集成电路设计工具软件简介.ppt

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1、集成电路设计技术集成电路设计技术云南大学信息学院电子工程系云南大学信息学院电子工程系梁竹关梁竹关Part 1 SPICE Overview 集成电路仿真（集成电路仿真（SPICE）History SPICE SPICE (Simulation (Simulation Program Program with with Integrated Integrated Circuit Circuit Emphasis) Emphasis) is is a a family family of of programs programs (freeware (freeware or or commerci

2、al) commercial) for for simulation simulation of of electronic electronic circuits, circuits, everyone everyone based based on on the the same same kernel kernel that that is is developed developed by by Berkeley Berkeley University University (California, (California, USA) USA) since since 1960 196

3、0 with public founds.with public founds.From From the the beginning beginning there there were were many many releases, releases, we we can can mention mention SPICE2 SPICE2 (the (the first first with with powerful powerful models models for for semiconductors) semiconductors) and and the the curren

4、t current SPICE3 SPICE3 (source (source code code from Fortran to C, more portability and efficiency).from Fortran to C, more portability and efficiency).Todays Todays commercial commercial packages packages add add to to it it many many functions functions and and features: features: graphical grap

5、hical and and easy-to-use easy-to-use front-ends, front-ends, powerful powerful post-processors, post-processors, integration integration with with other other utilities, utilities, new new built-in built-in models, models, commands commands and and functions. functions. The The code code produced p

6、roduced by by these these simulator simulator is no longer compatible with the original kernel.is no longer compatible with the original kernel.Part 2 Types of Analysis DC AnalysisThe The dc dc analysis analysis portion portion of of SPICE SPICE determines determines the the dc dc operating operatin

7、g point point of of the the circuit circuit with with inductors inductors shorted shorted and and capacitors capacitors opened. opened. The The dc dc analysis analysis options options are are specified specified on on the the .DC, .DC, .TF, .TF, and and .OP .OP control control lines. lines. A A dc d

8、c analysis analysis is is automatically automatically performed performed prior prior to to a a transient transient analysis analysis to to determine determine the the transient transient initial initial conditions, conditions, and and prior prior to to an an ac ac small-signal small-signal analysis

9、 analysis to to determine determine the the linearizedlinearized, , small-signal small-signal models models for for nonlinear nonlinear devices. devices. If If requested, requested, the the dc dc small-signal small-signal value value of of a a transfer transfer function function (ratio (ratio of of

10、output output variable variable to to input input source), source), input input resistance, resistance, and and output output resistance resistance is is also also computed computed as as a a part part of of the the dc dc solution. solution. The The dc dc analysis analysis can can also also be be us

11、ed used to to generate generate dc dc transfer transfer curves: curves: a a specified specified independent independent voltage voltage or or current current source source is is stepped stepped over over a a user-specified user-specified range range and and the the dc dc output output variables vari

12、ables are are stored stored for for each each sequential source value. sequential source value. AC Small-Signal AnalysisThe The ac ac small-signal small-signal portion portion of of SPICE SPICE computes computes the the ac ac output output variables variables as as a a function function of of freque

13、ncy. frequency. The The program program first first computes computes the the dc dc operating operating point point of of the the circuit circuit and and determines determines linearizedlinearized, , small-signal small-signal models models for for all all of of the the nonlinear nonlinear devices de

14、vices in in the the circuit. circuit. The The resultant resultant linear linear circuit circuit is is then then analyzed analyzed over over a a user-specified user-specified range range of of frequencies. frequencies. The The desired desired output output of of an an ac ac small- small- signal signa

15、l analysis analysis is is usually usually a a transfer transfer function function (voltage (voltage gain, gain, transimpedance, transimpedance, etc). etc). If If the the circuit circuit has has only only one one ac ac input, input, it it is is convenient convenient to to set set that that input inpu

16、t to to unity unity and and zero zero phase, phase, so so that that output output variables variables have have the the same same value value as as the the transfer transfer function function of of the the output output variable variable with with respect respect to to the the input.input.Transient

17、AnalysisThe The transient transient analysis analysis portion portion of of SPICE SPICE computes computes the the transient transient output output variables variables as as a a function function of of time time over over a a user-specified user-specified time time interval. interval. The The initia

18、l initial conditions conditions are are automatically automatically determined determined by by a a dc dc analysis. analysis. All All sources sources which which are are not not time time dependent dependent (for (for example, example, power power supplies) supplies) are are set set to to their thei

19、r dc dc value. value. The The transient transient time time interval interval is specified on a .TRAN control line. is specified on a .TRAN control line. Pole-Zero Analysis The The pole-zero pole-zero analysis analysis portion portion of of SPICE SPICE computes computes the the poles poles and/or an

20、d/or zeros zeros in in the the small-signal small-signal ac ac transfer transfer function. function. The The program program first first computes computes the the dc dc operating operating point point and and then then determines determines the the linearizedlinearized, , small-signal small-signal m

21、odels models for for all all the the nonlinear nonlinear devices devices in in the the circuit. circuit. This This circuit circuit is is then then used used to to find find the the poles poles and and zeros zeros of of the the transfer function. transfer function. Two Two types types of of transfer

22、transfer functions functions are are allowed allowed : : one one of of the the form form (output (output voltage)/(input voltage)/(input voltage) voltage) and and the the other other of of the the form form (output (output voltage)/(input voltage)/(input current). current). These These two two types

23、 types of of transfer transfer functions functions cover cover all all the the cases cases and and one one can can find find the the poles/zeros poles/zeros of of functions functions like like input/output input/output impedance impedance and and voltage voltage gain. gain. The The input and output

24、ports are specified as two pairs of nodes. input and output ports are specified as two pairs of nodes. The The pole-zero pole-zero analysis analysis works works with with resistors, resistors, capacitors, capacitors, inductors, inductors, linear-controlled linear-controlled sources, sources, indepen

25、dent independent sources, sources, BJTsBJTs, , MOSFETsMOSFETs, , JFETsJFETs and diodes. Transmission lines are not supported. and diodes. Transmission lines are not supported. The The method method used used in in the the analysis analysis is is a a sub-optimal sub-optimal numerical numerical search

26、. search. For For large large circuits circuits it it may may take take a a considerable considerable time time or or fail fail to to find find all all poles poles and and zeros. zeros. For For some some circuits, circuits, the the method method becomes becomes lost and finds an excessive number of

27、poles or zeros. lost and finds an excessive number of poles or zeros. Small-Signal Distortion Analysis The The distortion distortion analysis analysis portion portion of of SPICE SPICE computes computes steady-state steady-state harmonic harmonic and and intermodulation intermodulation products prod

28、ucts for for small small input input signal signal magnitudes. magnitudes. If If signals signals of of a a single single frequency frequency are are specified specified as as the the input input to to the the circuit, circuit, the the complex complex values values of of the the second second and and

29、 third third harmonics harmonics are are determined determined at at every every point point in in the the circuit. circuit. If If there there are are signals signals of of two two frequencies frequencies input input to to the the circuit, circuit, the the analysis analysis finds finds out out the t

30、he complex complex values values of of the the circuit circuit variables variables at at the the sum sum and and difference difference of of the the input input frequencies, frequencies, and and at at the the difference difference of of the the smaller smaller frequency frequency from from the the s

31、econd second harmonic harmonic of of the the larger larger frequency. frequency. Distortion Distortion analysis analysis is is supported supported for for the the following following nonlinear nonlinear devices: devices: diodes diodes (DIO), (DIO), BJT, BJT, JFET, JFET, MOSFETsMOSFETs (levels (level

