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1、Computer Concepts 2014Chapter 4Operating Systems and File Management4Chapter ContentsSection A: Operating System BasicsSection B: Todays Operating SystemsSection C: File BasicsSection D: File ManagementSection E: Backup SecurityChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management24Section A: Operating S
2、ystem BasicsChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management34Operating System TasksAn operating system is a type of system software that acts as the master controller for all activities that take place within a computer systemChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management44Operating System TasksC
3、hapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management54Operating System TasksMultitasking provides process and memory management services that allow two or more tasks, jobs, or programs to run simultaneouslyWithin a single program, multithreading allows multiple parts, or threads, to run simultaneouslyA m
4、ultiprocessing capability supports a division of labor among all the processing unitsA memory leak is when an application requests memory but never releases itCan cause an application not to function properlyChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management64Operating System TasksOperating System Cat
5、egoriesSingle-user operating systemMultiuser operating systemServer operating systemDesktop operating systemMobile operating systemChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management74The Boot ProcessDuring the boot process, the operating system kernel is loaded into RAMThe kernel provides essential op
6、erating system servicesYour computers small bootstrap program is built into special ROM circuitry housed in the computers system unitChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management84The Boot ProcessChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management94The Boot Process4User InterfacesThe combination of
7、hardware and software that helps people and computers communicate with each otherChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management114User InterfacesBasic control elements of a GUIDesktopTaskbar or dockApplication windowStart screenIconTileButtonToolbarMenuMenu barRibbonSubmenuDialog boxChapter 4: Ope
8、rating Systems and File Management124User InterfacesChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management134User InterfacesChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management144User InterfacesChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management154User InterfacesMenus, submenus, and dialog boxesChapter 4: Operat
9、ing Systems and File Management164QuestionA computer handles many tasks simultaneously. Which one of the following refers to the processors ability to handle multiple tasks, rather than the operating systems ability to do so?A. Multi-coreB. MultitaskingC. MultithreadingD. MultiprocessingChapter 4: O
10、perating Systems and File Management174AnswerA4Section B: Todays Operating SystemsChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management194Microsoft WindowsChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management204Windows TimelineChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management214Various WindowsChapter 4: Operat
11、ing Systems and File Management224Mac OSChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management234Mac OSChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management244Mac OSPopular virtual machine software such as VMware and Parallels Desktop can run on most computers with Intel microprocessors, including Intel Macs,
12、PCs, and generic Linux computersChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management254Mac OS X TimelineChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management264iOSiOS is an operating system for the Apple iPhone, and was derived from the Mac OS X codeChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management274AndroidA
13、ndroid is a mobile operating system that is a popular platform for tablet computers, smartphones, and ebook readersChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management284UNIX and LinuxThe UNIX operating system was developed in 1969 at AT&Ts Bell LabsDependable in multiuser environmentsLinux is an operat
14、ing system distributed along with its source code under the terms of a GPL (General Public License)A Linux distribution is a download that contains the Linux kernel, system utilities, graphical user interface, applications, and an installation routineChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management2
15、94UNIX and LinuxChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management304BlackBerry OSBlackBerry OS is a proprietary operating system produced by RIMKey feature is the ability to work with corporate e-mail software systems produced by Microsoft and IBMRIM pioneered push technology, in which notifications
16、are automatically sent to a deviceChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management314Handheld and Tablet Operating SystemsChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management324OS Comparison4OS Market Shares4QuestionTodays popular operating systems include Windows, Mac OS, Linux, Android, and Google Chr
17、ome. Each has strengths and weaknesses that are important to understand. Which of the following statements is correct?A. Google Chrome is built on the Windows kernel, so it is ideal for netbooks because it has good resistance to malware.B. If you dont like the user interface for Windows but want to
18、run the vast variety of Windows software, you can install Linux.C. Linux and Mac OS have a reputation for being more stable than Windows.D. Windows includes software called Boot Camp that allows PCs to boot into different operating systems, such as Mac OS, Linux, Chrome, and Android.4AnswerC4Section
19、 C: File BasicsChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management374File Names and ExtensionsYou must adhere to file-naming conventions when saving filesCase sensitivityMaximum lengthSpaces allowedNumbers allowedCharacters not allowedFile names not allowedFile extensions provide clues to the file cont
20、entsChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management384File Directories and FoldersTo designate a files location, you must first specify the device where the file is storedThe main hard disk usually is referred to as drive CMacs do not use drive lettersA disk partition is a section of hard disk driv
21、e that is treated as a separate storage unitPartitions can be assigned drive lettersPartitions are not the same as foldersChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management394File Directories and FoldersChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management404File Directories and FoldersEvery storage device
22、 has a directory containing a list of its filesRoot directorySubdirectoryDepicted as foldersA computers file location is defined by a file specification, or pathChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management414File FormatsA file format refers to the organization and layout of data that is stored i
23、n a fileThe format of a file usually includes a header, data, and possibly an end-of-file markerA file header is a section of data at the beginning of a file that contains information about a fileA file extension does not really define the format of a fileChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Manage
24、ment424File FormatsA software application can open files that exist in its native file format, plus several additional file formatsChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management434File FormatsChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management444QuestionSuppose a friend sends you a file called Twain.
