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1、医学英语感染病医学英语感染病termsInfectiology Infection Infectious diseasesInfectiologist TypesofpathogensSubcelluarProkaryotic Viruses, prionBacterial, chlamydiae, rickettsiae, mycoplasmasEukaryotic Protozoa, fungi, helminthes, arthropodsprionAprionisaninfectiousagentcomposedofproteininamisfoldedformDisease:Bovi
2、nespongiformencephalopathyMadcowdisease(MCD)VirusesThetermvirion(pluralvirions)isalsousedtorefertoasingle,stableinfectiveviralparticlethatisreleasedfromthecellandisfullycapableofinfectingothercellsofthesametypeAvirusisasmallinfectiousagentthatcanreplicateonlyinsidethelivingcellsoforganisms.Bacteria(
3、singular:bacterium)chlamydiaechlamyd-,mantle(acloak)ChlamydiainfectionchlamydiaconjunctivitisortrachomarickettsiaeThegenusRickettsiaisnamedafterH.T.Ricketts(18711910),whostudiedRockyMountainspottedfever,andeventuallydiedoftyphusafterstudyingthatdisease.rickets,vitaminDdeficiencyDisease:spottedfever,
4、typhusandscrubtyphusTickhemolymphcellsinfectedwithR. rickettsii.FromtheCDC.SymptomsofScrubtyphusfeverheadachemusclepaincoughgastrointestinalsymptomshemorrhagingandintravascularcoagulation.maculopapularrash,eschar（焦痂）,splenomegalyandlymphadenopathiesaretypicalsigns.http:/ (First) andzoon (animal)prot
5、ozoa(singular:protozoon)helminthsareworm-likeorganisms(Parasitic worms)thatliveandfeedofflivinghosts,receivingnourishmentandprotectionwhiledisruptingtheirhostsnutrientabsorption,causingweaknessanddisease.helminthsHelmins =wormHookwormsattachedtotheintestinalmucosa.arthropodsGreekarthron,joint,andpod
6、sfoot,whichtogethermeanjointedfeet”Culex MosquitoAedes MosquitoTicksPathogen factorspathogenicityvirulenceistheabilityofapathogentoproduceaninfectiousdiseaseinanorganism.The virulence factors of bacteriaMethodsbywhichbacteriacausediseaseAdhesionColonizationInvasionImmune response inhibitorsToxins123
7、45The virulence factors of bacteriaAdhesion.Manybacteriamustfirstbindtohostcellsurfaces.Colonization.Somevirulentbacteriaproducespecialproteinsthatallowthemtocolonizepartsofthehostbody.Invasion.Somevirulentbacteriaproduceproteinsthateitherdisrupthostcellmembranesorstimulateendocytosisintohostcells.T
8、hesevirulencefactorsallowthebacteriatoenterhostcellsandfacilitateentryintothebodyacrossepithelialtissuelayersatthebodysurface.Immune response inhibitors.Manybacteriaproducevirulencefactorsthatinhibitthehostsimmunesystemdefenses.Toxins.Manyvirulencefactorsareproteinsmadebybacteriathatpoisonhostcellsa
9、ndcausetissuedamage.Methodsbywhichbacteriacausediseaseinvasionminimumlethaldose(MLD)thesmallestamountoftoxinthatwillkillanexperimentalanimal.Minimuminfectivedosemedianinfectivedose(ID50)theamountofpathogenicmicroorganismsthatwillcauseinfectionin50percentofthetestsubjects.infectivedosethatamountofpat
10、hogenicorganismsthatwillcauseinfectioninsusceptiblesubjects.HostfactorssusceptibilitydispositionImmune systemAntibody,immunoglobulinIceberg conceptofinfectionInfectiousdiseasespectrumIfalargenumberofindividualsareequallyexposedtoaninfectiousagent,theydonotallrespondinthesamemanner.Infact,theremaybea
11、broadrangeofresponses:SomedonotbecomeinfectedatallSomebecomeinfectedbutdevelopnosymptomsSomebecomeinfectedanddevelopmildormoderatesymptomsSomebecomeinfectedanddevelopseveresymptomsSomedieasaresultoftheirinfectionPathogenesisofinfectionClinicalmanifestationsofinfectiousdiseasesNon-specificOrgan syste
12、m-basedFeverAnorexiaFatigueMuscleachesSkinrashastateofphysicaland/ormentalweaknessLossofappetiteMaryMallonwasanasymptomaticcarrieroftyphoidfever.Overthecourseofhercareerasacook,sheinfected53people,threeofwhomdied.Host-Pathogen Interactions:SymbioticRelationships1.Mutualism2.Commensalism3.Parasitism4