32、s 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4/BSIM1, 4/BSIM1, 5/BSIM2, 5/BSIM2, and and 6) 6) and and MESFETS. MESFETS. All All linear linear devices devices are are automatically automatically supported supported by by distortion distortion analysis. analysis. If If there there are are switches switches present present in

33、 in the the circuit, circuit, the the analysis analysis continues continues to to be be accurate accurate provided provided the the switches switches do do not not change change state state under under the the small excitations used for distortion calculations. small excitations used for distortion

34、calculations. Sensitivity AnalysisSpice3 Spice3 will will calculate calculate either either the the DC DC operating-point operating-point sensitivity sensitivity or or the the AC AC small-signal small-signal sensitivity sensitivity of of an an output output variable variable with with respect respec

35、t to to all all circuit circuit variables, variables, including including model model parameters. parameters. Spice Spice calculates calculates the the difference difference in in an an output output variable variable (either (either a a node node voltage voltage or or a a branch branch current) cur

36、rent) by by perturbing perturbing each each parameter parameter of of each each device device independently. independently. Since Since the the method method is is a a numerical numerical approximation, approximation, the the results results may may demonstrate demonstrate second second order order

37、affects affects in in highly highly sensitive sensitive parameters, parameters, or or may may fail fail to to show show very very low low but but non-zero non-zero sensitivity. sensitivity. Further, Further, since since each each variable variable is is perturb perturb by by a a small small fraction

38、 fraction of of its its value, value, zero-valued zero-valued parameters parameters are are not not analyzed analyzed (this (this has has the the benefit benefit of of reducing reducing what what is is usually a very large amount of data).usually a very large amount of data).Noise Analysis The The n

39、oise noise analysis analysis portion portion of of SPICE SPICE does does analysis analysis device-device-generated generated noise noise for for the the given given circuit. circuit. When When provided provided with with an an input input source source and and an an output output port, port, the the

40、 analysis analysis calculates calculates the the noise noise contributions contributions of of each each device device (and (and each each noise noise generator generator within within the the device) device) to to the the output output port port voltage. voltage. It It also also calculates calculat

41、es the the input input noise noise to to the the circuit, circuit, equivalent equivalent to to the the output output noise noise referred referred to to the the specified specified input input source. source. This This is is done done for for every every frequency frequency point point in in a a spe

42、cified specified range range - - the the calculated calculated value value of of the the noise noise corresponds corresponds to to the the spectral spectral density density of of the the circuit circuit variable variable viewed as a stationary viewed as a stationary gaussiangaussian stochastic proce

43、ss. stochastic process. After After calculating calculating the the spectral spectral densities, densities, noise noise analysis analysis integrates integrates these these values values over over the the specified specified frequency frequency range range to to arrive arrive at at the the total tota

44、l noise noise voltage/current voltage/current (over (over this this frequency frequency range). range). This This calculated calculated value value corresponds corresponds to to the the variance variance of of the the circuit circuit variable viewed as a stationary variable viewed as a stationary ga

45、ussiangaussian process. process. Part 3 Circuit Descriptions GENERAL STRUCTURE AND CONVENTIONSGENERAL STRUCTURE AND CONVENTIONSThe circuit to be analyzed is described to SPICE by a set of element lines, which define the circuit topology and element values, and a set of control lines, which define th

46、e model parameters and the run controls. The first line in the input file must be the title, and the last line must be .END. The order of the remaining lines is arbitrary (except, of course, that continuation lines must immediately follow the line being continued). GENERAL STRUCTURE AND CONVENTIONSG

47、ENERAL STRUCTURE AND CONVENTIONSEach Each element element in in the the circuit circuit is is specified specified by by an an element element line line that that contains contains the the element element name, name, the the circuit circuit nodes nodes to to which which the the element element is is

48、connected, connected, and and the the values values of of the the parameters parameters that that determine determine the the electrical electrical characteristics characteristics of of the the element. element. The The first first letter letter of of the the element element name name specifies spec

49、ifies the the element element type. type. The The format format for for the the SPICE SPICE element element types types is is given given in in what what follows. follows. The The strings strings XXXXXXX, XXXXXXX, YYYYYYY, YYYYYYY, and and ZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZ denote denote arbitrary arbitrary alphanumer

50、ic alphanumeric strings. strings. For For example, example, a a resistor resistor name name must must begin begin with with the the letter letter R R and and can can contain contain one one or or more more characters. characters. Hence, Hence, R, R, R1, R1, RSE, RSE, ROUT, ROUT, and and R3AC2ZY R3AC

51、2ZY are are valid valid resistor resistor names. names. Details Details of of each each type type of of device device are are supplied supplied in a following section. in a following section. GENERAL STRUCTURE AND CONVENTIONSGENERAL STRUCTURE AND CONVENTIONSFields Fields on on a a line line are are

52、separated separated by by one one or or more more blanks, blanks, a a comma, comma, an an equal equal (=) (=) sign, sign, or or a a left left or or right right parenthesis; parenthesis; extra extra spaces spaces are are ignored. ignored. A A line line may may be be continued continued by by entering

53、 entering a a + + (plus) (plus) in in column column 1 1 of of the the following following line; line; SPICE SPICE continues continues reading reading beginning with column 2. beginning with column 2. A A name name field field must must begin begin with with a a letter letter (A (A through through Z)

54、 Z) and and cannot cannot contain contain any any delimiters. delimiters. GENERAL STRUCTURE AND CONVENTIONSGENERAL STRUCTURE AND CONVENTIONSA A number number field field may may be be an an integer integer field field (12, (12, -44), -44), a a floating floating point point field field (3.14159), (3.

55、14159), either either an an integer integer or or floating floating point point number number followed followed by by an an integer integer exponent exponent (1e-14, (1e-14, 2.65e3), 2.65e3), or or either either an an integer integer or or a a floating floating point point number number followed fol

56、lowed by by one one of of the the following scale factors: following scale factors: T=10T=101212 G=10 G=109 9 Meg=10Meg=106 6 K=10 K=103 3 mil=25.4 10 mil=25.4 10-6-6 m=10m=10-3-3 u=10 u=10-6 -6 n=10n=10-9-9 p=10 p=10-12-12 f=10 f=10-15-15 Letters Letters immediately immediately following following

57、a a number number that that are are not not scale scale factors factors are are ignored, ignored, and and letters letters immediately immediately following following a a scale scale factor factor are are ignored. ignored. Hence, Hence, 10, 10, 10V, 10V, 10Volts, 10Volts, and and 10Hz 10Hz all all re

58、present represent the the same same number, number, and and M, M, MA, MA, MSecMSec, , and and MMhosMMhos all all represent represent the the same same scale scale factor. factor. Note Note that that 1000, 1000, 1000.0, 1000.0, 1000Hz, 1000Hz, 1e3, 1e3, 1.0e3, 1KHz, and 1K all represent the same numb

59、er. 1.0e3, 1KHz, and 1K all represent the same number. GENERAL STRUCTURE AND CONVENTIONSGENERAL STRUCTURE AND CONVENTIONSNodes Nodes names names may may be be arbitrary arbitrary character character strings. strings. The The datum datum (ground) (ground) node node must must be be named named 0. 0. N