25、dll. From the file name, what can you deduce?A. That it is a word processing document, probably about Mark Twain.B. That you should be able to open it using Microsoft Word.C. That the file extension makes it a virus.D. That it is a support program file, perhaps part of the device driver for your sca
26、nner.Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management454AnswerD4Section D: File ManagementChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management474Application-Based File ManagementApplications generally provide a way to open files and save them in a specific folder on a designated storage deviceChapter 4:
27、 Operating Systems and File Management484Application-Based File ManagementChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management494File Management MetaphorsA file management utility helps you manage files in your operating systemStorage metaphors help you visualize and mentally organize the files on your
28、disks and other storage devicesLogical storage modelsChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management504File ExplorerChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management514File ExplorerFile Explorer helps you manipulate files and folders in the following ways:RenameCopyMoveDeleteWindows offers a set of
29、preconfigured personal folders, such as My Documents and My Music, for storing your personal data filesChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management524File ExplorerChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management534File Management TipsUse descriptive namesMaintain file extensionsGroup similar fil
30、esOrganize your folders from the top downConsider using default foldersUse Public folders for files you want to shareDo not mix data files and program filesChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management544File Management TipsDont store files in the root directoryAccess files from the hard diskFoll
31、ow copyright rulesDelete or archive files you no longer needBe aware of storage locationsBack upChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management554Physical File StorageThe physical storage model describes what happens on the disks and in the circuits Storage media must be formatted before it can sto
32、re filesThe formatting process divides the disk into tracks and sectorsChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management564Physical File StorageChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management574Physical File StorageThe file system keeps track of the names and locations of filesNTFSMaster File Table
33、(MFT)Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management584Physical File StorageDeleting a file changes the status of that files clusters to empty and removes the file name from the index fileThe files data is still thereFile shredder software overwrites “empty” sectors with random 1s and 0sFiles in th
34、e Windows Recycle Bin and similar utilities can be undeletedChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management594Physical File StorageFragmented files are stored in noncontiguous clusters and decrease performanceDefragmentation utilities rearrange files so that they are stored in contiguous clustersCh
35、apter 4: Operating Systems and File Management604QuestionBefore donating your computer to a charitable organization, you can make sure your personal data cannot be accessed from the hard disk by:A. Deleting any files that contain personal data.B. Deleting files containing personal data and then empt
36、ying the Recycle Bin or Trash.C. Deleting all the files and folders on your computers hard disk.D. Deleting all files and folders and then using file shredder software.Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management614AnswerD4Section E: Backup SecurityBackup BasicsFile CopiesSynchronizationWindows
37、BackupBackup SoftwareVirtual MachinesTablet and Smartphone BackupChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management634Backup BasicsA backup stores the files needed to recover data thats been wiped out by operator error, viruses, or hardware failuresYour backup schedule depends on how much data you can
38、 afford to loseYou should test your backup by trying to restore one fileThe backup device you select depends on the value of your data, your current equipment, and your budgetOnline backup servicesChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management644Backup BasicsChapter 4: Operating Systems and File M
39、anagement654File CopiesUnique files are difficult to reproduceManually copying and pasting requires you to select the files and destination device each timeChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management664SynchronizationSynchronization compares the content of files on two devices and makes them th
40、e same A program called Time Machine supplied with Mac OS X is a good example of synchronization softwareSynchronizes every hourChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management674SynchronizationChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management684Windows BackupWindows 8 includes a synchronization util
