that gave
116、 me great concern not by the importance of any single error but rather by their frequency and the fact that they should really have been caught by the authors before submission.Sincerely,Example of Editors Reply 2Dear Dr. We have now received reviewers comments on the above submission. I am pleased
117、to tell you that the work is found to be of interest and is likely to be suitable for publication in Materials Science and Technology, subject to your consideration of some points which have been raised. These are detailed in the comments below. We look forward to receiving a revised version of your
118、 paper, prepared in the light of these comments, by 23/03/2008. When resubmitting, please indicate briefly your response to the reviewers comments. These should appear in a document uploaded separately with the revised manuscript. Thank you for submitting your work to this journal.With kind regardsl
119、Common sentences in replying editorsl In reply to the referees main criticism of paper, it is possible to say that one minor point raised by the referee concerns of the extra composition of the reaction mixture in Figure 1. This has now been corrected. Further minor changes had been made on page 3,
120、paragraph 1 (line 3-8) and 2 (line 6-11). These do not affect our interpretation of the result.1.I have read the referees comments very carefully and conclude that the paper has been rejected on the sole grounds that it lacks toxicity data. I admit that I did not include a toxicity table in my artic
121、le although perhaps I should have done. This was for the sake of brevity rather than an error or omission.2. Thank you for your letter of and for the referees comments concerning our manuscript entitled “ ”. We have studied their comments carefully and have made correction which we hope will meet wi
122、th their approval.l3. I enclosed a revised manuscript which includes a report of additional experiments done at the referees suggestion. You will see that our original findings are confirmed.l4. We are sending the revised manuscript according to the comments of the reviewers. Revised portion are und
123、erlined in red.5. Thank you for your letter. I am very pleased to learn that our manuscript is acceptable for publication in Cancer Research with minor revision.6. We have therefore completed a further series of experiments, the result of which are summarized in Table 5. From this we conclude that i
124、ntrinsic factor is not account.7. I feel that the reviewers comments concerning Figures 1 and 2 result from a misinterpretation of the data.8. We prefer to retain the use of Table 4 for reasons that it should be clear from the new paragraph inserted at the end of the Results section.9. The concentra
125、tion of HAT media (page12 paragraph 2) was incorrectly stated in the original manuscript. This has been rectified. The authors are grateful to the referees for pointing out their error.10. We should like to thank the referees for their helpful comments and hope that we have now produced a more balan
126、ce and better account of our work. We trust that the revised manuscript is acceptable for publication.11. I greatly appreciate both your help and that of the referees concerning improvement to this paper. I hope that the revised manuscript is now suitable for publication.12. I apologize for the dela
127、y in revising the manuscript. This was due to our doing an additional experiment, as suggested by referees. lArguing with the Editor-in-chiefl If you have received a rotten rejection from editors, and if you the editors have a great misunderstanding of your paper which makes your article not publish
128、ed in the journal, you can write to the editors or even the editor-in-chief to argue with them. A little earlier, I received an email message from your office rejecting themanuscript I submitted as SUSC_edwardsacher_20020322/1, editorial referencenumber SS 02192. Needless to say, I was surprised at
129、not being given the opportunity to rebut. Now that I have read the referees comments, I am doublysurprised. Consider Referee A. His sole disagreement, without offering reasons to the contrary, is that the phenomena we find are attributed to several different free radicals formed on bond breaking. He
130、 argues that stable free radicalsingraphite exist only in vacancies and at surfaces. We agree. Where we appearto disagree is whether or not the breaking of a C-C bond creates a vacancy:his point of view, as stated in his comment, is that such free radicals rejoin to reform bonds. Unfortunately, lite
131、rature data going back many decades prove him wrong. I presume that Referee A is from the group that wrote reference 21 in the manuscript since they note that one of their four attributions is given incorrectly in the manuscript. I thank him for catching it; it will be corrected in the next version.
132、lNow, consider Referee B. Of his list of major points, the first asks for clearer referencing, the next four ask that residuals and error bars be included in several plots, the sixth (erroneously numbered 5) asks for a clarification in a figure and the last questions the applicability of a reference
133、. While Referee A may not like our free radical formation mechanism, neither he nor Referee B (who doesnt mention it at all) has refuted it or offered evidence as to why it may notbe so. It is interesting to note that we, the authors, have, in fact done so in the middle of p. 12 of our manuscript, w
134、herewe offer several interesting opposing views. Furthermore, our evidence for the presence of free radicals is not questioned, nor is our N hybridization scheme ( which has never appeared in previous papers on the subject). Also not discussed are the supporting results of theRaman and TOF-SIMS studies. Based on all this, and more I will not spend time discussing, we find it difficult to understand how you could possibly reject the manuscript without the opportunity to revise it. Could you explain your decision? I look forward to hearing from you.*