60、ote Note the the difference difference in in SPICE3 SPICE3 where where the the nodes nodes are are treated treated as as character character strings strings and and not not evaluated evaluated as as numbers, numbers, thus thus 0 0 and and 00 00 are are distinct distinct nodes nodes in in SPICE3 SPIC

61、E3 but but not not in in SPICE2. SPICE2. The The circuit circuit cannot cannot contain contain a a loop loop of of voltage voltage sources sources and/or and/or inductors inductors and and cannot cannot contain contain a a cut-set cut-set of of current current sources sources and/or and/or capacitor

62、s. capacitors. Each Each node node in in the the circuit circuit must must have have a a dc dc path path to to ground. ground. Every Every node node must must have have at at least least two two connections connections except except for for transmission transmission line line nodes nodes (to (to per

63、mit permit unterminatedunterminated transmission transmission lines) lines) and and MOSFET MOSFET substrate substrate nodes nodes (which have two internal connections anyway). (which have two internal connections anyway). TITLE LINE, COMMENT LINES AND .END LINETITLE LINE, COMMENT LINES AND .END LINE

64、Title LineTitle Line The The title title line line must must be be the the first first in in the the input input file. file. Its Its contents contents are are printed printed verbatim verbatim as as the the heading for each section of output. heading for each section of output. .End line.End lineExa

65、mples: Examples: .END .END The The End End line line must must always always be be the the last last in in the the input input file. file. Note Note that that the the period period is is an an integral integral part of the name. part of the name. CommentsComments General Form: General Form: * &* <

66、anyltany; comment ; comment DEVICE MODELSGeneral form: General form: .MODEL .MODEL MNAME MNAME TYPE(PNAME1=PVAL1 TYPE(PNAME1=PVAL1 PNAME2=PVAL2 . ) PNAME2=PVAL2 . ) Examples: Examples: .MODEL MOD1 NPN (BF=50 IS=1E-13 VBF=50) .MODEL MOD1 NPN (BF=50 IS=1E-13 VBF=50) Most Most simple simple circuit cir

67、cuit elements elements typically typically require require only only a a few few parameter parameter values. values. However, However, some some devices devices (semiconductor (semiconductor devices devices in in particular) particular) that that are are included included in in SPICE SPICE require r

68、equire many many parameter parameter values. values. Often, Often, many many devices devices in in a a circuit circuit are are defined defined by by the the same same set set of of device device model model parameters. parameters. For For these these reasons, reasons, a a set set of of device device

69、 model model parameters parameters is is defined defined on on a a separate separate .MODEL .MODEL line line and and assigned assigned a a unique unique model model name. name. The The device device element element lines lines in in SPICE then refer to the model name. SPICE then refer to the model n

70、ame. DEVICE MODELSFor these more complex device types, each device element line contains the device name, the nodes to which the device is connected, and the device model name. In addition, other optional parameters may be specified for some devices: geometric factors and an initial condition (see t

71、he following section on Transistors and Diodes for more details). DEVICE MODELSMNAME MNAME in in the the above above is is the the model model name, name, and and type type is is one one of of the the following following fifteen fifteen types: types: R R Semiconductor resistor model Semiconductor re

72、sistor model C C Semiconductor capacitor model Semiconductor capacitor model SW Voltage controlled switch SW Voltage controlled switch CSW Current controlled switch CSW Current controlled switch URC Uniform distributed RC model URC Uniform distributed RC model LTRA LTRA LossyLossy transmission line

73、model transmission line modelDEVICE MODELSD D Diode model Diode model NPN NPN NPN BJT model NPN BJT model PNP PNP PNP BJT model PNP BJT model NJF NJF N-channel JFET model N-channel JFET model PJF PJF P-channel JFET model P-channel JFET model NMOS NMOS N-channel MOSFET model N-channel MOSFET model PM

74、OS PMOS P-channel MOSFET model P-channel MOSFET model NMF NMF N-channel MESFET model N-channel MESFET model PMF PMF P-channel MESFET model P-channel MESFET model SUBCIRCUITSA A subcircuitsubcircuit that that consists consists of of SPICE SPICE elements elements can can be be defined defined and and

75、referenced referenced in in a a fashion fashion similar similar to to device device models. models. The The subcircuitsubcircuit is is defined defined in in the the input input file file by by a a grouping grouping of of element element lines; lines; the the program program then then automatically a

76、utomatically inserts inserts the the group group of of elements elements wherever wherever the the subcircuitsubcircuit is is referenced. referenced. There There is is no no limit limit on on the the size size or or complexity complexity of of subcircuitssubcircuits, , and and subcircuitssubcircuits

77、 may contain other may contain other subcircuitssubcircuits. . General form: General form: .SUBCKT .SUBCKT subnamsubnam N1 <N2; N3 . N1 <N2; N3 . SUBCIRCUITSA A circuit circuit definition definition is is begun begun with with a a .SUBCKT .SUBCKT line. line. SUBNAM SUBNAM is is the the subcircui

78、tsubcircuit name, name, and and N1, N1, N2, N2, . . are are the the external external nodes, nodes, which which cannot cannot be be zero. zero. The The group group of of element element lines lines which which immediately immediately follow follow the the .SUBCKT .SUBCKT line line define define the

79、the subcircuitsubcircuit. . The The last last line line in in a a subcircuitsubcircuit definition definition is is the the .ENDS .ENDS line line (see (see below). below). Control Control lines lines may may not not appear appear within within a a subcircuitsubcircuit definition; definition; however,

80、 however, subcircuitsubcircuit definitions definitions may may contain contain anything anything else, else, including including other other subcircuitsubcircuit definitions, definitions, device device models, models, and and subcircuitsubcircuit calls calls (see (see below). below). Note Note that

81、that any any device device models models or or subcircuitsubcircuit definitions definitions included included as as part part of of a a subcircuitsubcircuit definition definition are are strictly strictly local local (i.e., (i.e., such such models models and and definitions definitions are are not n

82、ot known known outside outside the the subcircuitsubcircuit definition). definition). Also, Also, any any element element nodes nodes not not included included on on the the .SUBCKT .SUBCKT line line are are strictly strictly local, local, with with the the exception exception of of 0 0 (ground) whi

83、ch is always global. (ground) which is always global. COMBINING FILES: .INCLUDE LINESGeneral form: General form: .INCLUDE .INCLUDE filenamefilename Examples: Examples: .INCLUDE /users/spice/common/.INCLUDE /users/spice/common/wattmeter.cirwattmeter.cir Frequently, Frequently, portions portions of of

84、 circuit circuit descriptions descriptions will will be be reused reused in in several several input input files, files, particularly particularly with with common common models models and and subcircuitssubcircuits. . In In any any spice spice input input file, file, the the .include .include line

85、line may may be be used used to to copy copy some some other other file file as as if if that that second second file file appeared appeared in in place place of of the the .include .include line line in in the the original original file. file. There There is is no no restriction restriction on on t

86、he the file file name name imposed imposed by by spice spice beyond beyond those those imposed imposed by by the the local local operating operating system. system. Part 4 Analysis and Output Control SIMULATOR VARIABLES (.OPTIONS)Various Various parameters parameters of of the the simulations simula

87、tions available available in in Spice3 Spice3 can can be be altered altered to to control control the the accuracy, accuracy, speed, speed, or or default default values values for for some some devices. devices. These These parameters parameters may may be be changed changed via via the the set set