41、ity called File HistoryChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management694Windows BackupA full system backup includes a copy of every file stored on your computers hard driveA boot disk is a removable storage medium containing the operating system files needed to boot your computer without accessing
42、 the hard diskA recovery disk is a bootable CD, DVD, or other media that contains a complete copy of your computers hard disk as it existed when the computer was newChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management704Windows BackupA recovery partition is located on the computers hard disk and contain
43、s the necessary files to restore a computer to its original stateThe Windows Registry is an important group of files used by the Windows operating sytsem to store configuration information about all the devices and software installed on a computer systemA restore point is a snapshot of your computer
44、 settingsChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management714Windows BackupChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management724Backup SoftwareBackup software is a set of utility programs designed to back up and restore some or all of the files on a computers primary storage deviceA backup made by copy
45、ing all the files to a backup device is called a full backupA differential backup makes a backup of only those files that were added or changed since your last full backup sessionAn incremental backup makes a backup of the files that were added or changed since the last backupnot necessarily the fil
46、es that changed from the last full backupChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management734Backup SoftwareRestoring a computer usually entails several stepsA bare-metal restore restores the computer in a single stepA disk image is a bit-by-bit copy of the data from all sectors of a diskChapter 4: O
47、perating Systems and File Management744Virtual MachinesChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management754Tablet and Smartphone BackupHandheld devices are usually backed up by synching them to a desktop or laptop computerSynching is usually initiated by tethering your handheld device to a full-size
48、computer using a USB cable iPhones, iPods, and iPads synch with iTunes software, and you have the option to encrypt the backup to prevent your data from exposure if your computer falls victim to an unauthorized intrusion Many Android devices include backup software, usually accessible from the Setti
49、ngs iconChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management764Tablet and Smartphone BackupChapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management774QuestionCopying important data files from your computers hard disk to an optical disk or flash drive is a simple way to back up data. It is not a total backup sol
50、ution, however. Why not?A. You cannot restore these files to a new hard disk without the activation codes.B. The backup is bootable, but it wont start your computer if the hard disk fails.C. You have not backed up your programs or your personal settings.D. You have not backed up the restore points n
51、eeded to reconfigure the Windows Registry for a new hard disk.Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management784AnswerC4FastPoll True/False QuestionsAnswer A for True and B for False(1) An operating system manages a computers resources such as the processor, RAM, and storage space. (2) Multithreadi
52、ng provides process and memory management services that allow two or more tasks, jobs, or programs to run simultaneously.(3) GUI stands for “graphic usability icons.”(4) A bootstrap program is a popular type of application software. (5) During a computing session, the operating system is executed fr
53、om RAM.Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management804FastPoll True/False QuestionsAnswer A for True and B for False(6) The Windows kernel is the same as the Mac OS kernel. (7) Macs featured a graphical user interface before PCs. (8) Boot Camp is a dual boot utility for Macs. (9) Mac files have
54、a data fork and a resource fork. (10) Fedora, Ubuntu, and SUSE are Linux distributions. (11) A disk partition is basically a folder.Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management814FastPoll True/False QuestionsAnswer A for True and B for False(12) A file specification is also called a path. (13) W
55、indows Explorer is a file management utility.(14) Hard disks, CDs, and DVDs are formatted into tracks and sectors.(15) Time Machine is synchronization software used for backup on Macs. (16) To repopulate a new hard disk from an incremental backup, you have to first restore a full backup. (17) A boot
56、 disk contains a complete copy of your computers hard disk as it existed when the computer was new.Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management824Answers(1) A (2) B (3) B (4) B (5) A (6) B(7) A (8) A (9) A (10) A (11) B (12) A(13) A (14) A (15) A (16) B (17) B Computer Concepts 2014Chapter 4 Complete