13、.NeutralismAsymbioticrelationshipinwhichbothspeciesbenefitAsymbioticrelationshipinwhichoneorganismderivesbenefitandtheotherisunharmedAsymbioticrelationshipinwhichonespecies,theparasite,benefitsattheexpenseoftheother,thehostThestateofbeingneutral;neutralityprefix,avariantofsyn-beforeb, p,andm=Togethe
14、r=Life;livingorganismairborne infectiondroplet infectionvector-borne infectionwaterborne infectionbloodborne infectionModeofinfectionSneezingcanspreadthefluvirustootherpeople.airborne infectiononethatiscontractedbyinhalationofmicroorganismsorsporessuspendedinaironwaterdropletsordustparticles.droplet
15、 infectioninfectionduetoinhalationofrespiratorypathogenssuspendedonliquidparticlesexhaledbysomeonealreadyinfected(droplet nuclei).vector-borne infectioninfectioncausedbymicroorganismstransmittedfromonehosttoanotherbyacarrier,suchasamosquito,louse,fly,ortick.waterborne infectioninfectionbymicroorgani
16、smstransmittedinwater.Classificationofinfections1Type of the pathogenDegree of involvementBacterial, viral, fungal, parasiticLocal/focal, generalizedManner acquiredCommunity, hospital/nosocomialClassificationofinfections2Type of occurrenceEndogenous vs. exogenousAutoinfection vs. cross-infectionSupe
17、rinfection vs. reinfectionsepsisOpportunistic infectionaninfectioncausedbyaninfectiousagentthatisalreadypresentinthebody,buthaspreviouslybeeninapparentordormant.aninfectionthatdevelopsfrombacterianormallyoutsidethebodythathavegainedaccesstothebodyaninfectioncausedbyadiseaseagentthatisalreadypresenti
18、nthebodyaninfectionbyanorganismthatdoesnotordinarilycausediseasebutbecomespathogenicundercertaincircumstances(e.g.,impairedimmuneresponses).thetransmissionofacommunicablediseasefromonepersontoanotherbecauseofapoorbarrierprotectionaninfectionfollowingapreviousinfection,especiallywhencausedbymicroorga
19、nismsthathavebecomeresistanttotheantibioticsusedearlierasecondinfectionbythesamemicroorganism,eitherafterrecoveryorduringtheoriginalinfection12345678abacterialinfectioninthebloodstreamorbodytissues1.Cross-infection2.Exogenousinfection3.Endogenousinfection4.Opportunisticinfection5.Reinfection6.Superi
20、nfection7.Autoinfection8.SepsisLaboratorydiagnosisofinfectiousdiseasesGold standard testproceduresMicroscopyandStainingproceduresCultureandsensitivitySerologictestStainingproceduresUrinalysisandfecalysisSpecimensmear(blood,stool)GramStainingZeihl-NeelsonstainKOH(potassiumhydroxide)testforfungiGramSt
21、ainingGram stainastainingprocedureinwhichmicroorganismsarestainedwithcrystalviolet,treatedwithstrongiodinesolution,decolorizedwithethanol,andcounterstainedwithacontrastingdye;thoseretainingthestainaregram-positive,andthoselosingthestainbutstainingwiththecounterstainaregram-negative.Zeihl-Neelsenstai
22、nTheZiehl-Neelsen stain,alsoknownastheacid-fast stain,wasfirstdescribedbytwoGermandoctors;FranzZiehl(1859-1926),abacteriologistandFriedrichNeelsen(1854-1898),apathologist.Itisaspecialbacteriologicalstainusedtoidentifyacid-fastorganisms,mainlyMycobacteria.nSpecimensmountedin10%KOHandexamineddirectlyu
23、nderthemicroscopeKOH(potassiumhydroxide)testforfungiCultureandsensitivitySerologictestanylaboratorytestinvolvingserologicreactions,especiallyanysuchtestmeasuringserum antibodytiter.TreatmentandpreventionMedical treatmentprophylaxisPre-andpost-exposurePharmacologicalImmunizationantibioticsvaccination
24、localtreatmentofthewoundadministrationofrabiesimmunoglobulinPre-andpost-exposureprophylaxisAyounggirlinfectedwithsmallpox(1973).Duetothedevelopmentofthe,thediseasewasofficiallyeradicatedin1979.smallpox vaccineOutlinePathogenHostPathogenesisofinfectionClassificationofinfectionClinicalmanifestationsLaboratorydiagnosisofinfectiousdiseasesTreatmentandpreventionLEARNMORE,BEMORE