88、command command (described (described later later in in the the section section on on the the interactive interactive front-front-end) or via the .OPTIONS line: end) or via the .OPTIONS line: General form: General form: .OPTIONS .OPTIONS OPT1 OPT1 OPT2 OPT2 . . (or (or OPT=OPTVAL OPT=OPTVAL .) .) IN

89、ITIAL CONDITIONSSpecify Initial Node Voltage GuessesSpecify Initial Node Voltage Guesses General form: General form: .NODESET V(NODNUM)=VAL V(NODNUM)=VAL . .NODESET V(NODNUM)=VAL V(NODNUM)=VAL . Examples: Examples: .NODESET V(12)=4.5 V(4)=2.23.NODESET V(12)=4.5 V(4)=2.23 The The NodesetNodeset line

90、line helps helps the the program program find find the the dc dc or or initial initial transient transient solution solution by by making making a a preliminary preliminary pass pass with with the the specified specified nodes nodes held held to to the the given given voltages. voltages. The The res

91、triction restriction is is then then released released and and the the iteration iteration continues continues to to the the true true solution. solution. The The .NODESET .NODESET line line may may be be necessary necessary for for convergence convergence on on bistablebistable or or a-stable a-sta

92、ble circuits. circuits. In In general, general, this this line line should not be necessary.should not be necessary.INITIAL CONDITIONSSet Initial ConditionsGeneral form: General form: .IC V(NODNUM)=VAL V(NODNUM)=VAL . .IC V(NODNUM)=VAL V(NODNUM)=VAL . Examples: Examples: .IC V(11)=5 V(4)=-5 V(2)=2.2

93、 .IC V(11)=5 V(4)=-5 V(2)=2.2 The The IC IC line line is is for for setting setting transient transient initial initial conditions. conditions. It It has has two two different different interpretations, interpretations, depending depending on on whether whether the the UIC UIC parameter parameter is

94、 is specified specified on on the the .TRAN .TRAN control control line. line. Also, Also, one one should should not not confuse confuse this this line line with with the the .NODESET .NODESET line. line. The The .NODESET .NODESET line line is is only only to to help help dc dc convergence, convergen

95、ce, and and does does not not affect affect final final bias bias solution (except for multi-stable circuits). solution (except for multi-stable circuits). ANALYSIS Small-Signal AC AnalysisSmall-Signal AC Analysis General form: General form: .AC DEC ND FSTART FSTOP .AC DEC ND FSTART FSTOP .AC OCT NO

96、 FSTART FSTOP .AC OCT NO FSTART FSTOP .AC LIN NP FSTART FSTOP .AC LIN NP FSTART FSTOP Examples: Examples: .AC DEC 10 1 10K .AC DEC 10 1 10K .AC DEC 10 1K 100MEG .AC DEC 10 1K 100MEG .AC LIN 100 1 100HZ .AC LIN 100 1 100HZ DEC DEC stands stands for for decade decade variation, variation, and and ND N

97、D is is the the number number of of points points per per decade. decade. OCT OCT stands stands for for octave octave variation, variation, and and NO NO is is the the number number of of points points per per octave. octave. LIN LIN stands stands for for linear linear variation, variation, and and

98、NP NP is is the the number number of of points. points. FSTART FSTART is is the the starting starting frequency, frequency, and and FSTOP FSTOP is is the the final final frequency. frequency. If If this this line line is is included included in in the the input input file, file, SPICE SPICE performs

99、 performs an an AC AC analysis analysis of of the the circuit circuit over over the the specified specified frequency frequency range. range. Note Note that that in in order order for for this this analysis analysis to to be be meaningful, meaningful, at at least least one one independent independen

100、t source must have been specified with an ac value.source must have been specified with an ac value.ANALYSIS DC Transfer FunctionDC Transfer Function General form: General form: .DC SRCNAM VSTART VSTOP VINCR SRC2 START2 STOP2 INCR2 .DC SRCNAM VSTART VSTOP VINCR SRC2 START2 STOP2 INCR2 Examples: Exam

101、ples: .DC VIN 0.25 5.0 0.25 .DC VIN 0.25 5.0 0.25 .DC VDS 0 10 .5 VGS 0 5 1 .DC VDS 0 10 .5 VGS 0 5 1 .DC VCE 0 10 .25 IB 0 10U 1U .DC VCE 0 10 .25 IB 0 10U 1U The The DC DC line line defines defines the the dc dc transfer transfer curve curve source source and and sweep sweep limits limits (again (

102、again with with capacitors capacitors open open and and inductors inductors shorted). shorted). SRCNAM SRCNAM is is the the name name of of an an independent independent voltage voltage or or current current source. source. VSTART, VSTART, VSTOP, VSTOP, and and VINCR VINCR are are the the starting,

103、starting, final, final, and and incrementing incrementing values values respectively. respectively. The The first first example example causes causes the the value value of of the the voltage voltage source source VIN VIN to to be be swept swept from from 0.25 0.25 Volts Volts to to 5.0 5.0 Volts Vo

104、lts in in increments increments of of 0.25 0.25 Volts. Volts. A A second second source source (SRC2) (SRC2) may may optionally optionally be be specified specified with with associated associated sweep sweep parameters. parameters. In In this this case, case, the the first first source source is is

105、swept swept over over its its range range for for each each value value of of the the second second source. source. This This option option can can be be useful useful for for obtaining obtaining semiconductor semiconductor device device output output characteristics. characteristics. See See the th

106、e second second example example circuit circuit description description in in Appendix A.Appendix A.ANALYSISDistortion AnalysisGeneral form: General form: .DISTO .DISTO DEC DEC ND ND FSTART FSTART FSTOP FSTOP <F2OVERF1; <F2OVERF1; .DISTO .DISTO OCT OCT NO NO FSTART FSTART FSTOP FSTOP <F2OVERF1

107、; <F2OVERF1; .DISTO .DISTO LIN LIN NP NP FSTART FSTART FSTOP FSTOP <F2OVERF1; <F2OVERF1; Examples: Examples: .DISTO DEC 10 1kHz 100Mhz .DISTO DEC 10 1kHz 100Mhz .DISTO DEC 10 1kHz 100Mhz 0.9 .DISTO DEC 10 1kHz 100Mhz 0.9 ANALYSISNoise AnalysisGeneral form: General form: .NOISE .NOISE V(OUTPUT

108、V(OUTPUT ) ) SRC SRC ( ( DEC DEC | | LIN LIN | | OCT OCT ) ) PTS PTS FSTART FSTART FSTOP FSTOP + &+ <PTS;_PER_SUMMARYltPTS;_PER_SUMMARY Examples: Examples: .NOISE V(5) VIN DEC 10 1kHZ 100Mhz .NOISE V(5) VIN DEC 10 1kHZ 100Mhz .NOISE .NOISE V(5,3) V(5,3) V1 V1 OCT OCT 8 8 1.0 1.0 1.0e6 1.0e6 1 1 AN

109、ALYSISPole-Zero AnalysisGeneral form: General form: .PZ NODE1 NODE2 NODE3 NODE4 CUR POL .PZ NODE1 NODE2 NODE3 NODE4 CUR POL .PZ NODE1 NODE2 NODE3 NODE4 CUR ZER .PZ NODE1 NODE2 NODE3 NODE4 CUR ZER .PZ NODE1 NODE2 NODE3 NODE4 CUR PZ .PZ NODE1 NODE2 NODE3 NODE4 CUR PZ .PZ NODE1 NODE2 NODE3 NODE4 VOL PO

110、L .PZ NODE1 NODE2 NODE3 NODE4 VOL POL .PZ NODE1 NODE2 NODE3 NODE4 VOL ZER .PZ NODE1 NODE2 NODE3 NODE4 VOL ZER .PZ NODE1 NODE2 NODE3 NODE4 VOL PZ .PZ NODE1 NODE2 NODE3 NODE4 VOL PZ Examples: Examples: .PZ 1 0 3 0 CUR POL .PZ 1 0 3 0 CUR POL .PZ 2 3 5 0 VOL ZER .PZ 2 3 5 0 VOL ZER .PZ 4 1 4 1 CUR PZ .

111、PZ 4 1 4 1 CUR PZ ANALYSISDC or Small-Signal AC Sensitivity AnalysisGeneral form: General form: .SENS OUTVAR .SENS OUTVAR .SENS OUTVAR AC DEC ND FSTART FSTOP .SENS OUTVAR AC DEC ND FSTART FSTOP .SENS OUTVAR AC OCT NO FSTART FSTOP .SENS OUTVAR AC OCT NO FSTART FSTOP .SENS OUTVAR AC LIN NP FSTART FSTO

112、P .SENS OUTVAR AC LIN NP FSTART FSTOP Examples: Examples: .SENS V(1,OUT) .SENS V(1,OUT) .SENS V(OUT) AC DEC 10 100 100k .SENS V(OUT) AC DEC 10 100 100k .SENS I(VTEST).SENS I(VTEST)ANALYSISTransfer Function AnalysisGeneral form: General form: .TF OUTVAR INSRC .TF OUTVAR INSRC Examples: Examples: .TF

113、V(5, 3) VIN .TF V(5, 3) VIN .TF I(VLOAD) VIN.TF I(VLOAD) VINANALYSISTransient AnalysisGeneral form: General form: .TRAN .TRAN TSTEP TSTEP TSTOP TSTOP & <TSTARTltTSTART; ; & <TMAXltTMAX; ; Examples: Examples: .TRAN 1NS 100NS .TRAN 1NS 100NS .TRAN 1NS 1000NS 500NS .TRAN 1NS 1000NS 500NS .TRAN 10NS

114、 1US .TRAN 10NS 1US BATCH OUTPUTSAVE LinesSAVE Lines General form: General form: .SAVE .SAVE vector vector vector .vector vector vector . Examples: Examples: .SAVE i(vin) input output .SAVE i(vin) input output .SAVE .SAVE m1idm1idThe The vectors vectors listed listed on on the the .SAVE .SAVE line l

115、ine are are recorded recorded in in the the rawfilerawfile for for use use later later with with spice3 spice3 or or nutmeg nutmeg (nutmeg (nutmeg is is just just the the data-analysis data-analysis half half of of spice3, spice3, without without the the ability ability to to simulate). simulate). T

116、he The standard standard vector vector names names are are accepted. accepted. If If no no .SAVE .SAVE line line is is given, given, then then the the default default set set of of vectors vectors are are saved saved (node (node voltages voltages and and voltage voltage source source branch branch c

117、urrents). currents). If If .SAVE .SAVE lines lines are are given, given, only only those those vectors vectors specified specified are saved. are saved. BATCH OUTPUTPRINT LinesPRINT Lines General form: General form: .PRINT PRTYPE OV1 <OV2; . OV8 .PRINT PRTYPE OV1 <OV2; . OV8 Examples: Examples:

118、.PRINT TRAN V(4) I(VIN) .PRINT TRAN V(4) I(VIN) .PRINT DC V(2) I(VSRC) V(23, 17) .PRINT DC V(2) I(VSRC) V(23, 17) .PRINT AC VM(4, 2) VR(7) VP(8, 3) .PRINT AC VM(4, 2) VR(7) VP(8, 3) The The Print Print line line defines defines the the contents contents of of a a tabular tabular listing listing of o

119、f one one to to eight eight output output variables. variables. PRTYPE PRTYPE is is the the type type of of the the analysis analysis (DC, (DC, AC, AC, TRAN, TRAN, NOISE, NOISE, or or DISTO) DISTO) for for which which the the specified specified outputs are desired. outputs are desired. BATCH OUTPUT

120、PLOT LinesPLOT Lines General form: General form: .PLOT .PLOT PLTYPE PLTYPE OV1 OV1 (PLO1, PHI1) <OV2; <OV2; (PLO2, . OV8 PHI2) . OV8 Examples: Examples: .PLOT DC V(4) V(5) V(1) .PLOT DC V(4) V(5) V(1) .PLOT TRAN V(17, 5) (2, 5) I(VIN) V(17) (1, 9) .PLOT TRAN V(17, 5) (2, 5) I(VIN) V(17) (1, 9) .

121、PLOT AC VM(5) VM(31, 24) VDB(5) VP(5) .PLOT AC VM(5) VM(31, 24) VDB(5) VP(5) .PLOT DISTO HD2 HD3(R) SIM2 .PLOT DISTO HD2 HD3(R) SIM2 .PLOT TRAN V(5, 3) V(4) (0, 5) V(7) (0, 10) .PLOT TRAN V(5, 3) V(4) (0, 5) V(7) (0, 10) The The Plot Plot line line defines defines the the contents contents of of one

122、 one plot plot of of from from one one to to eight eight output output variables. variables. PLTYPE PLTYPE is is the the type type of of analysis analysis (DC, (DC, AC, AC, TRAN, TRAN, NOISE, NOISE, or or DISTO) DISTO) for for which which the the specified specified outputs outputs are are desired.

123、desired. The The syntax syntax for for the the OVI OVI is is identical identical to to that that for for the the .PRINT .PRINT line line and and for for the the plot plot command command in in the the interactive mode. interactive mode. BATCH OUTPUTFOUR: Fourier Analysis of Transient Analysis Output

124、General form: General form: .FOUR FREQ OV1 <OV2; OV3 . .FOUR FREQ OV1 <OV2; OV3 . Examples: Examples: .FOUR 100K V(5) .FOUR 100K V(5) Part 5 Circuit Elements ELEMENTARY DEVICES ResistorsResistors General form: General form: RXXXXXXX N1 N2 VALUE RXXXXXXX N1 N2 VALUE Examples: Examples: R1 1 2 100

125、 R1 1 2 100 RC1 12 17 1K RC1 12 17 1K N1 N1 and and N2 N2 are are the the two two element element nodes. nodes. VALUE VALUE is is the the resistance resistance (in (in ohms) ohms) and and may may be be positive positive or or negative negative but not zero.but not zero. Semiconductor ResistorsSemico

126、nductor Resistors General form: General form: RXXXXXXX RXXXXXXX N1 N1 N2 N2 Examples: Examples: RLOAD 2 10 10K RLOAD 2 10 10K RMOD 3 7 RMODEL L=10u W=1u RMOD 3 7 RMODEL L=10u W=1u ELEMENTARY DEVICES CapacitorsCapacitors General form: General form: CXXXXXXX N+ N- VALUE CXXXXXXX N+ N- VALUE Examples:

127、Examples: CBYP 13 0 1UF CBYP 13 0 1UF COSC 17 23 10U IC=3V COSC 17 23 10U IC=3V N+ N+ and and N- N- are are the the positive positive and and negative negative element element nodes, nodes, respectively. respectively. VALUE VALUE is is the the capacitance capacitance in in Farads. Farads. Semiconduc

128、tor CapacitorsSemiconductor Capacitors General form: General form: CXXXXXXX CXXXXXXX N1 N1 N2 N2 Examples: Examples: CLOAD 2 10 10P CLOAD 2 10 10P CMOD 3 7 CMODEL L=10u W=1u CMOD 3 7 CMODEL L=10u W=1u ELEMENTARY DEVICESInductors General form: General form: LYYYYYYY N+ N- VALUE LYYYYYYY N+ N- VALUE E

129、xamples: Examples: LLINK 42 69 1UH LLINK 42 69 1UH LSHUNT 23 51 10U IC=15.7MA LSHUNT 23 51 10U IC=15.7MA N+ N+ and and N- N- are are the the positive positive and and negative negative element element nodes, nodes, respectively. respectively. VALUE VALUE is is the the inductance inductance in in Hen

130、ries. Henries. ELEMENTARY DEVICES Coupled (Mutual) InductorsCoupled (Mutual) Inductors General form: General form: KXXXXXXX LYYYYYYY LZZZZZZZ VALUE KXXXXXXX LYYYYYYY LZZZZZZZ VALUE Examples: Examples: K43 LAA LBB 0.999 K43 LAA LBB 0.999 KXFRMR L1 L2 0.87 KXFRMR L1 L2 0.87 LYYYYYYY LYYYYYYY and and L

131、ZZZZZZZ LZZZZZZZ are are the the names names of of the the two two coupled coupled inductors, inductors, and and VALUE VALUE is is the the coefficient coefficient of of coupling, coupling, K, K, which which must must be be greater greater than than 0 0 and and less less than than or or equal equal t

132、o to 1. 1. Using Using the the dot dot convention, convention, place place a a dot dot on on the the first first node node of of each inductor. each inductor. ELEMENTARY DEVICES SwitchesSwitches General form: General form: SXXXXXXX N+ N- NC+ NC- MODEL SXXXXXXX N+ N- NC+ NC- MODEL WYYYYYYY N+ N- VNAM

133、 MODEL WYYYYYYY N+ N- VNAM MODEL Examples: Examples: s1 1 2 3 4 switch1 ONs2 5 6 3 0 sm2 off s1 1 2 3 4 switch1 ONs2 5 6 3 0 sm2 off Switch1 1 2 10 0 smodel1 Switch1 1 2 10 0 smodel1 w1 1 2 w1 1 2 vclockvclock switchmod1 switchmod1 W2 3 0 W2 3 0 vrampvramp sm1 ON sm1 ON wresetwreset 5 6 5 6 vclckvcl

134、ck lossyswitchlossyswitch OFF OFF ELEMENTARY DEVICES Independent SourcesIndependent Sources General form: General form: VXXXXXXX VXXXXXXX N+ N+ N- N- DC DC DC/TRAN DC/TRAN VALUE VALUE AC AC ACMAG ACMAG + + DISTOF1 DISTOF1 F1MAG F1MAG DISTOF2 DISTOF2 F2MAG F2MAG IYYYYYYY IYYYYYYY N+ N+ N- N- DC/TRAN

135、DC/TRAN VALUE VALUE AC AC ACMAG ACMAG + + DISTOF1 DISTOF1 F1MAG F1MAG DISTOF2 DISTOF2 F2MAG F2MAG Examples: Examples: VCC 10 0 DC 6 VCC 10 0 DC 6 VIN 13 2 0.001 AC 1 SIN(0 1 1MEG) VIN 13 2 0.001 AC 1 SIN(0 1 1MEG) ISRC 23 21 AC 0.333 45.0 SFFM(0 1 10K 5 1K) ISRC 23 21 AC 0.333 45.0 SFFM(0 1 10K 5 1K

136、) VMEAS 12 9 VMEAS 12 9 VCARRIER 1 0 DISTOF1 0.1 -90.0 VCARRIER 1 0 DISTOF1 0.1 -90.0 VMODULATOR 2 0 DISTOF2 0.01 VMODULATOR 2 0 DISTOF2 0.01 IIN1 1 5 AC 1 DISTOF1 DISTOF2 0.001 IIN1 1 5 AC 1 DISTOF1 DISTOF2 0.001 ELEMENTARY DEVICESPulseGeneral form: General form: PULSE(V1 V2 TD TR TF PW PER) PULSE(

137、V1 V2 TD TR TF PW PER) Examples: Examples: VIN VIN 3 3 0 0 PULSE(-1 PULSE(-1 1 1 2NS 2NS 2NS 2NS 2NS 2NS 50NS 50NS 100NS) 100NS) ELEMENTARY DEVICESSinusoidalGeneral form: General form: SIN(VO VA FREQ TD THETA) SIN(VO VA FREQ TD THETA) Examples: Examples: VIN 3 0 SIN(0 1 100MEG 1NS 1E10) VIN 3 0 SIN(

138、0 1 100MEG 1NS 1E10) ELEMENTARY DEVICESExponentialGeneral Form: General Form: EXP(V1 V2 TD1 TAU1 TD2 TAU2) EXP(V1 V2 TD1 TAU1 TD2 TAU2) Examples: Examples: VIN 3 0 EXP(-4 -1 2NS 30NS 60NS 40NS) VIN 3 0 EXP(-4 -1 2NS 30NS 60NS 40NS) ELEMENTARY DEVICESPiece-Wise LinearGeneral Form: General Form: PWL(T

139、1 V1 ) PWL(T1 V1 ) Examples: Examples: VCLOCK VCLOCK 7 7 5 5 PWL(0 PWL(0 -7 -7 10NS 10NS -7 -7 11NS 11NS -3 -3 17NS -3 18NS -7 50NS -7) 17NS -3 18NS -7 50NS -7) ELEMENTARY DEVICESSingle-Frequency FMGeneral Form: General Form: SFFM(VO VA FC MDI FS) SFFM(VO VA FC MDI FS) Examples: Examples: V1 12 0 SF

140、FM(0 1M 20K 5 1K) V1 12 0 SFFM(0 1M 20K 5 1K) ELEMENTARY DEVICESLinear Voltage-Controlled Current SourcesGeneral form: General form: GXXXXXXX N+ N- NC+ NC- VALUE GXXXXXXX N+ N- NC+ NC- VALUE Examples: Examples: G1 2 0 5 0 0.1MMHO G1 2 0 5 0 0.1MMHO ELEMENTARY DEVICESLinear Voltage-Controlled Voltage

141、 SourcesGeneral form: General form: EXXXXXXX N+ N- NC+ NC- VALUE EXXXXXXX N+ N- NC+ NC- VALUE Examples: Examples: E1 2 3 14 1 2.0 E1 2 3 14 1 2.0 N+ N+ is is the the positive positive node, node, and and N- N- is is the the negative negative node. node. NC+ NC+ and and NC- NC- are are the the positi

142、ve positive and and negative negative controlling controlling nodes, nodes, respectively. respectively. VALUE is the voltage gain. VALUE is the voltage gain. ELEMENTARY DEVICESLinear Current-Controlled Current Sources General form: General form: FXXXXXXX N+ N- VNAM VALUE FXXXXXXX N+ N- VNAM VALUE Ex

143、amples: Examples: F1 13 5 VSENS 5 F1 13 5 VSENS 5 N+ N+ and and N- N- are are the the positive positive and and negative negative nodes, nodes, respectively. respectively. Current Current flow flow is is from from the the positive positive node, node, through through the the source, source, to to th

144、e the negative negative node. node. VNAM VNAM is is the the name name of of a a voltage voltage source source through through which which the the controlling controlling current current flows. flows. The The direction direction of of positive positive controlling controlling current current flow flo

145、w is is from from the the positive positive node, node, through through the the source, source, to to the the negative negative node node of of VNAM. VNAM. VALUE VALUE is is the the current gain.current gain.ELEMENTARY DEVICESLinear Current-Controlled Voltage SourcesLinear Current-Controlled Voltage

146、 Sources General form: General form: HXXXXXXX N+ N- VNAM VALUE HXXXXXXX N+ N- VNAM VALUE Examples: Examples: HX 5 17 VZ 0.5K HX 5 17 VZ 0.5K N+ N+ and and N- N- are are the the positive positive and and negative negative nodes, nodes, respectively. respectively. VNAM VNAM is is the the name name of

147、of a a voltage voltage source source through through which which the the controlling controlling current current flows. flows. The The direction direction of of positive positive controlling controlling current current flow flow is is from from the the positive positive node, node, through through t

148、he the source, source, to to the the negative negative node node of of VNAM. VNAM. VALUE VALUE is is the the transresistancetransresistance (in ohms). (in ohms). ELEMENTARY DEVICESNon-linear Dependent SourcesGeneral form: General form: BXXXXXXX N+ N- BXXXXXXX N+ N- Examples: Examples: B1 0 1 I=cos(v

149、(1)+sin(v(2) B1 0 1 I=cos(v(1)+sin(v(2) B1 B1 0 0 1 1 V=ln(cos(log(v(1,2)2)-V=ln(cos(log(v(1,2)2)-v(3)4+v(2)v(1) v(3)4+v(2)v(1) B1 3 4 I=17 B1 3 4 I=17 B1 3 4 V=B1 3 4 V=exp(pii(vddexp(pii(vdd) ) ELEMENTARY DEVICESLossless Transmission LinesGeneral form: General form: TXXXXXXX TXXXXXXX N1 N1 N2 N2 N

150、3 N3 N4 N4 Z0=VALUE Z0=VALUE F=FREQ F=FREQ + + Examples: Examples: T1 1 0 2 0 Z0=50 TD=10NS T1 1 0 2 0 Z0=50 TD=10NS ELEMENTARY DEVICESLossy Transmission LinesGeneral form: General form: OXXXXXXX N1 N2 N3 N4 MNAME OXXXXXXX N1 N2 N3 N4 MNAME Examples: Examples: O23 1 0 2 0 LOSSYMOD O23 1 0 2 0 LOSSYM

151、OD OCONNECT 10 5 20 5 INTERCONNECT OCONNECT 10 5 20 5 INTERCONNECT ELEMENTARY DEVICESUniform Distributed RC Lines (lossy)General form: General form: UXXXXXXX UXXXXXXX N1 N1 N2 N2 N3 N3 MNAME MNAME L=LEN L=LEN Examples: Examples: U1 1 2 0 URCMOD L=50U U1 1 2 0 URCMOD L=50U URC2 1 12 2 UMODL l=1MIL N=

152、6 URC2 1 12 2 UMODL l=1MIL N=6 ELEMENTARY DEVICESJunction DiodesGeneral form: General form: DXXXXXXX DXXXXXXX N+ N+ N- N- MNAME MNAME Examples: Examples: DBRIDGE 2 10 DIODE1 DBRIDGE 2 10 DIODE1 DCLMP 3 7 DMOD 3.0 IC=0.2 DCLMP 3 7 DMOD 3.0 IC=0.2 ELEMENTARY DEVICESBipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs)G

153、eneral form: General form: QXXXXXXX QXXXXXXX NC NC NB NB NE NE MNAME MNAME Examples: Examples: Q23 10 24 13 QMOD IC=0.6, 5.0 Q23 10 24 13 QMOD IC=0.6, 5.0 Q50A 11 26 4 20 MOD1 Q50A 11 26 4 20 MOD1 ELEMENTARY DEVICESJunction Field-Effect Transistors (JFETs)General form: General form: JXXXXXXX JXXXXXX

154、X ND ND NG NG NS NS MNAME MNAME Examples: Examples: J1 7 2 3 JM1 OFF J1 7 2 3 JM1 OFF ELEMENTARY DEVICESMOSFETsGeneral form: General form: MXXXXXXX MXXXXXXX ND ND NG NG NS NS NB NB MNAME MNAME + + + + Examples: Examples: M1 24 2 0 20 TYPE1 M1 24 2 0 20 TYPE1 M31 2 17 6 10 MODM L=5U W=2U M31 2 17 6 1

155、0 MODM L=5U W=2U M1 M1 2 2 9 9 3 3 0 0 MOD1 MOD1 L=10U L=10U W=5U W=5U AD=100P AD=100P AS=100P PD=40U PS=40U AS=100P PD=40U PS=40U ELEMENTARY DEVICESMOSFET Models (NMOS/PMOS)MOSFET Models (NMOS/PMOS) SPICE SPICE provides provides four four MOSFET MOSFET device device models, models, which which diff

156、er differ in in the the formulation formulation of of the the I-V I-V characteristic. characteristic. The The variable variable LEVEL LEVEL specifies the model to be used: specifies the model to be used: LEVEL=1 LEVEL=1 - - ShichmanShichman-Hodges -Hodges LEVEL=2 LEVEL=2 - - MOS2 MOS2 LEVEL=3 LEVEL=

157、3 - - MOS3, MOS3, a a semi-empirical semi-empirical model model LEVEL=4 - BSIM LEVEL=4 - BSIM LEVEL=5 LEVEL=5 - - new new BSIM BSIM (BSIM2(BSIM2LEVEL=6 - MOS6LEVEL=6 - MOS6ELEMENTARY DEVICESMESFETsGeneral form: General form: ZXXXXXXX ZXXXXXXX ND ND NG NG NS NS MNAME MNAME Examples: Examples: Z1 7 2

158、3 ZM1 OFF Z1 7 2 3 ZM1 OFF ELEMENTARY DEVICESMESFETsGeneral form: General form: ZXXXXXXX ZXXXXXXX ND ND NG NG NS NS MNAME MNAME Examples: Examples: Z1 7 2 3 ZM1 OFF Z1 7 2 3 ZM1 OFF Part 6 SPICE Examples SPICE ExampleR1 1 0 1K R1 1 0 1K R2 1 2 1K R2 1 2 1K R3 2 3 1K R3 2 3 1K R4 3 0 1K R4 3 0 1K R5

159、1 5 1K R5 1 5 1K R6 2 6 1K R6 2 6 1K R7 3 7 1K R7 3 7 1K R8 4 0 1K R8 4 0 1K R9 5 6 1K R9 5 6 1K R10 6 7 1K R10 6 7 1K R11 4 7 1K R11 4 7 1K R12 4 5 1K R12 4 5 1K * * V 1 0 10V V 1 0 10V * * .OP .OP .END .END SPICE ExampleSPHERE NETWORK - DIAMETER INPUTSPHERE NETWORK - DIAMETER INPUT* *R1 1 2 1KR1 1

160、 2 1KR2 2 0 1KR2 2 0 1KR3 0 3 1KR3 0 3 1KR4 3 1 1KR4 3 1 1KR5 4 2 1KR5 4 2 1KR6 2 6 1KR6 2 6 1KR7 6 3 1KR7 6 3 1KR8 3 4 1KR8 3 4 1KR9 1 6 1KR9 1 6 1KR10 6 0 1KR10 6 0 1KR11 0 4 1KR11 0 4 1KR12 4 1 1KR12 4 1 1KR13 1 5 1KR13 1 5 1KR14 2 5 1KR14 2 5 1KR15 0 5 1KR15 0 5 1KR16 3 5 1KR16 3 5 1KR17 4 5 1KR

161、17 4 5 1KR18 6 5 1KR18 6 5 1K* *V 1 0 10VV 1 0 10V* *.OP.OP.END.ENDSPICE ExampleCOMMON COMMON EMITTER EMITTER AMPLIFIER AMPLIFIER (SINGLE (SINGLE STAGE)STAGE)* *VCC VCC 6 6 0 0 10V10VRL RL 6 6 1 1 4.7K4.7KQ1 Q1 1 1 2 2 3 3 QNLQNLRE RE 3 3 0 0 1K1KR1 R1 6 6 2 2 24K24KR2 R2 2 2 0 0 5.6K5.6KRG RG 5 5 4

162、 4 5050CE CE 3 3 0 0 47uF47uFCC CC 2 2 5 5 4.7uF4.7uFVIN VIN 4 4 0 0 AC AC 5mV 5mV SIN SIN (0 (0 5mV 5mV 5K)5K)* *.AC .AC DEC DEC 20 20 1 1 1e91e9.TRAN .TRAN 2uS 2uS 0.4mS0.4mS.OP.OP* *.MODEL .MODEL QNL QNL NPN NPN (BF=50 (BF=50 RB=100 RB=100 TF=5e-9)TF=5e-9).END.ENDSPICE Example*CMOS INVERTER TRANS

163、FER *CMOS INVERTER TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICCHARACTERISTICVDD 1 0 5VVDD 1 0 5VVIN 2 0 DCVIN 2 0 DCM1 3 2 1 1 M1M1 3 2 1 1 M1M2 3 2 0 0 M2M2 3 2 0 0 M2.MODEL M2 PMOS.MODEL M2 PMOS.MODEL M1 NMOS.MODEL M1 NMOS.DC VIN 0 4 0.5.DC VIN 0 4 0.5. PLOT DC V(3). PLOT DC V(3).END.ENDSPICE ExampleVOLTAGE REGULATOR

164、 - CLASS AND GROUP NOVOLTAGE REGULATOR - CLASS AND GROUP NO* * * VoutVout=15V, VIN=30V, ILOAD=100mA, TEMP=27=15V, VIN=30V, ILOAD=100mA, TEMP=27* *R1 8 7 3.9KR1 8 7 3.9KR2 7 0 4.284KR2 7 0 4.284KR3 1 2 1.5KR3 1 2 1.5KR4 8 6 3.3KR4 8 6 3.3KRS 3 8 3 RS 3 8 3 Q1 1 2 3 QNLQ1 1 2 3 QNLQ2 2 7 6 QNLQ2 2 7 6

165、 QNLQ3 2 3 8 QNLQ3 2 3 8 QNLD1 0 6 DZENERD1 0 6 DZENER.MODEL QNL NPN.MODEL QNL NPN.MODEL DZENER D BV=6.8 IBV=5mA VJ=1.2V RS=3.5 CJO=4pF.MODEL DZENER D BV=6.8 IBV=5mA VJ=1.2V RS=3.5 CJO=4pF* *VIN 1 0 30VIN 1 0 30ILOAD 8 0 100MAILOAD 8 0 100MA* * CIRCUIT SIMULATIONS* CIRCUIT SIMULATIONS* *.DC VIN 5 35

166、 0.15V.DC VIN 5 35 0.15V* * * VoutVout AGAINST VIN AGAINST VIN* *.OP.OP.END.ENDSPICE ExampleDIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER WITH DIFF.MODE INPUTDIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER WITH DIFF.MODE INPUT* *.TRAN 5uS 2mS 0 5uS.TRAN 5uS 2mS 0 5uS.OP.OP* *RC1 101 5 5.5KRC1 101 5 5.5KRC2 101 4 5.5KRC2 101 4 5.5KQ1 5 2 6 QNL1Q1

167、5 2 6 QNL1Q2 4 3 6 QNL2Q2 4 3 6 QNL2RE 6 102 470RE 6 102 470VIN1 2 0 SIN(0 0.025 5K)VIN1 2 0 SIN(0 0.025 5K)VIN2 0 3 SIN(0 0.025 5K)VIN2 0 3 SIN(0 0.025 5K)VCC 101 0 10VVCC 101 0 10VVEE 102 0 -1.5VVEE 102 0 -1.5V* *.MODEL QNL1 NPN (BF=100).MODEL QNL1 NPN (BF=100).MODEL QNL2 NPN (BF=100).MODEL QNL2 N

168、PN (BF=100).END.ENDSPICE ExampleSPICE Example.SUBCKT UA741 1 2 3 4 5 6.SUBCKT UA741 1 2 3 4 5 6Q1 7 1 10 UA741QAQ1 7 1 10 UA741QAQ2 8 2 9 UA741QBQ2 8 2 9 UA741QBRC1 4 7 5.305165E+03RC1 4 7 5.305165E+03RC2 4 8 5.305165E+03RC2 4 8 5.305165E+03RE1 10 11 2.151297E+03RE1 10 11 2.151297E+03RE2 9 11 2.1512

169、97E+03RE2 9 11 2.151297E+03RE 11 3 1.200480E+07RE 11 3 1.200480E+07C1 7 8 5.459553E-12C1 7 8 5.459553E-12CE 11 3 3.000000E-12CE 11 3 3.000000E-12IEE 11 5 1.666000E-05IEE 11 5 1.666000E-05GCM 3 12 11 3 5.960753E-09GCM 3 12 11 3 5.960753E-09GA 12 3 8 7 1.884955E-04GA 12 3 8 7 1.884955E-04R2 12 3 1.000

170、000E+05R2 12 3 1.000000E+05C2 12 13 3.000000E-11C2 12 13 3.000000E-11GB 13 3 12 3 2.357851E+02GB 13 3 12 3 2.357851E+02RO2 13 3 4.500000E+01RO2 13 3 4.500000E+01D1 13 14 UA741DAD1 13 14 UA741DAD2 14 13 UA741DAD2 14 13 UA741DAEC 14 3 6 3 1.0EC 14 3 6 3 1.0RO1 13 6 3.000000E+01RO1 13 6 3.000000E+01D3

171、6 15 UA741DBD3 6 15 UA741DBD4 16 6 UA741DBD4 16 6 UA741DBVC 4 15 2.803238E+00VC 4 15 2.803238E+00VE 16 5 2.803238E+00VE 16 5 2.803238E+00RP 4 5 18.16E+03RP 4 5 18.16E+03.ENDS UA741.ENDS UA741* *.MODEL UA741DA D (IS=9.762287E-11).MODEL UA741DA D (IS=9.762287E-11).MODEL UA741DB D (IS=8.000000E-11).MODEL UA741DB D (IS=8.000000E-11).MODEL UA741QA NPN (IS=8.000000E-16 .MODEL UA741QA NPN (IS=8.000000E-16 BF=9.166667E+01)BF=9.166667E+01).MODEL UA741QB NPN (IS=8.309478E-16 .MODEL UA741QB NPN (IS=8.309478E-16 BF=1.178571E+02)BF=1.178571E+02)* *